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The phenomenon of cockfighting still persists in various communities in Indonesia as a cultural practice, entertainment, and symbol of certain social identities. However, this practice raises serious issues when analyzed from the perspectives of modern bioethics, animal welfare, public health, and normative religious values, particularly maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. This study aims to examine the ethical conflicts that arise from cockfighting by analyzing the biological and physiological impacts on animals, violations of animal welfare principles, and tensions between local cultural legitimacy and universal ethical standards. This research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach based on a review of relevant scientific literature, including national and international publications in the fields of bioethics, animal welfare, animal health, and law. The results of the study show that cockfighting systematically causes severe physical injury, extreme biological stress, behavioral disorders, and an increased risk of zoonotic disease transmission, so it can be categorized as a form of organized animal cruelty. From a bioethical and maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah perspective, this practice contradicts the principles of respect for life, non-maleficence, and protection of life and public welfare. The lack of legal protection focused on animal welfare reinforces the urgency of a transformative approach through regulatory reformulation, public education, and the development of non-violent cultural alternatives. This study is expected to serve as a scientific and ethical basis for policy formulation and contextual and sustainable animal protection efforts.  

The death penalty remains a topic of ongoing debate from legal, moral, and religious perspectives. In Indonesia, the death penalty is still applied for certain serious crimes; however, its implementation is questioned because it is considered to conflict with the fundamental human right to life. From the perspective of Christian ethics, this issue becomes more complex as it relates to the understanding of life as a gift from God and the principles of justice and forgiveness. The Old Testament contains provisions for the death penalty as a means of upholding law and maintaining the holiness of the community, while the New Testament emphasizes love, restoration, and the opportunity for repentance through the example of Jesus Christ. This study aims to analyze how Christian ethics views the death penalty by examining the balance between justice and forgiveness as taught in Scripture. The method used in this research is literature review and conceptual analysis of biblical texts and theological sources. The findings indicate that Christian ethics does not merely reject or accept the death penalty, but directs toward an understanding of justice that restores human dignity. This perspective is expected to serve as an ethical consideration in responding to the application of the death penalty in modern society.

In an era of globalization marked by increased cross-border interactions, legal relationships in international contracts have become increasingly complex and demand legal certainty for the parties involved. This study aims to analyze the implementation of choice of law clauses in the settlement of international contract disputes from the perspective of International Civil Law. The method used is normative legal research with a qualitative analytical approach through a review of regulations, doctrines, and relevant legal literature. The results of the study show that choice of law clauses play an important role in providing legal certainty, efficiency in the dispute resolution process, and protection of the interests of the parties. However, its application is still limited by the principle of public policy and mandatory rules in the forum country. Thus, the choice of law clause is an important instrument that reflects the balance between the principle of party autonomy and the principle of state sovereignty in the practice of International Civil Law.

The death of Diplomat Arya Daru has opened up a space for reflection on the extent to which the state has fulfilled its investigative obligations to guarantee the right to life and the right to truth, as fundamental human rights. The delay and secrecy of the investigation indicate institutional accountability issues and weak mechanisms for protecting the rights of victims and their families. This study uses a doctrinal legal approach to examine the state's position through the perspectives of positive obligations theory and distributive justice, which emphasize the state's active obligation to protect, disclose, and restore citizens' basic rights. The analysis shows that the lack of transparency in the investigative process not only violates the principle of justice but also reflects inequality in the distribution of legal protection. The state should ensure that justice does not stop at the formal level but is realized through transparent, independent investigations based on factual truth. In the context of human rights, the state's passive attitude towards alleged violations of the right to life can be interpreted as a denial of its constitutional and moral responsibilities. This study emphasizes that fulfilling the right to truth is an integral part of distributive justice and is non-negotiable. Thus, the Arya Daru case is an important indicator for assessing the state's seriousness in realizing a legal system that is just, accountable and oriented towards respecting human dignity.

