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This study aims to determine the effect of paternal attachment on emotional regulation in late adolescents in Padang City. Paternal attachment is seen as a crucial factor in developing children's emotional regulation skills, particularly during late adolescence, which is the transitional phase toward adulthood. Late adolescence is a crucial period in an individual's psychological development, where the ability to manage and express emotions appropriately determines their mental and social well-being. A strong emotional attachment to a father is believed to provide a foundation of emotional security that helps adolescents regulate their emotional responses to various life pressures and challenges. This study used a quantitative approach with a purposive sampling technique and involved 272 late adolescent respondents in Padang City as a sample. Data were collected through a questionnaire designed to measure the level of paternal attachment and adolescents' emotional regulation skills. Data collection was carried out with attention to the validity and reliability of the instrument so that the research results can be scientifically accounted for. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics to identify the relationship and influence between paternal attachment variables and emotional regulation. The results showed that the level of father attachment in late adolescents was in the moderate category at 53.3%, while their level of emotional regulation was in the high category at 42.3%. These findings indicate that although father attachment did not reach the high category for most, adolescents' emotional regulation abilities were relatively good. Further statistical analysis revealed that there was an influence of father attachment on emotional regulation in late adolescents, but this influence was very weak. This indicates that although father attachment contributes, there are many other factors that play a role in shaping adolescents' emotional regulation abilities, such as attachment to the mother, peer support, education, and individual experiences.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of violence experienced by individuals in the early adulthood age range (18–25 years), which is often a manifestation of unresolved traumatic experiences. Unmanaged trauma can have profound psychological impacts, affecting an individual's identity, social relationships, and outlook on life. However, within the framework of positive psychology, there is the concept of Post Traumatic Growth (PTG), which explains the potential for psychological growth that can emerge after an individual experiences severe stress or trauma. PTG includes positive changes in oneself, increased meaning in life, personal strength, and appreciation for life. The concept of PTG is the main foundation in the creation of abstract sculptures that attempt to represent the psychological journey of victims of violence, from destructive conditions to recovery and self-awareness. Abstract forms are used as a visual medium to reflect inner conflict, identity fragmentation, and the complex process of internal transformation. The choice of abstraction allows for free expression of realistic forms, thus presenting a profound symbolic interpretation. The method of creation of the work is carried out through an artistic approach that emphasizes the exploration of form, texture, material, and space in three-dimensional expression. This process not only produces visual objects but also creates expressive symbols that contain narratives of psychological healing. The sculpture is presented as a contemplative medium that invites the audience to experience, understand, and interpret the inner journey of victims of violence. The resulting creation demonstrates that abstract sculpture can be a powerful means of emotional communication, facilitating public understanding of the experience of trauma and the potential for post-traumatic growth. Thus, this work not only serves as an artistic representation of the inner dynamics of victims of violence but also serves as a reflective medium that fosters awareness of the human capacity to recover and thrive after experiencing profound suffering.

