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Parents play a crucial role in introducing and shaping children’s gender identity from an early age. Gender identity is an essential aspect of psychological development that is closely related to the formation of behavior patterns, social attitudes, and personality development in later life. Within the family context, both fathers and mothers have complementary psychological roles in supporting children’s gender development. Mothers are generally more involved in daily caregiving and the fulfillment of children’s physical and emotional needs, while fathers tend to play a more prominent role in social interaction, play activities, and reinforcing discipline as well as adherence to prevailing cultural norms. Parenting practices, whether consciously or unconsciously applied, significantly influence how children understand gender roles, express themselves, and construct their personal identities. Therefore, appropriate, balanced, and developmentally sensitive gender identity introduction is essential to prevent role confusion and potential psychological difficulties in the future. This article aims to examine the role of parents in shaping children’s gender identity from a psychological perspective, emphasizing the importance of responsive, educative parenting that aligns with children’s developmental stages and cultural values.

Household plastic waste remains a serious challenge in urban environments, including Jl. Assofa II, Kebon Jeruk, West Jakarta, which is characterized by high population density and intense socio-economic activities. The low level of public awareness in sorting and managing plastic waste, particularly bottle caps, highlights the need for educational approaches from an early age. This community service activity aimed to enhance environmental awareness, creativity, and character development among children through the “Recycled Keychain” project, which involved recycling plastic bottle caps into keychains. The activity was implemented using a Project-Based Learning (PjBL) approach and involved 12 children aged 7–9 years as the main participants. The implementation methods included education on waste management based on the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R), collection and sorting of bottle caps, and the process of creating creative products. The results showed an increase in children’s environmental awareness and environmentally responsible behavior, the creation of eco-friendly educational products, as well as improvements in creativity, motor skills, and teamwork abilities. In addition, this activity supported the strengthening of the Pancasila Student Profile, particularly in the dimensions of cooperation, critical thinking, creativity, and independence. Overall, the Recycled Keychain project proved to be an effective model of contextual, participatory, and sustainable environmental education in instilling environmental care values from an early age in urban communities.

Mawang Village occupies a strategic position as a buffer zone integrating the administrative center of Gowa Regency with other growth centers, featuring the ecological asset of Lake Mawang, which holds significant potential for ecotourism development. However, a discrepancy exists between spatial planning policies and the actual development of facilities and infrastructure on the ground. This study aims to identify the availability, accessibility, and physical feasibility of regional facilities and infrastructure as a fundamental database for area development. The method employed is descriptive-quantitative with a comparative analysis approach referring to the SNI 03-1733-2004 standards and spatial analysis. The findings indicate that religious and commercial/service facilities exhibit very high service levels with surplus conditions, while basic health facilities and early childhood education remain below minimum service standards. Spatially, the distribution of facilities tends to be concentrated along the main corridor, creating accessibility disparities for residents in inner residential areas. The collector road infrastructure is functionally adequate but lacks pedestrian facilities, while local roads suffer from pavement quality degradation. Furthermore, Lake Mawang, as a primary tourist attraction, still lacks basic supporting facilities. The implications of this research emphasize the need for equitable distribution of health facilities, revitalization of road quality, and the formulation of a comprehensive spatial detail plan for the lake area to achieve sustainable regional development based on local potential.

Digital transformation in education requires Early Childhood Education (ECE) teachers to develop competencies in utilizing digital-based learning media. However, in rural ECE contexts, the use of technology remains limited due to the lack of contextual and sustainable training. This community service program aims to enhance the digital learning media competencies of teachers at PAUD Ath-Thoyyibah in Pangadegan Village through the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach. The program was implemented through stages of community asset mapping, collaborative action planning, practice-based training, and post-training mentoring and reflection. The results indicate that ECE teachers were able to develop simple digital learning media based on images, videos, and audio tailored to early childhood characteristics. In addition to improving technical skills, the program increased teachers’ self-confidence and fostered collaborative networks within the educational community. These findings demonstrate that the ABCD approach is effective in strengthening ECE teacher capacity by emphasizing local asset utilization and active community participation. This program contributes to improving the quality of early childhood learning and strengthening adaptive educational communities in response to technological development.

