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Dyah Purwaningrum; Sutaat Sutaat

Jurnal Inovasi Sosial dan Pengabdian 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Leadership is the process of influencing other people, subordinates, or followers to achieve the organization's desired goals. In general, leadership can be divided into three leadership models practiced by managing companies. Each model has its own uniqueness; some are closely related to the nature or character of the person, and some even arise as a result of the learning process. Realizing the importance of the role of a leader in achieving the goals of an organization, it can be said that the success or failure experienced by most organizations is determined by the quality of leadership played by the leader of the organization. This training partner aims to increase the employees' understanding and abilities as leaders in the company's divisions. Through this training, it is hoped that employees will be able to increase work morale within themselves and their team members, become effective leaders, and create synergistic collaborations. Through training, it is hoped that one can maximize one’s leadership abilities to become a good leader, intelligent, critical, strategic, able to face challenges, and focus on goals.

Nada Adilah; Agung Sedayu

Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Manajemen 2024 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

As marketing strategies evolve, digital marketing is becoming increasingly integral to contemporary marketing approaches. Various promotional tactics, including social media marketing, live streaming, and online customer evaluations, are being utilized by companies to attract consumer interest in purchasing products. This study aims to examine the impact of social media marketing, live streaming, and online assessments on purchasing interest in The Originote products on the Shopee platform. The study population consists of The Originote's Instagram followers, with a sample size of 117 respondents. Data analysis is conducted using SPSS 26, encompassing validity and reliability assessments, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, f-tests, and t-tests. The findings of the study suggest that while social media marketing (X1) does not significantly influence purchasing interest, live streaming (X2) and Customer online Review (X3) exhibits a significant impact on purchasing interest.

Yasir Arafat; Nur Atika; Irfandi Irfandi; Ufiyah Ramlah

JURNAL ILMIAH PENDIDIKAN KEBUDAYAAN DAN AGAMA 2024 CV. ALIM'SPUBLISHING

Islamic education has great noble values ​​and is able to determine position and function in society. The values ​​of Islamic education are the most important thing and should be implemented and maintained by followers of the Islamic religion. The values ​​of Islamic education are taught to students not to be memorized into knowledge, but to be internalized and practiced in everyday life. This research aims to find out more broadly and in depth the Internalization of Islamic Religious Values ​​in Shaping the Character of Santri, with the following coverage: (1) The process of internalizing Islamic religious values ​​in forming the character of santri (2) The method of internalizing Islamic religious values ​​in forming character of santri (3) The impact of internalization of Islamic religious values ​​in shaping the character of santri.The research was carried out at the Al-Khairat Siniu Modern Islamic Boarding School using a qualitative approach with a case study type. Data collection was carried out using interviews. Data analysis techniques include data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. To check the validity of the data, researchers used triangulation techniques. Meanwhile, the informants in this research were Ustadzah and Santriwati.The results of the research show that Islamic religious values ​​at the Al-Khairat Siniu Islamic Boarding School, including aqidah values, shari'ah values ​​and moral values, have become a value that is internalized in the daily life of students at the Islamic boarding school. This needs to be done with istiqomah in implementing it, because the internalization of Islamic religious values ​​is not something instant but is something that requires a process, so this of course requires a process, so this of course requires certain efforts made by the council of kyai or ustadz as well as the santri council in achieving successful internalization of Islamic religious values ​​in order to shape the character of the students.  

Emiliana Febriyanti Alda Jalut; Orpa Ganefo Manuain; Adrianus Djara Dima

Jurnal Hukum dan Sosial Politik 2024 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This research is conducted with the aim of discussing and analyzing answers to problems such as the forms of actions that can be categorized as criminal acts of film piracy and the qualifications of criminal acts of film piracy on TikTok social media and how criminal liability for acts of film piracy in the TikTok application with regard to positive law in Indonesia. This research method is normative juridical method. Normative juridical method is a legal research method that focuses on library materials or secondary materials. With the approach used by researchers is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Based on the results of the research, benefits were obtained. The benefits obtained can be seen from the increase in likes and followers. Then the researcher also concluded that the act of piracy is categorized as a qualified offense with criminal aggravation which is included in the category of voorgezete handelings. In overcoming the existing problems, researchers argue that Tiktok also needs to be held accountable considering the losses caused are not small. However, researchers found that the legislation, especially Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright, does not separate sanctions for individuals and corporations. According to the author, there needs to be a separation of sanctions because the comparison of losses caused by actions taken by individuals and those taken by corporations is different.