Waste management remains a serious problem, particularly in rural areas, which generally have relatively low levels of environmental awareness. Inorganic waste such as plastic, glass, and aluminum is a major concern because it takes hundreds of years to decompose naturally. This situation poses potential long-term environmental hazards, including soil and water pollution, and ecosystem disruption. Therefore, effective educational efforts are needed to raise public awareness of waste issues. This community service activity was carried out in Sarah Perlak Village, Sungai Mas District, West Aceh Regency. The focus of the activity was the installation of educational signs containing information about the decomposition time of various types of waste. Implementation methods included direct observation to identify specific problems at the site, informal outreach to local residents, demonstrations related to waste sorting, and the creation and installation of educational signs. The signs were made from wooden planks and decorated with real waste such as plastic bottles, aluminum cans, and used paper, thus providing a tangible visualization to the community. The results of the activity showed that the visual approach through educational signs was able to attract the attention of residents, both children and adults. The information was presented clearly and accompanied by real-life examples, making the message easier to understand and remember. In addition, direct interaction through outreach and demonstrations provided an opportunity for residents to ask questions and share experiences related to waste management. Overall, this educational medium has proven effective in conveying environmental messages, raising awareness, and motivating the community to start sorting and reducing waste at the source. Going forward, this program is planned to be expanded through training in processing waste into useful products, thereby not only reducing pollution but also providing economic benefits to the community.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, pose significant health risks for the elderly in Indonesia, including those in Aneuk Paya Village, Lhoknga District, Aceh Besar. These conditions, if left unmanaged, can lead to severe complications, impacting the quality of life of older adults. This community service project aims to improve elderly individuals' understanding of NCDs, as well as their prevention and management, through educational initiatives carried out at the Integrated Health Post (Posbindu). The activities involved interactive counseling sessions, health assessments including blood pressure monitoring, and measurements of body weight, height, waist circumference, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels. The community service event, conducted on July 22, 2025, revealed a significant improvement in the elderly participants’ knowledge about NCDs. Notably, 83% of the participants gained a better understanding of the prevention of NCDs, while 70% reported improved knowledge regarding blood sugar and blood pressure management. Moreover, there was a noticeable increase in the number of elderly individuals attending regular Posbindu visits, which suggests a growing commitment to managing their health. Health education through Posbindu has proven to be an effective tool in raising awareness and changing health behaviors among the elderly, helping to prevent NCD complications. The project demonstrates the pivotal role of Posbindu not only in promoting NCD prevention but also in providing continuous support to the elderly in managing their health, ultimately enhancing their quality of life. This initiative highlights the importance of local health programs in addressing the growing prevalence of NCDs in elderly populations and emphasizes the need for further community-based health interventions.

Adolescence is often regarded as a vulnerable and critical period, marked by the transition from childhood to adulthood. In today’s context, this phase is frequently described as a time of crisis due to the lack of proper guidance during personality formation. Teenagers require support and direction, particularly from their parents, to help navigate this stage. The family plays a crucial role in shaping behavior and is considered the primary institution responsible for preventing and addressing juvenile delinquency. A harmonious family life often reflects in the child’s behavior and interaction with the environment. When parents are actively involved in guiding and mentoring their children, adolescents are more likely to become positive role models. Deviant behavior among teenagers has become a pressing issue, especially considering that the youth are regarded as future assets for the nation, state, and religion. This study aims to: (1) Identify the factors that cause deviant behavior among teenagers in Kendayakan Village, Serang District; and (2) Explore the efforts made by parents to address such behavior. A qualitative research method with a case study approach was employed. Data were collected using three techniques: observation, interviews, and documentation. The analysis was carried out using qualitative descriptive methods. The findings reveal that deviant behavior among teenagers in Kendayakan Village is influenced by two main factors: (a) environmental factors, such as peer influence and lack of positive role models, and (b) individual factors, including emotional instability and lack of self-control. Meanwhile, the efforts made by parents include providing supervision, instilling discipline, offering advice and religious education, and collaborating with schools and community leaders. These efforts highlight the critical role of parental intervention in preventing and addressing adolescent deviance.

Pulmonary tuberculosis remains a pressing public health problem, particularly in the work area of the Duduk Health Center (UPT Puskesmas). Effective management of this disease requires a thorough understanding of the characteristics of the causes of pulmonary TB in patients. This study aims to classify pulmonary TB cases based on the main causes such as diabetes mellitus, irritant factors, pleural effusion, and family environmental conditions. The research method used is a clustering technique with the K-Means algorithm. The data used are data on pulmonary TB patients in 2020–2025 with variables of age, gender, and causative factors collected from medical records. The analysis process was carried out using MATLAB R2014b software. The clustering model was carried out in 3, 4, and 5 clusters to compare the level of segmentation efficiency. Based on the calculation results, the model with 5 clusters showed the lowest cluster variance value of 0.4889 compared to the 3-cluster model (0.7333) and 4-cluster models (0.6151), which indicates that the division into 5 clusters produces the most compact and representative data group. Each cluster shows a different combination of characteristics of pulmonary TB patients, for example: (1) elderly male patients with comorbid diabetes; (2) adolescent females with the negative influence of environmental factors; (3) adult males exposed to irritants; (4) patients with pleural effusion; and (5) groups with multiple factors. The results of this study can provide strategic input for the Finished Community Health Center UPT in formulating more targeted and targeted intervention policies in order to prevent, control, and handle pulmonary tuberculosis cases in a sustainable and effective manner.  

