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The international legal framework is designed to protect human rights, while the question of whether it can bring about social justice is still a matter of debate. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of transnational human rights instruments, namely the ICCPR and ICESCR, in addressing inequality and improving social welfare across various countries. In South Africa and Indonesia, effective implementation is hampered by structural and institutional constraints. The most important contribution of the study is its fusion of analyses that are legal, social, and political. Most importantly, the study examines and evaluates how applied using a qualitative evaluative research design with comparative case studies between Sweden, South Africa, and Indonesia, on human rights. The data collection methods include document analysis, interviews, and secondary data from global indices. This article's findings indicate that Sweden has managed to successfully incorporate human rights norms into the legal framework and social protection mechanisms, resulting in high attainment of social justice. Conduct empirical research into the cross-national effectiveness of human rights instruments. The implication of this study suggests that the successful implementation of international human rights instruments depends, to a large extent, on the domestic context and the institutional capacity in question. Beyond the theoretical contribution, the findings also provide practical guidance for global human rights governance. Strengthening international monitoring and reporting mechanisms, as well as aligning them with domestic institutional reforms, can serve as a roadmap for policymakers to design more effective strategies in bridging the gap between normative commitments and tangible social justice outcomes.

Digital identity after biological death raises significant questions regarding the question of ownership, access, and inheritance of data. Objects of digital properties, to include social media profiles, cloud storage, and online transaction histories, are now practically inseparable from personal identity. However, these questions regarding accessing postmortem data are still underdeveloped in legal and policy terms. The objective of this study is to investigate the socio-legal implications of digital death using the interplay of social norms, legal systems, and digital platform policies. The qualitative exploratory case study method was used to collect data employing semi-structured interviews with bereaved families, legal specialists, and representatives from technology platforms. Hematic analysis yields five core findings: legal access generally requires court orders; public awareness of digital inheritance is minimal; jurisdictional variation creates confusion; digital accounts are memorialized spaces; and there are ethical tensions between postmortem privacy and family rights. The study concludes that social norms currently develop more responsively than legal or technical systems, with the result being informal but risky practices on the part of families. This research contributes an integrative socio-legal framework to guide inclusive and ethical digital inheritance policy. It requires harmonized law, public literacy, and cross-platform collaboration to maintain human dignity and digital rights after death. 

The global ecological crisis, marked by climate change, biodiversity loss, and natural resource degradation, has revealed the limitations of existing legal frameworks in ensuring environmental sustainability. While international environmental law has developed significantly through instruments such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, its implementation remains deeply uneven due to geopolitical power imbalances, historical responsibilities, and disparities in technical and financial capacities between the Global North and South. This study critically examines the intersection of environmental law and global geopolitics, arguing that legal mechanisms alone are insufficient without addressing underlying structural inequalities. Employing a multidisciplinary approach that integrates international law, political ecology, and sustainability studies, the research highlights three major areas: the evolution of international legal instruments, the geopolitical asymmetries in their implementation, and the emergence of inclusive and just sustainability initiatives. Furthermore, the study underscores the transformative role of non-state actors, particularly indigenous communities, civil society organizations, and transnational grassroots movements, in shaping global environmental governance. The novelty of this research lies in its emphasis on law as a political and normative tool to challenge dominant paradigms and reconstruct a more equitable global environmental order. The findings offer strategic insights for policymakers, legal scholars, and advocacy groups committed to promoting ecological justice in the era of the climate crisis.

This study provides a juridical analysis of the application of the Plurium Litis Consortium principle in the Serang District Court Decision Number 81/Pdt.G/2025/PN Srg, which declared the plaintiff’s claim inadmissible (niet ontvankelijke verklaard/NO) due to a formal defect in the form of incomplete parties. The legal issue examined concerns the absence of other parties who were proven to have jointly taken and utilized the disputed land but were not included as defendants in the lawsuit. This omission resulted in error in persona, leading to the failure to fulfill the formal requirements of a civil claim. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches to assess the conformity of the judges’ legal reasoning with civil procedural law and relevant jurisprudence. The findings indicate that the judges’ application of the Plurium Litis Consortium principle was appropriate and aligned with the principles of justice, legal certainty, and the effectiveness of judicial decisions. The inclusion of all parties with legal interests in the disputed object is essential to ensure a comprehensive and enforceable judgment. Failure to involve such parties may give rise to subsequent disputes and hinder the execution of the court’s decision. Therefore, the declaration of the claim as inadmissible in the a quo case represents a correct legal measure to preserve the integrity of judicial proceedings and serves as an important guideline for litigants to exercise greater diligence in formulating civil claims in accordance with applicable procedural principles.

