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Monitoring the growth and development of a child can begin from conception and will continue until adulthood, this process is mutually continuous and continuous. The development of language skills, creativity, emotional awareness, and intelligence is an important phase in a child's growth and development and is the cornerstone of subsequent development. This study aims to evaluate the ability of early childhood to improve gross motor and fine motor development skills through sensory play activities. The method of delivering information using the media of story books (fairy tales), sensory game tools that previously the children were given directions one example of simulation, then the children were directed to do independently. the results of normative identification of children's growth and development, it can be seen that from the value (5-1) range always to never, overall participants play with the highest frequency in the range is always on the cognitive and social interaction, the second position in fine & gross motor skills, and third in terms of language development and problem solving skills. The highest score level after the game, cognitive development is very significant children are very enthusiastic to follow the game conducted in groups. This activity will be better if done on an ongoing basis because it is very beneficial for early childhood development.

Entering old age will certainly have changes felt by the elderly such as changes in economic, psychological, and social aspects. People who are not ready to face these changes will be vulnerable to psychological problems. It is possible that this condition will actually have a negative impact on the health of the elderly, which can actually reduce their psychological well-being. In an effort to improve the psychological well-being of the elderly, one of them is by providing Spiritual Emotional Freedom Technique therapy. SEFT therapy is one method that can be used to improve their psychological well-being. This kind of therapy is useful in overcoming difficulties related to physical health, emotions, and cognitive function. In the context of improving the psychological well-being of the elderly, the purpose of this study is to be able to see how effective the therapy is for the elderly. Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha Budi Mulia 3 was used as a research location conducted with a qualitative case study methodology. Based on the results of the research after the provision of SEFT therapy, there are certainly changes that are felt, such as the ability of the elderly to get rid of their negative emotions, stress pressure, the sadness they feel is also slowly decreasing.

This study aims to examine the Deep Learning approach as a strategy for creating meaningful learning. The research employs a literature review method, utilizing a systematic approach to collect, analyze, and synthesize information from various written sources such as reference books, scientific articles, research reports, and other relevant documents. Its main focus is to understand and evaluate existing theories or research findings in order to answer the research questions without conducting field data collection. The research procedure includes problem formulation, searching for relevant literature, selecting valid and reliable sources, recording important data, conducting critical content analysis, and drawing conclusions. The findings indicate that the Deep Learning approach plays a significant role in fostering meaningful learning and supports effective pedagogical practices. Meaningful learning encourages the development of higher-order thinking skills such as critical and analytical thinking. When students engage in meaningful learning processes, they are better equipped to develop future-relevant competencies and enhance long-term cognitive development. Many education experts today believe that meaningful learning promotes deep understanding, long-term memory retention, and the ability to apply knowledge in real-life situations. This aligns with David Ausubel’s theory, which emphasizes that learning becomes meaningful when new information is connected to relevant concepts already present in an individual’s cognitive structure.

This research using the PTK (Classroom Action Research) method which aims to be able to find efforts to increase student activities through project-based learning models, to improve cognitive abilities and student learning interests. Learners are educational subjects considered active in shaping their chemistry learning achievement. The subjects this study is students of class XI IPA 2 SMA Dian Harapan Holland Village Manado. The focus of this research is the cognitive ability and learning interest of students. The results showed that the cognitive ability and interest in learning class XI IPA 2 SMA Dian Harapan Holland Village Manado there is an increase marked by an increase in the average score from cycle I to cycle III. There was also an increase in the activity of students. Therefore, the implementation of the Project Based Learning Model (PjBL) can provide a good and positive response for students.