Our country is known as a nation that upholds human rights values. This is manifested in the recognition of the right to express opinions, which is specifically regulated in Law Number 9 of 1998 concerning Freedom of Expression in Public. Along with the increasing dynamics of political contestation and polarization in society, the frequency of demonstrations has also escalated. This condition places the professionalism and neutrality of the police force under increasing public scrutiny. The reduction in citizens' freedom to express their aspirations often creates a negative image of the police, particularly due to repressive actions and the use of discretion that is deemed disproportionate. Based on a normative juridical approach, this study aims to analyze the extent to which the state upholds access and protection of freedom of expression in public, as well as examine the application of human rights principles from both national and international legal perspectives in demonstrations

This study discusses Ahmad Muhammad Mustain Nasoha’s perspective on Human Rights (HAM) and the Democratic Rule of Law, emphasizing the relationship between national law and Islamic law in ensuring human dignity and justice. Using a qualitative method and literature study approach, this research analyzes the interaction between citizenship, human rights, and democracy within Indonesia’s legal framework. The study reveals that both national and Islamic law aim to protect individual rights and maintain justice, though they differ in philosophical foundations and application. National law defines citizenship and human rights through constitutional and legal frameworks, while Islamic law bases them on divine principles emphasizing moral and social responsibility. The integration of these two legal systems is essential to realize a democratic state that upholds human values, social justice, and equality. The study concludes that harmonizing Islamic law with Indonesia’s national law strengthens the implementation of human rights and supports the development of a just and democratic legal state.

This study discusses the role of Christian ethics in shaping attitudes towards abortion in Indonesia, which has led to moral, social, and legal debates. The main issues examined are how the biblical view and Christian ethical teachings assess the act of abortion and how the attitude of the church and believers in responding to this phenomenon. The aim of this study is to understand theologically and ethically the position of the Christian faith on abortion, while offering a compassionate pastoral approach to women facing such moral dilemmas. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method, by examining various theological, social, and legal sources to describe in depth the views of Christian ethics on abortion. The results showed that in the view of Christian ethics, human life is a holy gift of God from the womb, so abortion is considered contrary to his will. However, the church and believers are called not only to reject abortion in a normative way, but also to provide mentoring, moral education, and spiritual support for those affected. This study confirms the importance of balance between truth and love in dealing with the issue of abortion as a concrete manifestation of the application of Christian ethics in society.

Civil relations are not limited to the national sphere, but can also transcend national borders. These relations have existed since ancient Greece and continue to develop today. These transnational relations can give rise to legal issues, such as whether the relationship truly falls within the scope of international relations, the laws that apply to the relationship, and how disputes are resolved using which legal system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Garuda vs. Rolls Royce case, which is part of international civil relations, raising the question of how this case can be included in the scope of international civil law studies and how one of the international conventions governing transnational civil law principles, namely UNIDROIT, can be applied. This study uses a normative approach that compares national and transnational legal systems to provide perspective on the case and a case approach that clearly explains the Garuda vs. Rolls Royce case, starting from the chronology and analyzing the case from the perspective of international civil law principles The results of this study found that this case falls under the scope of international civil law, where international civil law principles such as UNIDROIT can be applied in order to make progressive legal changes in regulating international civil relations to ensure legal protection and certainty for legal subjects. The implications of this research can be a catalyst for progressive legal changes in regulating international civil relations to ensure legal protection and certainty for legal subjects.

The development of artificial intelligence capabilities has the potential to facilitate the implementation of preventive measures. In order to mitigate potential risks, this study seeks to examine the legal status of artificial intelligence in Indonesia. The potential for artificial intelligence to function as both the subject and object of law is a salient factor in this analysis. The methodological approach employed is of a normative or doctrinal nature, emphasizing a comprehensive examination of the legal perspective on artificial intelligence. This study encompasses the objectives of progressive legal theory, the theory of legal subjects and objects, and the legal norms that apply in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that in Indonesia, the prevailing legal framework regarding artificial intelligence (AI) currently categorizes it as an object of law. This implies that the owner, developer, and user of AI bear full responsibility for any consequences that may arise from its use. Advances in technology have led to the development of artificial intelligence capable of performing legal actions that were previously exclusive to humans. Consequently, the establishment of specific regulations pertaining to artificial intelligence is imperative to ensure legal certainty in the future.