In the era of information and globalization, critical thinking skills have become an essential competence for children, including students in Islamic boarding schools. These skills include the ability to ask questions, seek and evaluate evidence, compare alternatives, and solve problems logically. Islamic boarding schools inherently provide a disciplined environment grounded in religious values that supports the development of critical thinking. However, observations at Raudlatul Hanan Islamic Boarding School reveal several challenges, such as low social sensitivity, limited constructive conflict resolution, and the absence of consistent critical thinking habits. These conditions have the potential to hinder students’ adaptability and problem-solving abilities in the future. To address these issues, a program entitled “Optimizing Children’s Critical Thinking Character through the Internalization of Socio-Environmental Sensitivity Values” was implemented using a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach. This approach actively involved students, ustadz/ustadzah, and Islamic boarding school administrators from problem identification through planning, implementation, and reflection. The activities included character education seminars, critical discussions, group competitions, and interviews aimed at fostering social sensitivity, reducing exclusive attitudes, and strengthening critical thinking skills from an early age. The results indicate high and enthusiastic student participation throughout all activities, leading both students and administrators to hope that the program will be implemented sustainably on an annual basis.

The Cultural Advancement Facilitation through Pinhole Photography as an Educational Medium for Children program aims to enhance cultural literacy, creativity, and awareness among young generations regarding the preservation of Malay Deli cultural heritage. This initiative is motivated by the declining interest of children in local history and culture amid rapid modernization, particularly in coastal areas with limited access to educational resources. Pinhole photography is employed as an educational approach due to its simplicity and reflective nature, fostering patience, accuracy, and a fundamental understanding of the interconnection between art, science, and culture. The program was conducted over three days through a series of activities, including workshops on constructing pinhole cameras, field exploration and photography at Malay Deli heritage sites namely Maimun Palace, Al- Mashun Grand Mosque, Al-Osmani Grand Mosque, and Sri Deli Park and photo developing and curation sessions. The activities actively involved children from the Rumah Edukasi Anak Pesisir community as primary participants in the visual documentation of cultural heritage. The results indicate an improvement in participants’ understanding of Malay Deli historical and cultural values, the development of creative and reflective thinking skills, and the production of children’s photographic works with potential use as educational and cultural promotion media. Overall, this program contributes to participatory-based cultural advancement and strengthens sustainable cultural tourism through an educational, creative, and sustainable approach.

Antibiotics are one of the main pillars in the treatment of bacterial infections and have contributed significantly to increasing human life expectancy. However, long-term use of antibiotics has serious consequences for the balance of the body's microbiome, especially the gut microbiome which plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis through the regulation of the immune system, metabolism, and protection against pathogens. This literature review aims to comprehensively analyze the impact of long-term antibiotic use on the structure, diversity, and function of the human microbiome. The scientific articles reviewed were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, including empirical research, systematic review, and meta-analysis published in the last ten years. The results showed that prolonged exposure to antibiotics consistently decreased microbiota diversity, altered the composition of bacterial communities, and triggered dysbiosis, which is often persistent even when therapy is stopped. Dysbiosis is associated with impaired immune system function, increased systemic inflammation, risk of allergic and metabolic diseases, and potential disorders on the intestinal-brain axis. This impact is more pronounced in vulnerable groups such as neonates and children, especially when exposure occurs during a critical period of development. In conclusion, long-term antibiotic use has broad systemic implications, so a more rational, prudent, and sustainable use strategy is needed to maintain the health of the human microbiome.