This research aims to assess the effect of employing cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) counseling on enhancing the self-assurance levels among 19-25-year-old students enrolled at the Faculty of Psychology, Bhayangkara University of Greater Jakarta. The study utilized a quantitative methodology, employing questionnaires for data collection. The collected data revealed that among 30 students, 4 exhibited low self-confidence levels. These four individuals were chosen as subjects for the research, receiving CBT-based counseling to address their self-confidence issues. The focus of the researchers was solely on interventions targeting self-confidence problems through CBT counseling techniques. The counseling sessions uncovered that these students faced challenges in feeling confident when interacting with groups of people, experiencing worry and a lack of assurance in such situations. While the outcomes of the counseling using CBT did not achieve a complete 100% enhancement in the self-confidence levels of the students at the Faculty of Psychology, Bhayangkara University of Greater Jakarta, there were observable positive changes in the students' perspectives and their ability to manage their thoughts. The efficacy of the counseling could be deemed successful with a 70% success rate.

Toddler problems are prone to nutritional health problems, at that time is an important period in the process of toddler growth and development. If the required intake does not meet then toddlers will have less nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of booklet media education with maternal cognitive abilities in feeding toddlers. The study was conducted using pre-experimental research method design (one-group pretest-posttest) The sample in this study as many as 15 subjekts were taken using purposive sampling in s research instrument using SAP, leaflets and questionnaires. Furthermore, the collected data was processed using the SPSS program computer version 16.0 to be analyzed with Mc. Nemar's nonparametric test with a meaning level (α) of 0.05. The results of this study show that there is an influence of education with booklet media on the cognitive ability of mothers in feeding todler-aged children in the working area of the wori health center in Manado City. with the value of p = 0.016 it can be said that Ha is accepted and H0 is rejected and it is concluded that Ha has an educational influence with booklet media on the cognitive ability of mothers in food production in toddler-aged children in the work area of the wori health center. The conclusion in this study is the influence of education with booklet media on the cognitive ability of mothers in food production in toddler-aged children in the work area of the wori health center. Suggestions are expected to add useful insight and knowledge about booklet media education on cognitive abilities

Psychoeducation is the provision of information and development in the form of public education as information from simple psychology or other things and can influence the psychosocial welfare of society. Family psychoeducation therapy or Family Psychoeducation is a therapy that involves the family in a treatment program by providing education through therapeutic communication. Cognitive Behavior Therapy is a combination of two approaches in psychotherapy, namely the focus in cognitive therapy is on thoughts, assumptions, beliefs, facilitating individuals to learn to recognize and change errors in thinking or irrational thoughts into rational ones. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of psychoeducation on the ability of families to care for mental disorders patients at RSJ Prof. Dr. V. L. Ratumbusang Minahasa. The research method uses the pre-Experiment Design method with a One Group Pre-Post Test approach. Samples were taken based on the number of 15 respondents using accidental sampling. Data collection uses SAP and questionnaire sheets. Next, the collected data was processed using the SPSS version 16.0 computer program and statistical tests were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test with a significance level (α=0.05). The results of research using the Wilcoxon test showed that this value was smaller than the significant value of (0.001<0.05). The results of this study showed that Ha was accepted and H0 was rejected. The conclusion in this research is that there is an influence of Psychoeducation on the Cognitive Ability of Families Caring for Mentally Disordered Patients at RSJ Prof. Dr. V. L. Ratumbuysang Minahasa. It is hoped that nurses will be able to carry out psychoeducational actions for families to improve the client's and family's abilities in caring for patients with mental disorders.

The elderly is a process of the final stage of human life that will be lived by everyone. Cognitive function indicates the process of receiving, organizing and interpreting stimulus sensors to think and solve problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cognitive ability and the level of independence of Activity Of Daily Living (ADL) in the elderly in Singkil 1 sub-district 6 Manado city This research uses a correlational analytical method with the approach used is a time series, which is a type of data consisting of variables collected according to time sequence in a certain time span. The sample of this study amounted to 42 respondents using the Purposive Sampling technique. Data collection was taken using questionnaire sheets. Furthermore, the data that has been collected is then analyzed using the Chi-square statistical test with a significant level (α) of 0.05 The results showed that the most respondents' gender was women, namely 35 respondents with a percentage (83.3%), the most respondents did not attend school, namely 28 respondents with a percentage (66.7%), the most respondents' jobs as IRT were 35 respondents with a percentage (83.3%), and the results of statistical tests found a significant relationship between cognitive function and the level of independence of the elderly with p-value = 0.002