Fadillah Aulia Latief Sultoni; Oktaviana Purnamasari

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

Nowadays, marketing is a systematic point that is very important for the success of a business in a company and also a company because of the increasingly fierce competition. The local brand of quality mineral water and also has a brandimage that is already embedded in the minds of consumers is Aqua. Brand image plays an important role in shaping brand image in the eyes of consumers and can influence the extent to which customers trust, recognize, and choose brands among their competitors. Instagram plays an important role in shaping brand image for businesses and brands. By using this platform to share creative, inspiring, and relevant content, companies can form an image on the brand that is positive and attractive to a wide audience or audience. The existence of this research has the aim of knowing how strong the influence of Aqua's Instagram content on brand image. The theory used in this research is Instagram content which consists of follow, like, comment, caption. Then next is the Brand Image theory which consists of the strength of brand association, the superiority of brand association, and the uniqueness of brand association on variables. The approach in this study is a quantitative approach with a survey method conducted on 79 respondents of @sehataqua Instagram followers, with sampling techniques using simple random sampling method. The results in the study indicate a fairly high influence, which is spelled out by the amount of 61% of Aqua's Instagram content on Brand image. While the remaining 39% is influenced by variables not examined in this study.

Martinus Duryadi

Coram Mundo : Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 2024 Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Injili Arastamar (SETIA) Ngabang

The purpose of this studied was to examine the influence of pastoral function and model of the church worship directly on brand image of the church; and the influence of pastoral functions and models of the church worship through mediating the character of Christ's followers on the brand image of the church. This research includes quantitative research with a survey approach; and path analysis models. Pastoral function and model of the church worship as exogenous (independen) variables; the character of Christ's followers as intervening variables, endogenous (dependen) was the brand image of the church. The study population of members of the Gereja Isa Almasih (GIA) congregation who are members of the congregation of Region I, Region II, Region III and Region IV.  The sample determination used the Taro Yamane formula with a confidence level of 90%, so the data was taken from 100 respondents. The number of respondents for each region is based on population. From the Regional I there were 34 respondents, from the Regional II 33 respondents, from the Regional III 18 respondents, and the Regional IV 15 respondents.  The data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed with SmartPLS 3.  The results of the research analysis show that pastoral function directly has a positive influence on the brand image of the church but is not significant, but through the intervening variables of the character of followers of Christ, the influence becomes positive and significant. The character variable of Christ's followers becomes the complete mediation variable. While the worship model both directly and through variables intervening the character of Christ's followers has a positive and significant influence on the brand image of the church. The character variable of Christ's followers becomes a partial mediation variable.

Rai Sara Purnama Sari; Velda Ardia

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

In attracting consumers, every company has various strategies, one of which is to carry out Brand Activation or activities carried out by a brand to change the image or increase sales of a company. One of the beauty brands that does brand activation is YOU Beauty. Related to this, the aim of this research is to find out how much influence brand activation has on YOU Beauty products on followers of the Instagram account @youbeauty.idn, consumer loyalty on followers of the Instagram account @youbeauty.idn, the influence of YOU Beauty brand activation on consumer loyalty. The theory used by Brand Activation is Direct Marketing Activation, Social Media Activation, Promotion Activation, Marketing Event Activation, dan Sponsorship Activation, and Consumer Loyalty includes cognitive, affective, and cognative. The approach in this research is quantitative with an explanatory survey method. The data collection technique was carried out by distributing questionnaires which were given to 81 respondents to followers of the Instagram account @youbeuaty.idn. Sampling using probability sampling technique. Questionnaire collection method used is random sampling. The results of this study indicate that the effect of Brand Activation YOU Beauty as a whole responds well (agree), and the effect of Brand Activation on Consumer Loyalty as a whole responds well (agree) to all variable statements X and Y in the research questionnaire, and the magnitude of Brand influence Activation of YOU Beauty products has an adequate and moderate relationship of 0.575 to Consumer Loyalty of Instagram followers @youbeauty.idn with the percentage of brand activation influencing consumer loyality of 33.1% and while the remaining 66.9% is influenced by other factors.