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has generated new challenges in civil law, particularly regarding breach of contract in cross-border transactions. The autonomous decision-making capacity of AI systems raises questions concerning their legal status and the allocation of contractual liability. This study aims to analyze liability for breaches of contract caused by AI under Indonesian civil law and to examine the determination of the applicable law (lex causae) in cross-border contracts from the perspective of private international law. Using a normative juridical method with conceptual, case-based, and comparative approaches, this research draws upon the Indonesian Civil Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, the Copyright Law, and relevant legal literature. The findings show that autonomous AI cannot be recognized as a legal subject in the Indonesian legal system due to the absence of free will and moral consciousness, so liability remains attributed to the human or legal entity operating the system under the doctrine of vicarious liability. The case of Quoine v B2C2 confirms that contracts executed through algorithms remain legally binding on human or corporate parties rather than AI systems. From a private international law perspective, the study affirms that the use of AI does not alter the fundamental principles for determining lex causae, which continue to rely on connecting factors such as lex loci contractus, lex loci solutionis, and party autonomy.

This study aims to examine the role and perceptions of Guidance and Counseling (GC) services in addressing student delinquency and enhancing learning motivation at SMP Negeri 2 Karawang Barat. Guidance and Counseling services play a strategic role in assisting students in overcoming academic, social, and personal problems that may influence their behavior and learning enthusiasm. This research employed a qualitative approach using observation and in-depth interviews with guidance counselors and students as the primary data collection methods. The findings indicate that GC services have a significant role in handling various forms of student delinquency, such as violations of school regulations and low learning discipline, as well as in improving students’ learning motivation through individual and group counseling services. Guidance counselors actively monitor students’ development and collaborate with subject teachers, homeroom teachers, parents, and external parties, including psychologists, to provide comprehensive support. Furthermore, collaboration between GC services and Islamic Religious Education teachers through keputrian activities strengthens students’ moral and spiritual development, contributing positively to character building. Although GC services at SMP Negeri 2 Karawang Barat have been implemented effectively, this study reveals that preventive efforts and student potential development programs require further enhancement. Strengthening preventive approaches and adopting strategies that are adaptive to the challenges of the digital era are essential to ensure that Guidance and Counseling services can optimally support students’ holistic development.

This study discusses the role of the Kupang City Council in carrying out its supervisory function on gender-responsive maternal and child health policies, with a case study focus on Oebobo District. The background of this study stems from the high maternal and child mortality rates and the suboptimal implementation of Kupang City Regulation No. 7 of 2013. This study uses a qualitative approach with interview, observation, and documentation techniques, and involves informants from DPRD members, health workers, posyandu cadres, and community leaders. The results show that the DPRD, particularly through Commission IV, has carried out its supervisory function through regulatory support, budget allocation, program evaluation, and field visits. Some of the programs supervised include Free Nutritious Meals (MBG), strengthening Posyandu, and basic health services at Puskesmas. However, the effectiveness of supervision still faces various obstacles, including the lack of female representation in the DPRD, strong patriarchal culture, lack of socialization of local regulations, weak cross-sector coordination, and low community participation. The conclusion of this study confirms that the success of gender-responsive maternal and child health policies is greatly influenced by the capacity of the DPRD in oversight, political and budgetary support, and community involvement.

The evolution of modern civil procedural law demands dispute resolution mechanisms that are responsive, efficient, and substantively just. In this context, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) particularly mediation and arbitration has transformed from a supplementary option into a central instrument within Indonesia’s dispute resolution architecture. This study aims to analyze the development of ADR from the perspective of modern civil procedural law, focusing on the normative status and practical efficiency of mediation and arbitration as pre-litigation mechanisms. The research employs a normative-juridical approach, analyzing primary legal sources (legislation, Supreme Court Regulations [PERMA], court decisions) and secondary sources (scholarly journals, books, policy documents). The findings indicate that mediation has been mandatorily integrated into civil procedure through PERMA No. 1 of 2016, functioning as a court-facilitated pre-litigation stage, while arbitration operates as a consensual out-of-court mechanism under Law No. 30 of 1999. Both mechanisms demonstrate clear efficiency in terms of time (resolution within weeks to months), cost (minimal to predictable), and the ability to preserve parties’ relationships through collaborative processes and procedural confidentiality. Nevertheless, implementation challenges remain, particularly concerning the availability of qualified mediators and public perception of ADR. The study concludes that ADR is no longer a marginal alternative but an integral pillar of modern civil justice, aligning with principles of procedural efficiency and substantive justice.