The differences in the age limits of children as stipulated in several Indonesian laws and regulations—such as the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law (UU Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak/SPPA), the Child Protection Law (UU Perlindungan Anak), and the Human Rights Law (UU HAM)—have created significant legal uncertainty. These inconsistencies pose serious implications for the protection of children's rights, particularly for those who are entangled in legal conflicts. One of the most critical impacts is the potential for injustice in the application of restorative justice and diversion programs, which should be guided by the principle of the best interests of the child. Discrepancies in age definitions may also result in unequal treatment in legal proceedings and hinder access to appropriate legal remedies and rehabilitation services. For instance, a child considered underage by one law may be treated as an adult under another, leading to inconsistent judicial decisions, discrimination, and psychological harm. Furthermore, this lack of regulatory harmony undermines the credibility and consistency of the justice system in handling cases involving children. The principle of legal certainty, which is fundamental in any just legal system, cannot be upheld if such foundational definitions remain fragmented. Therefore, there is an urgent need for harmonization and alignment of all regulations related to the legal age definition of a child within the Indonesian national legal framework. Establishing a uniform age standard is essential to ensure fair treatment, protect children's rights comprehensively, prevent discriminatory practices, and improve the effectiveness of restorative justice, rehabilitation, and child protection mechanisms in Indonesia.

This study examines the regulation of adultery and cohabitation (living together without marriage) from the perspective of Islamic law and Indonesian positive law, especially after the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP). In Islamic law, adultery is a hudud crime that has strict and permanent sanctions (qat'i). Islamic law considers adultery as an act that damages morality, honor, and lineage, and provides severe punishment for the perpetrators. The purpose of implementing this punishment is to maintain social integrity and protect the family as the smallest unit in society. Cohabitation, which is considered an illegitimate relationship according to Islamic law, is seen as a form of adultery that is not tolerated both socially and legally. Therefore, this act is not only considered a violation of religious norms, but also a threat to the desired social order in Islam. Meanwhile, in the context of Indonesian positive law, the 2023 Criminal Code expands the formulation of the crime of adultery and explicitly regulates cohabitation as a criminal offense. Based on this provision, adultery and cohabitation can be prosecuted, although they are still classified as absolute complaint offenses, meaning that these acts can only be prosecuted if there is a report from an interested party. This shows that although there are differences in law enforcement between Islamic law and positive law, both share a common goal: to protect morality and public order. The approach used in this study is normative juridical with a qualitative analysis method of Islamic legal norms and national statutory provisions. This study aims to compare the perspectives of the two legal systems on adultery and cohabitation, and to find common ground between the two.

Adolescent girls commonly experience menstrual disorders, with a 67.2% incidence of dysmenorrhea and 63.1% of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Menstrual pain, or dysmenorrhea, is one of the most frequent reproductive health issues experienced by women, affecting both adolescents and adults. This condition can significantly hinder daily activities, which calls for appropriate treatment. Dysmenorrhea can be managed through both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. While pharmacological treatments offer quick relief, non-pharmacological approaches are considered safer as they do not induce side effects, unlike medications. One effective form of non-pharmacological therapy is acupressure, which has shown promising results in alleviating menstrual pain. According to a study by Latifah and colleagues, acupressure was proven to be effective in reducing menstrual discomfort. In line with this, a community outreach initiative was conducted to educate and train adolescent girls on acupressure techniques as a form of self-care. From May 5 to 9, 2025, acupressure education was provided to 30 female students at a local school. The training focused on teaching students how to apply acupressure to specific pressure points that relieve menstrual pain, without the need for medication or herbal remedies. Pre- and post-training assessments showed a significant increase in students’ knowledge and skills related to the practice of acupressure. The results indicated that students were able to effectively apply acupressure techniques and felt more confident in managing menstrual pain independently. This approach not only offered immediate relief but also empowered the students with a long-term strategy to manage dysmenorrhea in the future. This activity demonstrated positive outcomes, suggesting that acupressure is a valuable, sustainable solution for menstrual pain relief among adolescents.

