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Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, with Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent. The emergence of drug-resistant forms, such as Multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and Extensive-drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), poses substantial challenges in TB management. This study focuses on analyzing the cost variations associated with laboratory examinations for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients undergoing treatment cycles at a tertiary hospital.The methodology involved the inclusion of patients diagnosed with MDR-TB or XDR-TB who underwent a range of laboratory tests during their treatment. A cross-sectional retrospective analytics approach was employed, utilizing medical records from the hospital's MDR division.The results of the study, encompassing 30 MDR-TB patients and 2 XDR-TB patients, revealed significant differences in laboratory examination costs between the MDR-TB and XDR-TB groups (p = 0.018). This disparity underscores the financial burden associated with managing drug-resistant TB variants, particularly in terms of laboratory monitoring and diagnostic procedures.The discussion delves into the implications of these cost variations, highlighting the challenges faced by healthcare systems and patients in resource allocation and financial planning for TB treatment. The findings underscore the importance of cost-effective strategies and optimized laboratory protocols to ensure comprehensive yet affordable care for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients.In conclusion, this study sheds light on the considerable cost variations in laboratory examinations for MDR-TB and XDR-TB patients, emphasizing the need for efficient resource utilization and targeted interventions to address the financial aspects of managing drug-resistant TB strains effectively.

Long-acting contraception is one effective method of family planning. However, sufficient knowledge about long-acting contraception is still low among birth control acceptors in the North Bogor Region. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of the use of booklet and audio-visual media on the knowledge of birth control acceptors regarding long-term contraception in the region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the use of booklet and audio-visual media can increase the knowledge of family planning acceptors about long-term contraception in the North Bogor Region. This study used a pseudo-experimental design with a control group pretest-posttest design. The study sample consisted of 100 KB acceptors selected by purposive sampling and divided into two groups, namely the experimental group that received intervention using booklet and audio-visual media, and the control group that did not receive the intervention. The study data were collected through knowledge questionnaires before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test and t-paired test. The results showed that there was a significant increase in knowledge of birth control acceptors after receiving interventions using booklet and audio-visual media. The experimental group showed a higher increase in knowledge compared to the control group, in the treatment group with audiovisual media the increase in knowledge was better when compared to the health education control group with Booklet media The average level of knowledge of the control group before being given treatment was 12.5 After being given treatment the average score of the control group rose to 13.4. While the average Audio visual group average score was 13.25. After being treated, the average score increased by 14.6. The t-test result shows a p value (0.000<0.05). The use of booklet and audio-visual media is effective in increasing the knowledge of birth control acceptors about long-acting contraception.

Synthetic dyes contain naphthol dyes, one of which contains Cr metal. tie woven wastewater treatment can be carried out using adsorption methods, one of which is using activated charcoal. This study aims to determine the effect of using coffee grounds as an adsorbent on woven textile waste. The method in this study is an experimental method in the form of Posttest Only Control Group Design. The test parameters include the degree of acidity (pH), organoleptic test, and Chromium (Cr) content test. The results showed that the pH test before contact with activated charcoal had a pH value of 5 (acid), after contact with activated charcoal the pH value became 7 (neutral). Thus, the pH value can be said to meet the quality standards of tie-weaving liquid waste. Meanwhile, in organoleptic testing, there was a change in color from black waste to clear yellow. Whereas in testing the Cr level before contact with activated charcoal reached 4.60 mg/l after the addition of a dose of activated charcoal the Cr level decreased to 0.46 mg/l, 0.22 mg/l, and 0.38 mg/l. The effectiveness of the adsorbent ability of the Cr content test in each treatment (P1, P2, P3), still meets the requirements for the quality standard of woven textile wastewater from Cr metal dyes, SNI No 06-6989-22-2004, it can be concluded that the addition of coffee grounds has an effect on of textile woven wastewater.

Road maintenance or upkeep is not an easy problem to do because it requires quite a large amount of money. This is what causes the government to appear slow in repairing road damage so that the damaged roads become worse and wider. In reality, so far the government has carried out road maintenance and repairs when the road was in a condition that was in serious disrepair, so it is certain that the costs required will be very large and it can also be ascertained that the losses suffered by road users while the road is damaged, are also very large. big or even worthless. However, in implementing the preservation program, proper management is required so that the preservation program can be carried out effectively and efficiently. The aim of this research is to determine the type of damage found on concrete roads in Maluku Village, Kec. Maritengngae District. Sidrap along 2 km and technical study of concrete road maintenance program in Maluku Village, District. Maritengngae District. Sidrap along 2 km. The results of the research show that the damage on the concrete road in Maluku Village, Kec. Maritengngae District. Sidrap has patch damage, edge damage, cracks, transverse cracks, longitudinal cracks and holes. The most dominant damage is damage to holes and damage to roads on the concrete road in Maluku Village, Kec. Maritengngae District. Sidrap has 2 types of treatment, including Periodic Maintenance and Routine Maintenance Program. And handling the most dominant type of damage from STA 0+000 to 2+000 is a routine maintenance program of 100%.