There is a mismatch between the policy of Contextual teaching and learning (CT&L) and learning in reading skills and the practice in the Indonesian higher education context. This is a case study that examines the beliefs of Indonesian higher education English lecturers about CT&L in English reading lessons. Context plays a pivotal role in English teaching, especially in reading, since it can connect teaching materials with students’ real-life context. The interviews revealed that teachers believe teaching English reading skills should be contextualized. However, these practices were not always easy because there were constraints in the form of decontextualized textbooks and uncontextualized teaching. The findings of this research would offer a recommendation for policy makers, English teachers in higher education context and future researchers interested in how to make English language learning in reading more contextual

Street vendors (PKL) constitute an essential component of the informal economic sector in Gresik Regency, yet their presence often generates issues related to urban order, cleanliness, and aesthetics. This study aims to: (1) analyze the effectiveness of implementing Gresik Regency Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2013 concerning the Arrangement and Empowerment of Street Vendors, and (2) identify the obstacles faced by the local government in carrying out the regulation. This research employs a socio-legal method with a normative-empirical approach, utilizing statutory analysis, field observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that the arrangement and empowerment of street vendors have been carried out through the designation of trading locations, regulation of operating hours and physical facilities, establishment of requirements for becoming street vendors, and the enforcement of rights, obligations, prohibitions, and sanctions. The Gresik Regency Government has also undertaken relocation initiatives to designated areas. However, the effectiveness of the regulation remains hindered by limited human resources, weak monitoring systems, and low compliance among some street vendors. Overall, the implementation of Regional Regulation Number 7 of 2013 has been conducted but has not yet achieved optimal outcomes in ensuring order and promoting the independence of street vendors. Strengthened coordination, enhanced guidance, and improved regulatory systems are needed to support the sustainability of the informal sector in Gresik Regency.

This article examines the limitation of transparency within the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR) during the formulation of the Job Creation Act (Law No. 11 of 2020) and its implications for legislative performance and public participation. Transparency represents a fundamental requirement in a democratic legal system as it ensures accountability, public oversight, and the legitimacy of legal products. However, the legislative process of the Job Creation Act demonstrated significant procedural issues, including inconsistent draft versions, restricted access to essential documents, accelerated deliberation, and the marginalization of meaningful public participation. This study highlights how these limitations hinder the public’s constitutional rights, weaken legislative oversight, and create asymmetrical power relations that enable elite dominance in policymaking. The lack of transparency also led to procedural defects acknowledged by the Constitutional Court, reflecting a systemic decline in democratic legislative practices. Using a normative juridical method supported by legislative analysis and doctrinal studies, this paper argues that the absence of transparency not only reduces the quality of participation but also erodes the legitimacy and accountability of the DPR. The findings emphasize the urgent need for open access to legislative documents, inclusive public consultation, and strengthened accountability mechanisms to ensure democratic and lawful policy making.  

This study aims to analyze the legal certainty of informal waqf pledges and deeds, as well as the effectiveness of the Cross-Sector Program (LINTOR) in the legalization of waqf land in Sukabumi Regency. The research employs an empirical juridical method with statutory and sociological approaches, using document analysis, field observations, and interviews with the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA), the Land Office, and related stakeholders. The findings indicate that underhand waqf practices do not comply with Law Number 41 of 2004 on Waqf, thereby weakening legal evidentiary power and obstructing the waqf land certification process. Although the LINTOR Program conceptually facilitates the acceleration of waqf land registration, its implementation remains constrained by administrative deficiencies, weak inter-institutional coordination, and low public legal awareness. This study emphasizes the need to strengthen the role of KUA as Waqf Pledge Deed Officials, reinforce cross-sector technical regulations, and enhance legal literacy to ensure legal certainty in waqf land management.

This study examines the harmonization between the Child Protection Act and Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes (UU TPKS) in strengthening legal protection for child victims of sexual violence in Indonesia. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this research analyzes the shift in the legal paradigm from a perpetrator-oriented retributive model toward a victim-centered restorative justice approach. The findings indicate that the integration of these regulations enhances legal certainty through the expansion of valid evidence, including electronic evidence and expert testimony, as well as the recognition of restitution as an enforceable right of victims. The introduction of the victim fund mechanism further ensures the fulfillment of victims’ material and psychological recovery when perpetrators are unable to provide restitution. This study concludes that regulatory synchronization significantly improves procedural protection and reinforces the state’s responsibility in safeguarding the best interests of child victims.