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in toddlers that remains a global concern, including in Indonesia. This condition is characterized by height that is not appropriate for age due to long-term malnutrition, repeated infections, and environmental and social factors. The impact of stunting not only affects physical growth but also cognitive development, future productivity, and increases the risk of degenerative diseases in adulthood. Various factors contribute to stunting, including biological factors such as the child's gender and behavioral factors such as maternal knowledge about nutrition and health. This study aims to analyze the relationship between child gender and maternal knowledge and the incidence of stunting in toddlers. The research design used a quantitative cross-sectional approach. A sample of 73 respondents was selected using a stratified proportional sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through structured interviews using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements of toddlers. Data analysis was performed using univariate analysis to describe frequency distributions, and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed no significant association between child gender and stunting (p > 0.05). This indicates that biological factors such as gender are not the primary determinant of stunting in the study area. Conversely, there was a significant relationship between maternal knowledge and the incidence of stunting in toddlers (p < 0.05), indicating that mothers with low levels of knowledge are at greater risk of having stunted children. These findings emphasize the importance of improving maternal knowledge through ongoing nutrition education programs, health counseling, and promotive-preventive activities at community health centers. These interventions are expected to prevent stunting and other health problems in toddlers and support the achievement of the national stunting reduction target.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is abdominal pain, cramps and back pain experienced by women at the beginning of menstruation for 48-72 hours. This condition is most often experienced by women in their late teens to young adults (15-25 years) due to optimization of uterine function so that prostaglandin secretion increases. In Indonesia, the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea reaches 54.89%, with a significant impact on adolescent activities. One of the effective non-pharmacological methods to overcome primary dysmenorrhea is abdominal effleurage massage, which is performed directly on the site of pain so that endogenous analgesics (endorphins) are released and pain transmission to the cerebral cortex is inhibited. Purposes: To analyze the effect of abdominal effleurage massage on reducing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Research method: This study used a quantitative method with a pre-experimental one group pretest posttest design method. The population of this study was 45 adolescents. The sample was taken using a simple random sampling technique of 21 female students who experienced primary dysmenorrhea. Data collection was carried out using the NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) pain scale observation sheet. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results: Based on the analysis test using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, a significance value of 0.00 (p <0.05) was obtained, which means Ha was accepted. In other words, abdominal effleurage massage has an effect on reducing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Conclusion: There is an effect of abdominal effleurage massage on reducing primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents.

This community service initiative was designed to improve the digital competence of the PKK (Family Welfare Empowerment) group in Simogirang Village, Prambon Sub-district, Sidoarjo Regency, with a focus on utilizing social media and internet-based tools to optimize the branding of local UMKM (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) products. The program adopted an andragogical approach that emphasizes adult learning, integrating methods such as direct instruction, hands-on demonstrations, and guided simulations. Key digital platforms including Instagram, WhatsApp Business, Google Docs, and Google Drive were introduced and practiced during the sessions. A total of 40 participants took part in the training. Evaluation results indicated that 85% of the participants successfully mastered the digital branding techniques, achieving over 85% accuracy in practical exercises. This achievement was evidenced by the creation of functioning business accounts, digital catalogs, and various forms of promotional content tailored to their UMKM products. The implementation of these digital tools led to a noticeable increase in consumer engagement and demand for village products, particularly cassava chips and handmade crafts, signifying a positive impact on local economic activities. To ensure long-term benefits and continuous improvement, a dedicated WhatsApp group was established as a support forum for participants to share experiences, ask questions, and receive guidance post-training. Despite its success, the initiative faced challenges related to unstable internet infrastructure in certain areas of the village, highlighting the need for improved digital access. In conclusion, this initiative not only enhanced the digital literacy of rural women but also contributed to their economic empowerment, aligning with broader efforts to promote smart village development and digital transformation in rural Indonesia.