Misfa Aenunnuri; Renty Yuniarti

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

In recent years, podcasts have become a type of content that is popular with many YouTube users. Deddy Corbuzier is a public figure and also the owner of a well-known YouTube channel which provides podcast content for his followers. Deddy Corbuzier's podcast content entitled SOMASI (Stand On Mic Take It Easy) presents standup comedians as guest stars to convey people's complaints about government policies which are packaged casually and funny so that they are easy for subscribers to understand. In this context, content that discusses government policy is predicted to influence a certain point of view for the audience so that in the current research context the focus and aim is to determine the influence of the role of podcast content on Deddy Corbuzier's channel on subscriber behavior in determining the pros and cons of government policy. This research uses a quantitative approach using descriptive methods used in the current study. Data collection techniques are carried out online with the help of Google Forms while data management techniques use Validity Tests and Reliability Tests while data analysis will be carried out using simple Linear Analysis techniques using IBM SPSS 26 software. The results of this research prove that the Ha hypothesis is accepted and Ho is rejected in the current research context. In other words, there is an influence on the role of podcast content on Deddy Corbuzier's channel on subscriber behavior in determining the pros and cons of government policy

Nadhya Salwa Nur Arraafi’a; Velda Ardia

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

Celebrity Endorser is an advertising star who is expected to be able to promote a product so that consumers are interested. The use of celebrities as endorsers is expected to attract the attention of consumers and influence their purchasing decision-making process for a product. The purpose of this study 1). knowing celebrity endorser Nadira Alaydrus on Luxcrime cosmetic products, 2). knowing consumer purchasing decisions on Luxcrime cosmetic products, 3). measures how much influence celebrity endorser Nadira Alaydrus has on Luxcrime purchase decisions. The approach in research is survey. The collection technique was carried out to 84 respondents on the followers of the Instagram account @luxcrime_id. Sampling method using probalilty sampling technique. The method of taking the questionnaire used is random sampling. The results of this study showed that Celebrity Endorser Nadira Alaydrus influences the decision to purchase Luxcrime.  

Maya Rosmita; Velda Ardia

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

This research is motivated by the existence of market growth that offers several products on the market to meet the requirements to meet consumer expectations. Intense competition requires companies to be creative by maximizing the existence of brand ambassadors. The compatibility between the brand and the brand ambassador is very important to support brand communication which in turn can form a good brand image. One of the local skincare brands is Avoskin by collaborating with Refal Hady as the brand ambassador. The purpose of this research 1). Knowing the brand ambassador Refal Hady on Instagram followers @avoskinbeauty. 2). Find out the brand image of Avoskin on Instagram followers @avoskinbeauty. 3). Measuring the influence of brand ambassador Refal Hady on Avoskin's brand image. The theory used in this study is the brand ambassador theory (Transparency, Appropriateness, Credibility and Attractiveness) and brand image theory (Strength, Uniqueness and Profits). This study used a quantitative approach with a survey method, distributing questionnaires to 83 respondents. The results of this study indicate that 1). Brand ambassadors have an average yield of 3.36 with agreement. 2). Brand Image has an average yield of 3.40 with agreement. 3). Brand ambassadors have an influence on brand image of 51.1%, while the other 48.9% comes from other factors outside the research variables.