This study is motivated by the high frequency and significant impacts of flooding in Indonesia, particularly the recurrent flooding of the Kali Lamong River in Gresik Regency, which causes substantial socio-economic losses each year. Although disaster management is normatively regulated by national policies, its effectiveness depends largely on collaborative governance among multiple actors. This study aims to analyze the practice of collaborative governance in flood mitigation in Gresik Regency using the model of Weber, Lovrich, and Gaffney (2005), which includes vertical, horizontal, and partnership dimensions, and to identify the key challenges that hinder its implementation. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed in flood-affected areas along the Kali Lamong River, involving BPBD, DPUTR, sub-district governments, village authorities, and local communities through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal that collaboration has been established and functions relatively well, particularly in hierarchical coordination, division of roles among government agencies, strengthening of Destana, KENCANA, and SPAB programs, as well as CSR involvement and community participation all contributing to reduced flood duration. However, the implementation of collaborative governance remains constrained by slow land acquisition and infrastructure development, a predominantly reactive orientation, suboptimal early-warning systems between upstream and downstream areas, and uneven support from the private sector and academia. The study concludes that strengthening collaborative mechanisms and accelerating the resolution of structural barriers are essential to achieve more sustainable flood mitigation efforts in Gresik.

This research aims to explore how the transformation of environmental education in the primary school curriculum can contribute to dealing with the climate crisis. The design of this study uses a qualitative approach with analysis units in elementary schools that have integrated environmental education into their curriculum. The data sources were obtained from interviews with teachers, school principals, and an analysis of applied educational curriculum documents. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis related to the environmental curriculum. Data analysis was carried out using a thematic analysis approach to identify how environmental education can affect students' understanding of the issue of the climate crisis. The findings of the study show that despite efforts to integrate environmental education in the basic curriculum, its implementation is still limited and inconsistent across schools. The contribution of this research is to provide recommendations on how the basic curriculum can be updated to teach more deeply about the climate crisis, so as to increase awareness and positive actions from the younger generation in protecting the environment.

This study aims to determine the community's perception of the existence of the Tambakboyo landfill and its impact on the surrounding environment. This study uses a qualitative research method. The subjects of this study are the landfill managers and the community living around the Tambakboyo landfill. This study uses direct observation and interview methods as well as Miles and Huberman Punch's interactive analysis data analysis technique. The results of the study show that the perspectives of the community trigger different views among individuals and only focus on personal interests. The majority of the community living around the TPS feel discomfort due to unpleasant odors and potential long-term health risks. Therefore, they demand improvements from the TPS management and local government. Conversely, a small portion of the community sees the TPS as a source of benefit for them because it facilitates waste disposal and management.

This study aims to analyze the influence of social media use and customer engagement on competitive advantage and marketing performance in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the food and beverage sector in Prigen District. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey of 100 MSMEs, and data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The test results indicate that social media use has a positive and significant effect on competitive advantage (β = 0.623; p < 0.05), and customer engagement has a positive and significant effect on competitive advantage (β = 0.557; p < 0.05). Furthermore, social media use and customer engagement also significantly influence marketing performance. The R² value of 0.557 indicates that competitive advantage and marketing performance can be adequately explained by the research variables. The practical implications of this research demonstrate that this theme emphasizes the importance of social media-based marketing strategies and strengthening customer engagement as an effort to improve the competitive advantage and marketing performance of MSMEs amidst the dynamics of the digital market.

Pelayanan publik merupakan tanggung jawab penting pemerintah dalam memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat. Namun dalam praktiknya masih ditemukan kendala, seperti prosedur yang berbelit, waktu pelayanan yang lama, dan koordinasi antarinstansi yang kurang efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dan menganalisis bagaimana inovasi Mal Pelayanan Publik (MPP) di Kabupaten Sidoarjo dapat meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan publik. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa MPP memberikan kemudahan bagi masyarakat dengan mengintegrasikan berbagai layanan dari 28 instansi dalam satu lokasi, sehingga proses administrasi menjadi lebih cepat, mudah, dan efisien. Inovasi ini juga meningkatkan kenyamanan dan kepuasan masyarakat, yang terlihat dari hasil survei Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat dengan kategori sangat baik. Meskipun masih terdapat kendala, seperti koordinasi antarinstansi dan keterbatasan jaringan internet, keberadaan MPP terbukti mampu memberikan dampak positif terhadap pelayanan publik melalui kemudahan akses, transparansi, dan peningkatan kepercayaan masyarakat. Kesimpulannya, inovasi Mal Pelayanan Publik menjadi langkah nyata pemerintah daerah dalam menciptakan pelayanan publik yang lebih efektif, responsif, dan berorientasi pada kebutuhan masyarakat. Kata Kunci: Inovasi Pelayanan Publik, Mal Pelayanan Publik, Kualitas Pelayanan Publik, Pemerintah Daerah, Kabupaten Sidoarjo.