The aim of this research is to determine the objective condition of flood victims in Semarang City. Management of flood victims that hit four sub-districts. The research method uses a qualitative approach that describes phenomena and events at the location of flood victims. Data collection techniques were obtained through interviews with several victims, several community association administrators, observations at flood locations by observing residents who were affected by the flood. Literacy studies related to flood victims, in the form of documentation, mass media and online media and the internet. Conclusion Conditions that occur due to extreme weather, strong gusts of wind and non-stop rain for twenty-four hours in the city of Semarang. Covered four sub-districts, namely Pedurungan, North Semarang, Genuk and Gayamsari. And also the tidal sea level, flooding the Kaligawe highway, causing it to become unstable and large trucks breaking down. The Semarang City Government has responded to the impact of the flood by sending aid in the form of drinking water, basic necessities and food to the community, the Semarang Fire Department has also evacuated the elderly and sick people to be able to take refuge at relatives' homes and to hospitals to receive medical treatment at the hospital. Semarang City General.

The cereal products available in the market mostly focus only on practicality and ignore the nutritional content. It is necessary to increase the nutritional content of these products by using local Indonesian raw materials such as sweet potatoes and corn.  The objectives of this study are: 1) to determine the effect of temperature and proportion of purple sweet potato flour and corn flour on the characteristics of cereals produced, 2) to assess the level of preference of panelists for the physical, chemical and sensory qualities of cereals produced. The study design used a factorial randomized design complete with a proportion treatment of purple sweet potato flour and corn. Test parameters include water content, degree of swelling, water absorption, texture, antioxidants, and sensory evaluation. The conclusion in this study is that the comparative treatment of purple sweet potato flour and corn and temperature did not have a real effect on water content, degree of development, water absorption index (IPA), water solubility index (IKA), texture and antioxidants but had an effect on sensory properties

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that is transmitted through the air, namely through droplets when sufferers cough, sneeze or talk. The aim of this community service activity is to empower health cadres in preventing and treating Tuberculosis in Sukorambi Village, Sukorambi District, Jember Regency in 2024. Activity methods; Empowerment of health cadres in the form of health education and demonstrations carried out by Jember District Health Service which was attended by 20 cadres. Analysis of successful implementation looks at increased knowledge. The results of the training found tha there was an increase in knowledge before and after the training. The implementation of this community service really helps increase knowledge about the prevention and treatment of Tuberculosis infection in the Sukorambi Village are.

Yoghurt drink is a product obtained from fermentation of milk by certain lactic acid bacteria. The aim of this research was to determine how the inoculation time of the indigenous probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 influences the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of functional plain yoghurt probiotic drink products. This research used an experimental method with a completely randomized design with a single factor, 4 treatments and 3 replications. Reaserch data were analyzed using diversity analysis and Duncan's multiple distance test at a significance level of 5% using SPSS and Minitab 17 software. The results showed that the use of probiotic bacteria significantly affected on viscosity, color L*, color a*, color b*,  °HUE, pH, total dissolved solid, and fat content, but did not significantly influenced on protein content. The use of probiotics as a starter in yoghurt drinks increased viscosity, color brightness, pH and fat content, and have a lower total dissolved solid. The best treatment in this study was joint-inoculation who had viscosity 290,67 mPa.s; color L* 89,46; color a* 2,92; color b* 1,61; °HUE 29,47; pH 5,00; total dissolved solid 16,67 °brix; fat content 2,34 %; and protein content 4,12%. For the scoring test, this treatment has a non-sour taste; the aroma is slightly sour; Slightly thick texture and homogeneous consistency. Meanwhile, the hedonic test has a neutral taste, aroma and texture as well as a color, appearance and consistency were quite liked by the panelists.

An expert system is artificial intelligence that imitates the ability of an expert to solve problems in a certain domain. Utilizing a knowledge base and specified rules, the expert system provides advice or decisions that approach human expertise in this specific field, especially regarding cholesterol disease for teenagers, cholesterol disease can cause death in a person so it needs initial treatment as a diagnosis. In this regard, an expert system application is needed to diagnose cholesterol disease for users which supports the diagnosis process using the certainty factor method, based on the certainty factor which has a concept based on symptoms and diagnosis from the weight of an expert's value and the user's value, then calculated using the certainty factor formula, The final result is the creation of an expert system application for diagnosing cholesterol disease using a website-based certainty factor method.