This study aims to determine the influence of psychological factors—specifically motivation, trust, and attitude—on the repurchase decisions of beauty products among students of the Faculty of Economics at KH. A. Wahab Hasbullah University (UNWAHA), Jombang. The research focuses on Oriflame beauty products purchased through the Shopee e-commerce platform, as these products are widely used by students for personal care and beauty needs. The research employs a quantitative associative method, which is used to identify and explain the correlation between independent variables (motivation, trust, and attitude) and the dependent variable (repurchase decision). The population in this study consists of students from the Faculty of Economics at UNWAHA who have previously purchased Oriflame products. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS 26 software. The analysis includes validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis testing through partial (t-test) and simultaneous (F-test) analyses. The results of the F-test indicate that motivation, trust, and attitude simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on students' repurchase decisions. This suggests that psychological factors play an important role in influencing consumer behavior, particularly in the context of online beauty product purchases. The findings of this research contribute to the understanding of consumer behavior among young adults in the digital marketplace and provide valuable insights for marketers and beauty product companies to develop targeted strategies that strengthen consumer motivation, build trust, and foster positive attitudes toward products. These elements are crucial in enhancing customer loyalty and increasing repurchase rates in competitive e-commerce environments.

Da'wah as a process of conveying Islamic values cannot be separated from the dynamics of the behaviour of the community that is its object. This study aims to analyse the relationship between da'wah and community behaviour in a sociological perspective, as well as identify da'wah strategies that are in accordance with the social context that continues to develop. Understanding the character of community behaviour is the main key in designing communicative, relevant, and solutive da'wah methods. This study aims to analyse the influence of da'wah socialisation on changes in community behaviour, both children and adults. Dawah socialisation is carried out through lectures, routine coaching, and structured religious activities. With a descriptive-qualitative approach, data were collected through observation and interviews with administrators and beneficiaries. The results showed that da'wah socialisation positively contributed to the increase of religious awareness, discipline, and social care of the surrounding community.

Hydrocephalus increases cerebrospinal fluid due to either excessive production or impaired absorption, often accompanied by increased intracranial pressure. In Indonesia, hydrocephalus affects 10 out of every 1,000 newborns annually. In adolescents and adults, toxoplasmosis is the most common cause. Among infant cases, 46% result from brain development abnormalities, 50% from subarachnoid hemorrhage and meningitis, and less than 4% from posterior fossa tumors. Central Java reports the highest rate of toxoplasmosis at 10%. Common signs and symptoms of hydrocephalus include increased cerebrospinal fluid, seizures, irritability, headaches, vision problems, and head enlargement. To improve reduced intracranial adaptive capacity caused by cerebrospinal fluid obstruction, nurses can apply a 30° head-up therapy. This intervention helps lower intracranial pressure and improve brain oxygenation. the effectiveness of 30° head-up positioning in addressing decreased intracranial adaptive capacity in post-VP shunting hydrocephalus patients. The nursing intervention was implemented on Mrs. S using the 30° head-up position. As a result, the patient reported reduced headache, and her blood pressure decreased to 135/90 mmHg.

Acne vulgaris is a common form of inflammation that affects the polysebaceous unit, and is common among young adults and adolescents. Acne vulgaris is characterized by the presence of papules, comedones, nodules and pustules. This study aims to examine the relationship between sunscreen use and the severity of acne vulgaris in medical faculty students at Muhammadiyah University, Semarang. This study used a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study were students from the medical faculty at Muhammadiyah University, Semarang, who were included in the inclusion criteria. This research data was taken through a questionnaire distributed via zoom meeting. Data analysis in this study used the Spearman Rank test. The results of the analysis, it was found that there was a relationship between the use of sunscreen and the degree of acne vulgaris in medical faculty students at Muhammadiyah University, Semarang. (p = 0.041).