This research aims to determine the influence of students' learning activities on the ability to understanding mathematical concepts through the STEAM Learning Approach Makerspace model based on PBL on SPLDV materials. As for the type of research Quasi-Experiments. The population in this study was 90 students who were distributed into 3 classes with 2 classes that sampled grades VIII A and VIII C. The sampling techniques in this study used randomized classes and data collection techniques in this study were tests and observations, while the research instruments used preliminary tests and final tests to measure the ability to understand mathematical concepts and observation sheets to see students' learning activities. Data analysis techniques using a two-way ANOVA test. The research showed that there is an influence of the PBL-based Makerspace STEAM Learning Approach model on the ability to understand mathematical concepts, there is no influence on students' learning activities on mathematical concept comprehension capabilities, and there is no interaction between the PBL-based Stem Learning Approach Makerspace model and student learning activities on the ability to understand mathematical concepts. Conclusion, there is a positive direct effect of cognitive structures on the ability to understanding mathematical concepts.

Background Recently, the development of technology is also becoming more advanced. Today's technology is able to bring about a new era where everything becomes fast-paced practicality. The negative impacts of excessive gadget use include gadget addiction, sleep disturbances, eye fatigue, poor posture, impaired close vision, and decreased cognitive abilities. The purpose of this community service is to provide counseling on the impact of gadget use on children at the reading house of the library framework in North Aceh district. Method The implementation of community service is face-to-face, using the counseling method. This activity was carried out on Tuesday, 31 October 2023 at the Rangkang Pustaka Reading House in Nisam village, North Aceh Regency. The counseling was conducted for children aged 7 to 11 years. who are at the elementary school,with a total of 37 participants. The results showed that from a total of 37 children, it was found that 13 already had sufficient understanding of the impact of gadget use, while 24 still did not have knowledge and understanding of the adverse effects that arise from the use of gadgets. In conclusion, gadgets can reduce the ability to think and analyze things, and can have long-term and permanent consequences if not addressed early on. This activity is very helpful for children to become independent and reduce smartphone addiction.

Physical and cognitive development in middle childhood undergoes many significant changes. Children at this age develop problem-solving skills, abstract thinking, and language development in cognitive aspects. They have the ability to understand the concepts of time and space, as well as improve their reading and writing skills. At this stage, physical development includes rapid body growth, muscle strengthening, and improved motor coordination. Children usually experience rapid height growth and organ development. Physical activities and activities involving movement are becoming increasingly important for achieving an optimal level of physical fitness. These two components are interrelated, and good physical health can support cognitive development. Positive simulations, environmental factors, and education also played an important role in shaping the holistic development of the time.        

This paper aims abnalyze The physical and psychosocial development of children and adolescents is a broad topic and complex. Children begin to develop the ability to think, learn, and remember, and begin to develop the ability to control emotions and interact with people other. In adolescence, individuals experience a transition between childhood and adulthood adult life is characterized by biological growth and development and psychological. Children's physical and psychosocial development of adolescents can begin with an explanation of the importance of understanding physical and psychosocial development during childhood and adolescence. Matter This is because this period is a very important period in a person's life, in where many significant changes and developments occurred. Additionally, understanding of Physical and psychosocial development during childhood and adolescence is also very important for parents, teachers and health workers in providing appropriate care and upbringing. Physical development during childhood and adolescence includes growth and development of body organs, nervous system, and motor abilities. Meanwhile development Psychosocial includes emotional, social and cognitive development. During childhood, Physical and psychosocial development is greatly influenced by the environment and upbringing accepted. Meanwhile, during adolescence, physical and psychosocial development is influenced by internal and external factors, such as hormonal changes, social environment, and pressure from friends peer. In discussing children's physical development and adolescent psychosocial development, it needs to be emphasized that each individual has different developments, depending on factors which influences it.