The stochastic SEIR model offers an innovative approach to understanding the spread of infectious diseases, particularly tuberculosis, in limited populations. This study adopts a stochastic model to capture random variability in individual interactions, often overlooked in deterministic models. The population is divided into four main categories: Susceptible (S), Exposed (E), Infected (I), and Recovered (R), with transitions between categories determined by probabilities based on epidemiological parameters. Through simulations, the model demonstrates its capability to depict more realistic patterns of disease spread, including fluctuations in case numbers and epidemic duration. The findings indicate that stochastic variability plays a crucial role in understanding the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission, especially in small populations or when the number of individual contacts is limited. The stochastic SEIR model can serve as an effective tool for policymakers to evaluate various intervention strategies, such as vaccination, transmission control, and treatment, as well as to design public health policies that are data-driven and adaptive to epidemiological uncertainties.

The mother's condition during pregnancy, childbirth, the postpartum period, and the baby being born are greatly influenced by the mother's health. The consequences of anemia in pregnant women include the risk of abortion, premature birth, fetal growth restrictions, increased risk of infection, low birth weight babies, as well as other complications such as difficulties during delivery, congenital abnormalities, and the risk of shock during the birth process. Complementary therapies refer to various systems of medicine and health care that are not included in conventional medicine. This therapy aims to complement conventional medical treatment and must be in accordance with applicable health values and laws. The aim of the activity is to create complementary educational media to overcome anemia in pregnant women at the Kotabaru Community Health Center. Activities will be carried out in January 2024 involving pregnant women and the community in the Kotabaru Community Health Center working area. The result is that activities have been carried out by providing education using poster media. Complementary implementation can be continued to inform the public so that pregnant women can be independent in maintaining their pregnancy and also have support from health workers and the community.

Nemo fish (Amphiprion sp.) is a type of marine ornamental fish that is popular because it is unique in terms of color, shape and movement. Feed is a factor in the growth and survival process of nemo fish. The aim of this research was to determine feed adaptation to the efficiency and feed conversion of nemo fish seeds. The research used an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 3 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment A (silk worms), treatment B (pellets) and treatment C (combination of 70% silk worms and 30% pellets). The best absolute weight growth results were in treatment C, namely 0.33 grams, while the lowest were in treatment B, namely 0.28. The survival rate (SR) during maintenance in each treatment was 100%. The best feed efficiency was in treatment C at 16.17% and the best feed conversion ratio was in treatment C with the lowest conversion ratio value of 4.81. Based on the results of the research conducted, it was concluded that feed adaptation for nemo fish seeds did not have a real influence on the efficiency and feed conversion of nemo fish seeds (Sig. > 0.05).    

In fishing, the majority of the Gisik Cemandi villagers use gill nets as fishing gear, which also affects the catch of white snapper. The practice of pulling nets at different times can produce different catches. The purpose of this research is to identify the composition of the gillnet catch. And to analyze the effect of differences in towing time on the gillnet catch. And to find out the optimal towing time in catching white snapper using gillnet fishing gear. Data analysis uses statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Normality to ensure that the data analyzed is appropriate. To see whether or not there is an effect of the soaking time, if there is a significant effect, the statistical analysis is continued with the BNT Test for the soaking time with which time gives the best white snapper catch. These results indicate that there is a significant difference in the catch variable between the 4-hour treatment with 3 hours and 2 hours.    

Accurate image segmentation is a pivotal process in medical imaging, essential for supporting diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring disease progression. This study evaluates the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms, including U-Net, Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs), and Mask R-CNN, in achieving high-precision segmentation of medical images. Experimental results demonstrate that these models significantly enhance segmentation accuracy, enabling more precise diagnostic outcomes in clinical settings and advancing the development of automated medical imaging technologies.

Background: Sectio caesarea surgery often causes psychological problems in patients, namely fear which impacts on anxiety which can cause a decrease in conditions such as disorders of the reproductive organs, namely conditions in the uterus, disturbances in blood flow and the need for oxygenation and even discomfort or pain. Efforts to reduce the level of anxiety in patients who are about to undergo surgery must be handled by the anesthetist during the preoperative phase. The way to overcome this can use non-pharmacological techniques given anesthesia education using flipchart media. Research Objectives: To find out the effect of flipchart media anesthesia education on anxiety in pre-sectio caesarean section in patients with sectio caesarea at Ibnu Sina Hospital, Kab. Gresik. Research Methods: This type of research uses a quasi-experimental method with a pre-post test research design with a control group design. Respondents were given pretest and posttest treatment using the APAIS scale measurement. The sample in this study was 24 respondents in the intervention group and 24 respondents in the control group. The sampling technique used consecutive sampling technique. Data collection was carried out in November - June 2023. Research Results: The results of data collection were processed using the Mann Whitney test. Results The Mann Whitney test yielded p=0.000 (p<0.05), so Ha was accepted. Conclusion: There is a significant effect between preoperative anesthesia education using flipchart media on the anxiety level of patients with pre-sectio caesarea