Stem cells are unspecialized cells with the ability to self-renew over long periods of time without undergoing significant changes in their basic properties. The discovery of adult stem cells has revolutionized therapeutic and regenerative medicine and led to the development of new therapies for previously untreatable terminal conditions. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was the first example of successful stem cell therapy and has been widely used in the treatment of a variety of diseases, including leukemia, adult T-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Meanwhile, autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation is increasingly being used to repair mesenchymal tissues and other organs such as the lung and heart, and has shown promise in the treatment of stroke, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes. Interest in the therapeutic potential of other adult stem cells including neural, mammary, intestinal, inner ear, and testicular stem cells is also growing. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells has opened new insights into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying pluripotency and carcinogenesis. This study employed a qualitative approach with a literature review method, aiming to conduct an in-depth review of the scientific literature related to the development of stem cell therapy and its epigenetic implications. Through a systematic analysis of various academic sources, this study seeks to formulate a comprehensive conceptual understanding and identify future directions for safer and more targeted stem cell therapy development.

Loneliness is a subjective emotional experience commonly observed during emerging adulthood (ages 18–25). In this phase, shifts in emotional and affiliative needs may increase vulnerability to loneliness, particularly in the absence of intimate relationships. One intrapersonal factor influencing loneliness is attachment style, emotional bonding patterns formed in early childhood that shape the quality of interpersonal relationships in adulthood. This study aims to examine the relationship between attachment style and loneliness among emerging adults who are not currently in romantic relationships. A quantitative correlational method was employed using purposive sampling, involving 208 unmarried participants aged 18–25 who were not in romantic relationships. The instruments used were the Indonesian version of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) and the UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3. Spearman correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between secure attachment and loneliness (r = -0.748**, p < 0.01), and a significant positive relationship between fearful attachment and loneliness (r = 0.273**, p < 0.01). No significant associations were found for preoccupied or dismissing attachment styles. These findings highlight the important role of attachment style in shaping loneliness experiences among young adults who are not romantically involved.

Panji Kahirupan Dance is a Cirebonese mask dance created by H. Taufik Hidayat, the founder of Sanggar Ki Bagus Rangin. This dance portrays the journey of human life, from pre-birth to adulthood, inspired by the changing characters (wanda) of the Cirebon mask tradition. This study aims to describe and analyze the symbolic meanings embedded in the Panji Kahirupan Dance. The research uses a qualitative method with a semiotic approach, allowing the researcher to explore both the denotative and connotative meanings of the symbolic elements in the dance. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and validated using triangulation of techniques and sources. The data analysis involves data reduction to select relevant information, data presentation to synthesize findings, and conclusion drawing to interpret the symbolic meanings of each performance element. The costumes carry symbolic meanings through their colors: white represents the sanctity of life’s beginning, yellow symbolizes spirit, and red denotes ambition. The soft gamelan music contributes to a spiritual and contemplative atmosphere. The floor patterns, such as circles and straight lines, symbolize the life cycle and life’s purpose.

Abstract. Background: Slimming drugs, such as phentermine, are widely used for weight reduction but are known to induce oxidative stress, particularly affecting hepatic and renal tissues. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), especially those biosynthesized using natural sources like spirulina platensis, have demonstrated promising antioxidant and protective activities in biological systems. Objective: This study aimed to assess the protective effects of selenium nanoparticles synthesized from spirulina platensis extract on renal and hepatic functions in male rats exposed to phentermine induced oxidative stress. Methods: Twenty-six adult male wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: control group (dosed with water n=5), SeNPs group (dosed with SeNPs n=5), phentermine group (dosed with phentermine n=5), SeNPs then phentermine group (dosed with SeNPs then phentermine n=5), phentermine then SeNPs group (dosed with phentermine then SeNPs n=5). The experiment lasted for 45 days, the measurement of cytokines IL-6, IL-12, TOS and TO-AC. Results: Phentermine administration significantly increased cytokines IL-6, IL-12 indicating marked oxidative stress and immune activation. Treatment with SeNPs alone or in combination with phentermine notably improved these parameters. The group dosed with SeNPs prior to phentermine (SeNPs then phentermine) showed the most prominent protective effects with values approaching those of the control. Conclusions: Selenium nanoparticles from spirulina platensis demonstrated significant protective, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects against phentermine induced immune disturbances. These findings support their potential