This research examines cases of extortion and threats between young couples through social media in Bengkalis. The analysis is conducted from the perspectives of forensic linguistics, semantics, and pragmatics. The research employs a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. The data consists of language use in the Expert Witness Interview Report, specifically messages exchanged via WhatsApp. The findings indicate that the perpetrator engaged in both extortion and threats against the victim. The extortion involved financial demands, causing the victim to experience insecurity and trauma. Additionally, these actions violate Article 368, Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code regarding extortion and threats against another person, as well as Article 45b of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, which addresses extortion and threats carried out online. Based on these findings, strict legal action is necessary, along with increased awareness of the importance of responsible social media use.

Obstetricians are often confronted with medical malpractice lawsuits, even when they have acted in accordance with professional standards, medical service standards, operational procedures, and medical ethics. Medical malpractice is generally defined as negligence or deviation from professional standards that results in serious harm to patients (Fiscina, 1999). This study aims to examine the application of the concept of medical malpractice along with its legal implications and to analyze the forms of legal protection available to obstetricians under Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, viewed from the perspective of the principle of justice. Using a normative juridical method with descriptive-analytical specifications, the research employed a literature study and qualitative deductive analysis. The results indicate that legal protection for obstetricians consists of two dimensions: preventive and repressive. Preventive protection includes the implementation of informed consent, proper medical records, and compliance with standard operating procedures. Repressive protection involves legal defense mechanisms and institutional or professional organizational support. However, this protection remains suboptimal, as the decisions of the Indonesian Medical Disciplinary Board (MKDKI) are not always taken into account by the courts (Rahman, 2022). From the perspective of Rawls’ principle of justice, protection for obstetricians should ensure a balanced recognition of both patients’ and doctors’ rights, thereby promoting fairness and equitable justice for all parties (Rawls, 1971).

Mediation, as one of the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms in civil cases, aims to provide efficient, timely, and non-confrontational solutions for disputing parties. Within the Indonesian legal system, mediation has been formally regulated through the Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) No. 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Court. This study seeks to examine the implementation of civil dispute resolution through mediation from a legal perspective while also assessing its empirical effectiveness in district courts. The research employs an empirical juridical approach, with data collected through in-depth interviews with mediator judges, advocates, and disputing parties who have participated in the mediation process, supported by documentation studies of civil case decisions resolved through mediation. The findings reveal that, normatively, mediation has a sufficiently strong legal foundation as an alternative method of dispute resolution. However, its practical effectiveness remains constrained by several challenges, such as the limited understanding and legal awareness of disputing parties, time constraints faced by mediator judges, and the absence of an optimal supervisory mechanism for monitoring mediation practices. These factors contribute to the relatively low success rate of mediation in practice. Therefore, improvements are required in the implementation of regulations, the establishment of more effective monitoring systems, and the enhancement of human resource capacity, particularly mediator competence. Strengthening these aspects is expected to enable mediation to function more effectively as a fair, efficient, and accessible mechanism for resolving civil disputes in Indonesia.

Indonesia is a pluralistic country with diverse religions, races, ethnicities, and customs, making freedom of expression an essential right protected by law. Article 28E of the 1945 Constitution guarantees every citizen the right to freely express their beliefs and opinions. From the perspective of fiqh Siyasah Dusturiyah (Islamic constitutional politics), freedom of expression is a right that must be safeguarded by the state as long as it aligns with the principles of deliberation and does not contradict Islamic law. This study aims to examine the freedom of expression of Syaykh Al-Zaytun in light of Siyasah Dusturiyah and Article 28E of the 1945 Constitution. The research uses a normative juridical approach with primary data sources including the Constitution and the book Ilmu Hukum dalam Simpul Siyasah Dusturiyah by Ali Akhbar Abaib Mas Rabbani Lubis, as well as secondary sources such as books, journals, documents, and legal regulations. The findings indicate that Syaykh Al-Zaytun’s freedom of expression is permissible under both perspectives, provided certain conditions are met: it must comply with Islamic law and national law, uphold public interest, cause no harm, and be accompanied by social responsibility. Syaykh Panji Gumilang’s views should be understood as part of public discourse, not hate speech, as they aim to foster nationalism and the common good.  