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium. It targets erythrocytes and manifests with symptoms such as fever, chills, anemia, and splenomegaly, either acutely or chronically, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria remains a public health problem in many areas, including Kampung Baru Village, Galang Baru Subdistrict, Batam City. In order to fulfill the mission of community service, we have designed a comprehensive and sustainable education program to increase awareness and knowledge of the community about malaria. This program not only focuses on educating about the prevention and management of the disease but also directly involves active participation of the community in the learning and implementation process. Through collaboration with various parties, such as community leaders, health workers, and local leaders, we aim to create an environment that supports sustainable behavioral change in malaria prevention efforts. Additionally, we integrate a multidisciplinary approach in this program by addressing specific challenges faced in the local context, such as limited access to healthcare services, environmental conditions conducive to the breeding of malaria-carrying mosquitoes, and socio-economic factors influencing prevention and treatment efforts. Thus, this education program aims not only to reduce the burden of malaria in Kampung Baru Village and its surroundings but also serves as a tangible contribution to fulfilling the tri dharma activities of higher education institutions in the field of community service.

In learning activities, motivation is an encouragement or process to direct students in achieving learning goals. The research was motivated by the very diverse problem of students' learning motivation in mathematics subjects in class XI TFLM-3 SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya. This can be seen from the results of the researcher's observations, where when they are about to start learning activities, many students still think that mathematics is less interesting and boring so that students are always less ready to start learning mathematics and the learning that was usually carried out by previous mathematics teachers was just learning. just lectures and assignments. This research aims to determine the increase in students' learning motivation in mathematics subjects through differentiated learning based on content. This research uses a type of Classroom Action Research (PTK) which consists of two cycles using data collection techniques in the form of questionnaires and observation. This questionnaire is used to determine learning satisfaction that motivates students after carrying out learning strategy treatment. The results of research using differentiated learning based on content show an increase in students' learning motivation from pre-cycle activities 63,8% to 73,1% in cycle I, then continued with cycle II. It shows that the presentation average of students' learning motivation in mathematics subjects is 83,2% From the results of this research it can be concluded that using differentiated learning based on content is successful in increasing students' learning motivation in mathematics subjects in class XI TFLM-3 SMK Negeri 5 Surabaya.    

The success of stroke treatment is determined by the speed and accuracy of treatment. The golden time in treating stroke is ± 3 hours. Integrated Referral System SISRUTE is a tool that facilitates the transfer of health services between various health facilities.Rapid reporting through the web application is facilitated by this system.. The aim of this research is the relationship between the use of an integrated referral system (SISRUTE) and the speed of success in emergency treatment of stroke cases in the0AGD0of the0DKI0Jakarta0Health Office. The research method that will be used is an analytical research design with a correlational The design was cross-sectional, with a population of 340 participants and 77 participants chosen for the sample size. Using the parametric Chi-Square test. The results show a relationship between using the integrated road system (SISRUTE)..and the success rate of speed of emergency treatment of stroke cases in the0AGD0of the0DKI0Jakarta Health0Office0with a p-vlue of 0.014 < 0.05. Conclusion: The use of an integrated referral system can influence the success rate of stroke emergency treatment.    

This study aims to find out about the position of children who are victims of sexual abuse in view of Victimology. The method used in this study is empirical with qualitative descriptive data analysis that describes and outlines the data and facts of the field. The results of this study show that child abuse is one of the most destructive forms of crime, and often has a long-term impact on victims of abuse. Victimology, in its view as the study of victims of crime, plays an important role in understanding the impact of child abuse, as well as in designing effective treatment and protection approaches.. The protection of children is very important because its violation is a violation of human rights. It can be seen that the position of children towards victims of abuse in the view of victimology provides a better view of victims of crime as a result of human actions that cause mental, physical and social suffering.

The Deaf community, as a minority group, often faces negative stigma from people in their surroundings due to differences in communication culture between Deaf and hearing people. Discriminatory treatment like this can lead to problems such as low quality of life. This is evident in the Deaf community within the Indonesian Deaf Majelis Ta'lim, which was founded out of the concern of its founder who saw the lack of understanding among Deaf Muslims in understanding their religion and God. This study aims to determine the influence of social support on the quality of life of the Deaf community in the Indonesian Deaf Majelis Ta'lim. The study used a quantitative method with 30 Deaf subjects aged over 17 years who have experienced hearing loss since birth or due to other factors. Data collection techniques were carried out using classical assumption tests by testing for normality and linearity, and hypothesis testing using simple linear regression analysis using SPSS 26 for windows. The results showed that the correlation coefficient (R) was 0.769, and the coefficient of determination (R Square) was 0.591, indicating that about 59.1% of the variation in quality of life can be explained by social support. The t-test showed that the calculated t-value of 6.357 exceeded the table t-value of 2.048, which implies that the social support variable (X) has a significant influence on the quality of life (Y).