Abstract. Language is a central part of human intelligence, it is important for us to understand how and when language is mastered as well as the social cognitive and neurological facts that influence language development at an early age.  Language is a symbol system that is an important means of communication, even though we cannot communicate in other ways such as gestures, postures or facial expressions, language is our most flexible method of communication.  Language allows us to describe the past and make plans for the future.  Language allows us to convey traditional ideas and values to the next generation, thus language is of the most important cultural and social importance.  Research using this method is carried out by comparing research methods, processing methods, and the results obtained from each article.  The research source comes from articles obtained via the internet in the form of research articles discussing infancy development.The research results show.  Speaking is a means of communication to be able to communicate with other people, all individuals must be able to master two different functions, the ability to grasp the meaning that other people want to communicate and the ability to communicate with other people in such a way that they can be understood.  Early social experiences play an important role in determining future social relationships and patterns of behavior toward others.  Learning to behave in a moral manner that is accepted by those around you is a long and slow process.  But the basics are laid in infancy and it is based on these basics that babies develop moral codes that guide their behavior when they grow up.

This study aims to determine the effect of the use of the Power of Two cooperative learning model on students' thinking skills in the Fikih material at MI Nurul Yaqin Donoyudan. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method that refers to literature observations, observations, and documentation. The Power of Two model is applied by forming small groups of two students who discuss the material being studied before sharing their understanding with other groups. This strategy is designed to encourage active interaction, increase self-confidence, and deepen understanding of the material. During the learning process, researchers observed an increase in collaboration between students and their ability to express opinions and understand Fikih concepts. The results of the study indicate that the application of this model can improve students' thinking skills, both in cognitive and affective aspects, which are marked by an increase in the quality of discussions, understanding of concepts, and active participation in learning activities.

This research was conducted to find out the impact of mathematics learning on the cognitive abilities and life skills of elementary school students. This research uses a questionnaire to find out how they have learned mathematics. This research uses a qualitative approach by utilizing a questionnaire as an instrument. The distribution contained 15 questionnaire statements given to 18 class VI students. The results of the analysis show that most mathematics learning has a positive impact on students' cognitive and life skills. Through mathematics lessons, students can hone their ability to think critically, systematically, so that they can solve problems from the questions they are given and problems found in everyday life. Although there are still many who do not feel the benefits of mathematics itself.

This research aims to see how the mathematical thinking abilities of students who have a field independent cognitive style are based on Shafer and Foster's theory. This research uses a descriptive approach. The sample for this research is 3 class VII students of SMP Negeri 6 Purworejo. The technique for selecting subjects in this research was purposive sampling technique. The data collection techniques used were mathematical thinking test methods, interview methods and documentation. The data analysis technique used is reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of research regarding the level of mathematical thinking ability based on Shafer and Foster's theory in solving algebra material problems showed that students at SMP Negeri 6 Purworejo who had a field independent cognitive style in solving the reproduction level were able to know basic facts, namely knowing and writing down any information that could be known in questions and determine the problem correctly, at the completion of the connection level students are able to integrate information, namely explaining the steps to solve the problem correctly and applying the right algorithm to solve the problem, at the completion of the analysis level students are able to mathematize situations, namely being able to change real problems into mathematical form by make equations and make generalizations, namely being able to find the correct answer.

Based on the results of the initial observations that the author made at the Mandiri ABCD Kindergarten in Sipoholon District, it shows that the Kindergarten still does not use various interesting media to facilitate learning in the classroom. This research is motivated by problems that arise in class, namely children are less able to recognize number symbols properly because the child's cognitive abilities have not yet emerged, so that the facilities at school to recognize numbers are minimal, as well as the recognition of number symbols is less attractive. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using snakes and ladders media on the ability to recognize number symbols for children aged 5-6 years at Mandiri ABCD Kindergarten, Sipoholon District. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative research method. The population is all children aged 5-6 years in Mandiri ABCD Kindergarten, Sipoholon District, totaling 108 people and a sample of 20 people is determined using a non-probability sampling technique, namely purposive sampling. Data was collected using a closed questionnaire consisting of 23 items. The results of the data analysis showed that there was a positive and significant influence on the use of snakes and ladders media on the ability to recognize number symbols for children aged 5-6 years at Mandiri ABCD Kindergarten, Sipoholon District. Thus Ha is accepted and H0 is reject.