This study discusses legal protection for victims of human trafficking disguised as job vacancies in Myanmar, which has affected hundreds of Indonesian citizens. This phenomenon shows a new mode of digital-based human trafficking through social media, offering fictitious high-paying jobs that ultimately lead to forced labor in the online scamming sector. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach, which examines Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, the 2000 Palermo Protocol, and a number of International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions related to forced labor and labor migration. The results of the study show that this case fulfills the elements of human trafficking as stipulated in Article 2 paragraph (1) of the TPPO Law, because there are elements of recruitment, fraud, confinement, and forced labor exploitation. From an international law perspective, these actions violate the provisions of the Palermo Protocol and the ILO convention on the elimination of forced labor. The Indonesian government has a legal and moral responsibility to provide protection and recovery for victims of TPPO, as well as to ensure the principle of non-criminalization. However, the implementation of protection is still hampered by weak supervision of digital recruitment, jurisdictional limitations, and suboptimal cross-border cooperation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the digital-based migrant protection system, enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation, and apply the principle of state due diligence in the prevention and enforcement of laws against cross-border TPPO.  

This study aims to analyze Islamic legal perspectives on the decision of married couples to choose not to have children (childfree) by reviewing sharia arguments, interpretations of scholars, and the resulting social and legal implications. The childfree phenomenon is a contemporary issue that is increasingly being discussed, especially among the younger generation of ubanites in Indonesia. This decision is driven by various factors such as economic conditions, physical and mental health, enviromental awareness, career orientation, and lifestyle. The study was conducted using a qualitative-descriptive approach and the data obtained through library research methods. From an Islamic Legal perspective, this lifestyle choice is controversial because it is directly related to the maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, particularly the aspect of hifẓ al-nasl (preserving offspring). Previous research has explain that non-permanent contraceptive practices are permissible as long as there is the consent of the couple and do not cause harm. However, permanent contraceptive suc as vasectomy or tubectomy are considered contrary to Islamic law. The Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) has also emphasized that permanent contraceptive measures are not permitted because the contradict the purpose of sharia to preserve offspring. Thus, Islamic law allows for ijtihad and deliberation in addressing the phenomenon of childfree, while still emphasizing that safeguarding offspring is a crucial part of the primary objective of sharia. This study aims to contribute academically to the discourse on Islamic legal flexibility in responding to evolving social realities, highlighting the dynamic interplay between normative principles and contemporary challenges.

In Islam, the family is a spiritual institution that plays a central role in shaping human psychological and moral balance. However, modernization, individualism, and value disorientation have led to rising psychological crises and disharmony in Muslim households. This issue requires a scientific approach that goes beyond legal-normative perspectives toward an integrative psychological understanding. This study aims to analyze the concept of Sakinah, Mawaddah, and Rahmah from a psychological perspective to formulate a contextual and applicable model of family well-being. The research employs a qualitative library research method by synthesizing Islamic sources (Qur’an, Hadith, and classical scholarship) with contemporary psychological theories of emotional well-being and spiritual intelligence. The findings reveal that Sakinah represents spiritual-emotional equilibrium, Mawaddah functions as an ethical and transcendental affective energy, and Rahmah embodies compassionate empathy that nurtures healing and forgiveness. Together, these values constitute the Islamic Family Well-Being Model, an integrative paradigm that situates spirituality as emotional regulation, love as affective force, and compassion as moral regulator. This model asserts that genuine harmony in Muslim families can only be achieved through psycho-spiritual balance grounded in divine values.