Tihazanah; Putra, Mulia; Sari, Siti Mayang

Jurnal Komunikasi Pendidikan 2024 Universitas Veteran Bangun Nusantara

Effective school leadership is critical for enhancing teacher performance and professionalism. This research aims to analyze the application of the school principal's charismatic leadership style in improving teacher performance and professionalism at an elementary school in Indonesia. Employing a descriptive qualitative research design, this study systematically explores the unique traits and behaviors of charismatic leaders, including their strong charm, self-confidence, clear vision, and ability to inspire followers. While charismatic leadership positively impacts values, ideology, and participation, it can also lead to a focus on personal loyalty and the use of power for personal gain. The success of charismatic leadership is evidenced by the close relationship between leaders and followers, with followers showing high commitment to the leader's vision. This study contributes to the education field by providing insights into how charismatic leadership can be harnessed to improve teacher performance and professionalism, highlighting both its benefits and potential drawbacks.

Fransisca Aquilorum Teme; Mikhael Rajamuda Bataona; Fransiska Desiana Setyaningsih

Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 2024 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

The concepts used in this research are persuasive communication, film and semiotics. This type of research is descriptive qualitative and uses Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic analysis method. The data collection techniques used are observation and documentation studies.The results of this research are that there is meaning in the persuasive communication carried out by Jeong Myeong Seok through the persuasive techniques used, namely dissonance/cognitive dissonance techniques, he influences followers to carry out attacks, association techniques, through the message that the mother willThis life and reality is true, the integration/empathy technique where he uses dialogue language to check the victim that he was assigned by God, the reward/payoff idea technique which he does with a promise, the Fear Arrousing technique, he uses threat techniques to attractthe hearts of the victims, the arrangement technique, this technique he uses to attract the attention and support of his followers and finally the red-hearing technique The conclusion of research on the documentary film In The Name Of God: A Holy Betrayal, the story of Jeong Myeong Seok through Charles Sanders Peirce’s approach from these three episodes, found that there was persuasive communication with the dialogue signs used by Jeong Myeong Seok and throughpersuasive communication contains misdirection in its teachings.

Santi Rimadias; Wasi Bagasworo; Dina Dwi Marinda

Jurnal Hasil Kegiatan Bersama Masyarakat 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This community service program focused on enhancing branding and digital marketing strategies for Salina Kitchen, a culinary business in Jakarta. The primary objectives were to optimize packaging sticker design and to boost engagement through the business's Instagram account. Conducted from September 23 to December 15, 2023, the program involved consumer surveys and SWOT analysis. Results indicated a significant improvement in customer satisfaction with packaging design and digital marketing performance. Effective use of hashtags on Instagram expanded the reach to non-followers. The program successfully identified key strategies in branding and digital marketing that can be implemented to enhance the performance of culinary businesses.

Suknah Suknah; Viana Safrida Harahap; Subhan AB; Darmila Yanti

Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

The objectives of this research are 1) To find out how the Instagram application is used as an online shop marketing communication medium, 2) To find out the obstacles to the Instagram application being used as an online shop marketing communication medium. The location of this research was carried out at the Novashoptakengon.id mini online shop located in Uning Village, Pegasing District, Central Aceh Regency with the number of informants being 1 owner, 4 resellers and 1 consumer of the Novashoptakengon.id Online Shop. Data collection used in this research is interviews and observations with owners, resellers and consumers. Data analysis techniques consist of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the research are marketing communications carried out via Instagram media which are used by online shop owners through promotions on the Instagram application. Of the various supporting features built into Instagram, the features most frequently used are the Instagram story photo upload and Story Highlights features. In the Instastory feature, Mrs. Nova Sri Rezeki uses it to inform about the latest products and shop situations every day. Meanwhile, to upload photos, Mrs. Nova Sri Rezeki uses it to post new products with attractive layouts. Story Highlights are used to provide important information such as how to order online, shop location instructions, shopee address and others. This feature used is considered very effective and helpful in the product promotion process, because it can convey messages directly to consumers. By utilizing the number of followers which has reached 4,934 thousand, it will make it easier to promote products. The problem with the Instagram application being that it is used as a marketing communication medium for online shops is competition between other online shops, so that the owner must be diligent in posting photos or videos so that his products can be seen by consumers, otherwise he will be at risk of losing consumers. People will switch to other online shops.