The progress of a nation is greatly influenced by the contribution to education. Education is expected to be able to make a truly intelligent society, so it will gives the nuances of intelligent life and will progressively shape independence. Such a nation community is a big investment to struggle out of the crisis in the face of a globalized world. In facing today's global world, the task of educators as professional teachers is not only to carry out learning in the classroom, but besides educating, nurturing and guiding the most important thing is to shape the personality of students who have the ability to prepare and develop themselves as critical and creative human resources. . most important is to educate and As educators, teachers convey knowledge and skills to students using certain methods so that knowledge or skills can belong to these students, therefore professional educators are educators who are always trying to improve their performance, by increasing their competence as educators. The embodiment of the competence of these educators is the responsibility of education, especially to prepare students to become intelligent and creative subjects in order to achieve maximum learning achievement. One indicator of the achievement of learning objectives can be identified by looking at the level of learning achievement obtained by students. Purwanto stated that learning achievement is a change in student behavior as a result of learning. The change in behavior was caused because he achieved the use of a number of materials provided in the teaching and learning process. This achievement is based on predetermined teaching objectives. The results can be in the form of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor changes.  

The  study  aimed  at  identifying  and  analyzing  students stylistic  errors  in  the  form  of grammatical  errors  made  by male  and  female  students  of  English  Graduate Department of Mataram University. This research is focused on finding the significant differences between male and female students in terms of the percentages of grammatical errors in their academic papers and factors contributing the errors. The sample of this research was 20 papers of 10 male and 10 female students of English Graduate Department of Mataram University. The data were interpreted and analyzed by quantitative descriptive analysis using Pearson chi-square to investigate if there  were  any  significant  differences among the  percentage of grammatical  errors in each category and then the types of grammatical errors in the two groups of male and female students were compared by use of descriptive analysis and statistical analysis.  The  research  findings  show: The  result  of  Pearson  Chi-square  test  of  students grammatical-related  stylistic  error  subcategory,  χ2count=  5.43  and  χ2table=  11.07.It  means  that  the χ2 Count < χ2 table and the null hypothesis H0 was failed to be rejected.  It means there was no difference between  male  and  female  students  in  terms  of  percentage  of  grammatical-related  stylistic  errors sub-category in their academic papers at the level of significance a = 5%. (2) Based on the data analysis, retrospective interview, both cognitive and social factors are affected the students’ ability in writing an academic paper.  The  cognitive  factor  was  the  lack  knowledge  of  male  and  female students about academic writing style and register. This is caused by the lack information they got in their previous study. Therefore, the male and female students still have weaknesses for writing in academic context.

Reading is a cognitive activity or process that aims to find various information contained in written information. This means that reading is a thought process to understand the contents of the text read. Evaluation of learning to read is a series of activities or steps taken after the completion of the main activities to obtain information about the results of learning to read, then manage and interpret them using benchmarks and goals and certain criteria. This type of research is library research, namely research conducted by analyzing and making written literature scientific journals as well as the main source. So the evaluation of learning to read is the process of determining students’ understanding, acceptance, categorization, analysis and reasoning abilities, as well as the accuracy of students’ pronunciation and intonation when taking reading tests in the target language. The purpose of learning to read is so that students can understand and use language in practice, it is not enough to measure it with mere mechanical abilities. The assessment of reading ability must be seen from the general reading ability as a whole, so that when assessing skills other than mechanical skills, it is also necessary to measure reading ability, for example understanding the content or meaning of sentences. The purpose of this study is to find out how the effort to implement the evaluation of students’ reading learning.