The rapid growth of global digital technology has significantly reshaped social, economic, and legal systems. This transformation presents new challenges for states in fulfilling their legal responsibilities toward digital consumer protection amid the emergence of global citizenship. This study aims to analyze the forms of state responsibility in protecting digital consumer rights through legal and transnational ethical perspectives. Using a normative juridical method with conceptual and statutory approaches, this research focuses on national legal instruments such as Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act No. 27 of 2022 and regional policies such as the ASEAN Digital Framework Agreement 2025. The findings reveal that states bear dual responsibilities: protecting citizens’ digital rights domestically and adhering to international norms globally. This responsibility involves law enforcement against data violations, policy harmonization, and the strengthening of digital ethics. The study concludes that cross-border cooperation and ethical integration are essential to ensure fair and sustainable digital governance.

This research examines compliance with gold pawn guarantee execution procedures from a civil law perspective, using a case study of Medan District Court Decision Number 738/Pdt.G/2023/PN Mdn. The background to this research stems from the growing practice of gold pawning in society as a solution for quick cash needs, but it often raises legal issues related to the execution process of the pawned goods. The issues raised in this paper are the procedures for executing gold pawn guarantees according to applicable law and whether PT. Gadai Mas Sumut's actions in this case comply with legal provisions. This research method uses a normative juridical approach by examining Articles 1150-1160 of the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, and PMK Number 122 of 2023. The analysis shows that, normatively, creditors have the right to execute pawned goods if the debtor defaults. However, execution must be carried out in accordance with legal procedures, the principle of good faith, and transparency, including through a public or voluntary auction. In the case of PT. In the case of the North Sumatra Gold Pawn, the execution was carried out without adequate notification and without evidence of an official auction, thus being deemed to have failed to meet the principle of legal compliance. Therefore, this article concludes that gold pawn execution practices must be based on the principles of legal certainty and debtor protection to prevent similar losses and disputes in the future.

Human mobility between countries has become an inevitable phenomenon in an increasingly open era of globalization. One of the tangible consequences of this mobility is the increasing number of mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals. Although mixed marriages are a great way to interact across the globe, they often cause difficult legal problems, especially regarding the citizenship status of children born from these marriages. Children may be at risk of statelessness, or without citizenship, if the legal systems and principles between countries differ. This contradicts the principle of protection of human rights in international law. The purpose of this study is to examine the regulation of citizenship for children born to mixed marriages from an international law perspective. In addition, this study also investigates its relationship with Indonesian national law, particularly Law No. 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia and other related legal instruments. To gain a better understanding of the compatibility between national legal practices and international standards, a legislative, case, and comparative approach was used in this study. The results of the study show that, although Indonesia has adopted several principles of international law to prevent loss of citizenship and grant limited dual citizenship recognition to children born of mixed marriages, there is still a gap between the normative and its implementation. This discrepancy can lead to legal uncertainty and reduce the protection of children's rights. In conclusion, this study emphasizes that national and international law in the field of citizenship must be harmonized to build a legal system that is responsive, fair, and in line with global societal progress, as well as to protect children's rights at the international level.

Mixed marriages are a social phenomenon that is increasingly prevalent with globalization and mobility between countries. The problems arising from mixed marriages not only concern social aspects but also impact the citizenship status and inheritance rights of the parties. This study aims to analyze the legal consequences of mixed marriages on citizenship and inheritance rights from the perspectives of civil law and Islamic law. The method used is normative-comparative research with a legislative and conceptual approach. The results reveal fundamental differences between civil law and Islamic law in regulating citizenship and inheritance rights in mixed marriages. Civil law emphasizes administrative and national aspects, while Islamic law focuses on religious and lineage aspects. These differences lead to variations in the recognition of citizenship and inheritance of property, potentially creating legal uncertainty for the parties. Therefore, harmonization between civil law and Islamic law is essential to create legal certainty and justice, particularly in the context of inter-national and inter-religious marriages in Indonesia