Chintya Pradilla Putri; Zuhrinal M Nawawi

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The aim of entrepreneurship education is to develop attitudes, enthusiasm and the ability to create something of value for oneself and others. Creative, innovative, independent, leadership, good money management and never giving up are entrepreneurial attitudes that must be instilled in children from an early age. As followers of the Prophet Muhammad SAW we need to learn from his figure as an entrepreneur. Where in his journey as an entrepreneur, Rasulullah successfully proved that to start a business one does not have to have money first, there are other elements that are more important than that, namely that one must have the right entrepreneurial mentality. The purpose of this article is to analyze the importance of entrepreneurship education instilled from elementary school age in an Islamic perspective. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature-based approach. Qualitative research relies on the collection and analysis of non-numerical data (such as text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or results. Entrepreneurship education taught at elementary school level is believed to be able to reduce children's consumption habits, train them to create something of value and give birth to the next generation to create jobs in the future.

Titis Adilia; Qoni'ah Nur Wijayani

Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Instagram as a social media has become a major platform for individuals to build their self-image online. This research aims to explore and analyze strategies for forming the self-image of Communication Science students at Trunojoyo University, Madura on the social media Instagram. Qualitative research methods were used to interview participants from Communication Science students who actively use Instagram. The research results show that students use various strategies, including photo selection, captions, filters, and hashtags, to build the desired self-image. They also manage interactions with followers and respond to comments to strengthen their self-image. Additionally, findings suggest that social pressure, cultural norms, and peer influence play an important role in the formation of self-image on social media. This research provides in-depth insight into how social media, especially Instagram, influences the formation of Communication Science students' self-image, and its implications for self-concept and social interactions in a digital context. This study also provides a foundation for the development of social media literacy among college students and stimulates further discussion about the impact of social media on individual identity construction.

Nunu Burhanuddin; Muhammad Ridwan Efendi

Tabsyir: Jurnal Dakwah dan Sosial Humaniora 2023 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

The Asy'ariyah school is one of the schools of kalam science that has been widely studied by academics. The Asy'ariyah sect was founded by Abu Hasan Al-Asy'ari and became one of the forerunners to the birth of the ASWAJA sect or ahlu sunnah waljama'ah. Apart from that, the Asy'ariyah sect has many followers among Muslims in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the Ash'ariyah sect in historical studies, its influence and main teachings. This research is a type of library research. Data collection techniques come from examining reference sources from relevant research in the form of articles, books and so on. Data analysis techniques by collecting, analyzing and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that the Ash'ariyah sect became a sect which became the embryo for the birth of the ahl Al-Sunnah Waljama'ah sect which became a para sect from the time of the Prophet Muhammad SAW to his companions. The Ash'ariyah school is a reaction to the Muktazilah school and the main teachings in this school consist of the substance and attributes of God, freedom of will, reason and revelation, goodness and badness and the qadim of the word of Allah SWT, the Being of Allah, justice and the novelty of nature. and the position of the person who sinned.

Agustinus Gulo; Artariah Artariah; Herdiana Sihombing

Sinar Kasih: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat 2023 Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Injili Arastamar (SETIA) Ngabang

This paper discusses the characteristics and responsibilities of leaders in the context of the uncertainty that often occurs during crises. The purpose of this research is to gain an understanding of the duties of a person who has the ability to lead and direct his followers. Being a leader must have behavior in performing each task. In this study, the author analyzes and interprets the text from the Bible 1 Samuel 22:1-5. This book tells about the leadership of David who fled and hid from the pursuit of King Saul. In leadership, David became a tough, responsible leader. Even though David was on the run, he still did his duty to help those who were weak and did not look down on them. David was a responsible leader who was able to provide direction, stability, and make wise decisions during difficult times.