This study analyzes the legal protection of children as perpetrators of rape within Indonesia’s national legal system and Aceh’s Qanun Jinayat, focusing on the Syar’iyah Court’s decisions that often fail to confirm the fulfillment of children’s rights to education, rehabilitation, and reintegration. Although the principle of the best interests of the child requires comprehensive protection, the absence of clear implementing regulations has created uncertainty. Using a normative juridical method with legislative and case approaches, the research draws on secondary data enriched with primary data and qualitatively analyzed. The findings show that both national law and Qanun Jinayat emphasize child protection based on the best interests principle. National law mandates special procedures such as mentoring, closed hearings, psychological assessments, and diversion, while Qanun Jinayat, through Article 50, stipulates lighter and proportionate uqubat for children. These frameworks complement each other in ensuring education, psychological recovery, and social reintegration. However, several Syar’iyah Court decisions have not explicitly included recovery rights, resulting in ineffective protection and legal uncertainty. The study recommends that the Syar’iyah Court explicitly incorporate children’s rights to education, rehabilitation, and reintegration in its verdicts. Furthermore, the Aceh Government should issue Standard Operating Procedures or Governor’s Regulations to provide a clear legal basis for implementing child uqubat in line with the Juvenile Criminal Justice System.

Abstract. Implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health (K3) Management System at the Pontianak City Manpower and Transmigration Office. The purpose of this research is to find out the factors that cause the unsuccessful implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (K3) conducted by the West Kalimantan Manpower and Transmigration Office. The problem in this research is the unsuccessful implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System at the West Kalimantan Manpower and Transmigration Office. The problems were analyzed using Edward III's theory, namely implementationpolicy is influenced by four variables, namely communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The results of this study are the first indicator of communication, namely the presence of miscommunication, lack of clarity and lack of consistency in socialization carried out by the West Kalimantan Manpower and Transmigration Office. Second, the resource indicator is the lack of human resources in the West Kalimantan Manpower and Transmigration Office because there is still a lack of staff in the field of OSH training. Third, the disposition indicator is that there is no commitment from the implementers of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System policy implemented by the West Kalimantan Manpower and Transmigration Office. And the fourth indicator, the bureaucratic structure, namely the not yet optimal SOP for K3 supervision which regulates the implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Management System (SMK3) policy. Suggestions from this study are for the West Kalimantan Manpower and Transmigration Office to increase attention to the implementation of K3 construction in every company in Pontianak City. Keywords: Implementation, Policy, K3   Abstrak. Implementasi Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) Di Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kota Pontianak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui faktor yang menyebabkan belum berhasilnya implementasi Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kalimantan Barat. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah belum berhasilnya implementasi Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja di Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kalimantan Barat. Dari permasalahan dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori Edward III yaitu implementasi kebijakan dipengaruhi empat variabel yaitu komunikasi, sumber daya, disposisi dan struktur birokrasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pertama indikator komunikasi yaitu adanya misskomunikasi, kurang kejelasan dan kurangnya konsistensi sosialiasi yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kalimantan Barat. Kedua, indikator sumber daya yaitu kurangnya sumber daya manusia yang ada di Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kalimantan Barat karna masih kurangnya staf kepegawaian di bidang pelatihan K3. Ketiga, indikator disposisi yaitu belum ada komitmen dari para pelaksana kebijakan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja yang dilakukan oleh Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kalimantan Barat. Dan indikator keempat, struktur birokrasi yaitu belum optimalnya SOP pengawasan K3 yang mengatur tentang implementasi kebijakan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja (SMK3). Saran dari penelitian ini adalah Bagi Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Kalimantan Barat untuk meningkatkan perhatian terhadap penerapan K3 konstruksi di setiap perusahaan yang ada di Kota Pontianak. Kata Kunci: Impelementasi, Kebijakan, K3