Adinda Tasya Asova; Welly Wirman

Harmoni: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Sosial 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Asmaranur Modeling School is a modeling school in Pekanbaru, which was founded by the owner and trainer, Irvan Asmara, on February 1 2020 under the auspices of CV. Asmaranur Persada Sejahtera. AMS Modeling School is the first modeling school that provides learning not only about the catwalk but also education in forming personality such as attitude, public speaking, personal branding, and responsibility. This research aims to find out the Marketing Communication Strategy of Asmaranur Modeling School Pekanbaru through Instagram Social Media. The method in this research used a case study with a qualitative approach and purposive techniques which included interviews, observation, documentation. The informant subjects in this research consisted of 3 informants, namely Irvan Asmara as the owner and instructor, Bima Sakti as the content creator, Wildatul Muslimah as a student who had been registered at AMS for a long time. This research uses New Media theory and the concept of The Circular Model of Some created by Regina Luttrell which has 4 stages, namely share, optimize, manage, engage. The results of this research are that Asmaranur Modeling School Pekanbaru chose the social media Instagram based on the increasing number of social media users and in accordance with Asmaranur Modeling School Pekanbaru's target market, namely young people and adults who are active on Instagram social media. Before posting content, collect photo/video ideas. Asmaranur Modeling School Pekanbaru's Instagram social media is managed directly by Irvan Asmara as the owner and trainer, easily responding to comments from followers, and making it easy to repost tagged posts from me personally, students who take part in activities at Asmaranur Modeling School Pekanbaru. To build engagement with consumers or followers, Asmaranur Modeling School Pekanbaru also creates events and sponsors other important events.

Robiatul Adawiyah Sir; Lina Mayasari Siregar; Rizki Hamdan

Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa, Sastra dan Budaya 2023 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

The problem in this research is that there are still students who still make mistakes in writing their thesis and also in using punctuation marks and the solution that the researcher provides is to upload the file to Google Drive and carry out analysis using Google Doc. The objectives of this research are (1) To find out language spelling errors in preparing thesis proposals for PGMI STAIBR Sibuhuan students. (2) To find out writing errors in STAIBR Sibuhuan student theses. (3) To describe spelling errors in using capital letters, errors in using italics, and errors in using bold letters in PGMI STAIBR Sibuhuan student theses. In this research the author used a type of field research, the design used was qualitative research, namely research that produces data in the form of written or spoken words from the people being observed. The researcher checked the validity of the data by means of source triangulation and technical triangulation. Source triangulation is triangulation carried out by interviewing various sources, such as the head of the library and lecturers, students from the class of 2017. However, the results obtained must remain the same. Meanwhile, technical triangulation is triangulation carried out by researchers by collecting different data from the same source. By using triangulation techniques in data collection, the data obtained will be better and more certain. Analysis of capital letter errors in writing and italics in students' theses at the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education Study Program (PGMI) Barumun Raya Islamic College (STAIBR) Sibuhuan. caused by errors in the use of capital letters as elements of the first letter of a word at the beginning of a sentence, the first letter of the name of a nation, ethnic group, and language. Analysis of errors in writing prepositions in, to and from students' theses at the Islamic High School Teacher Education Study Program (PGMI). Islam Barumun Raya (STAIBR) Sibuhuan is due to ignorance that the writing must be written separately from the words of its followers or a combination of words that are commonly considered as one word. Analysis of errors in the use of punctuation marks in students' theses at the Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Teacher Education Study Program (PGMI) Barumun Islamic College Raya (STAIBR) Sibuhuan errors which include errors in the use of the period punctuation mark (.), errors in the use of the comma punctuation mark (,), errors in the use of the colon (:), and errors in the use of the question mark (?) errors. Punctuation errors are caused by differences in perception in the use of punctuation marks in accordance with EYD guidelines.