At the age range of 11–12 years, children enter the final phase of primary school which is marked by rapid development in various aspects, including cognitive, psychomotor, social, and moral, all of which are interrelated in the educational process. The development of elementary school-age children is the main foundation for the formation of personality, intelligence, and social-moral skills in the future. This study aims to analyze and describe the developmental analysis of aspects (cognitive, psychomotor, social, and moral) in children aged 11–12 years. This study uses a qualitative and descriptive approach, where data is collected through observation, interviews and documentation to understand behavior in depth. The results of the case study on the subject of Syifa Khairunnisa show that the development of these four aspects is well internalized in daily life. Syifa's cognitive development can be seen from her ability to understand material through repetition, awareness to adjust the way of learning when difficult, and the ability to explain lessons to friends in simple language. Psychomotor development is seen in good coordination of movements (e.g. in sports), fine motor skills, and self-control. In the aspect of Social Development, Syifa shows the ability to interact positively, work together, and choose peaceful ways to resolve differences of opinion. Lastly, Syifa's moral development is reflected in the attitude of caring, honesty, responsibility, obedience to school regulations, and the practice of religious values. Overall, this case study confirms that the development of children at the end of primary school is a holistic process that requires integrated support from the school environment and family.

The Gender Development Index (GDI) is a key indicator for assessing disparities in human development achievements between women and men. In recent years, Indonesia’s GDI has shown a consistent upward trend, reaching 91.85 in 2024. Nevertheless, this numerical improvement does not fully represent the achievement of substantive gender equality. This article aims to analyze the dynamics of Indonesia’s GDI by positioning it within a comparative Asian context and examining the substantive gaps that persist behind the rising indicators. This study employs a qualitative approach based on secondary data and literature review. The primary data sources include publications from Statistics Indonesia on the Gender Development Index and Gender Inequality Index for the 2020–2024 period, as well as the Global Gender Gap Reports 2024 and 2025 published by the World Economic Forum. Descriptive quantitative analysis is combined with qualitative interpretation and illustrative interview findings from civil society organizations, universities, and provincial and local Offices of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection in Central Java, Southeast Sulawesi, Grobogan Regency, and Semarang City. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s GDI improvement is largely driven by advances in women’s health and educational attainment. However, substantial gaps remain in the economic dimension, particularly in per capita expenditure and women’s labor market participation, which constrain proportional improvements in women’s Human Development Index. This article underscores the importance of interpreting the GDI as a reflective policy instrument and advocates for structural transformation to ensure that numerical progress translates into genuine gender justice.

The development of social media has made influencer parenting content one of the important sources of reference for the younger generation in understanding parenting. This study aims to examine the meaning of influencer parenting content for the younger generation in building future parenting. The research uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method on various scientific publications relevant to the topics of influencers, parenting, and digital media. The results of the study show that the younger generation interprets influencer parenting content not only as a source of practical information, but also as a reference for values and an ideal representation of the role of parents. The process of interpretation takes place actively and reflectively, influenced by personal experiences, family backgrounds, digital literacy levels, and socio-cultural contexts. In addition, the credibility of influencers and the style of delivering content also affect the acceptance rate of the audience. Influencer parenting content shapes a parenting discourse that emphasizes emotional awareness, empathic communication, positive parenting, and concern for children's mental health. Thus, the future parenting of the young generation is understood as a dynamic, adaptive, and constantly evolving social construction, with digital media as one of the main shaping factors.

Psychological Impact and Manifestations of PTSD Due to Childhood Violence Trauma represent a complex intersection of developmental disruption and chronic emotional distress. Children exposed to such violence often internalize the trauma, leading to profound shifts in their mental health that manifest as persistent hypervigilance, emotional numbing, and intrusive memories that disrupt their daily functioning. Beyond immediate fear, these manifestations involve structural changes in the brain, such as an overactive amygdala and a reduced volume of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which impair a child's ability to regulate emotions and process information. Behaviorally, this often translates into externalizing symptoms like aggression and irritability, or internalizing reactions such as social withdrawal, dissociation, and "foreshortened future"—a belief that they will not live a long or normal life. If left unaddressed, these psychological scars can evolve into chronic anxiety, depression, and severe difficulties in forming healthy interpersonal relationships, creating a cycle of vulnerability that persists well into adulthood and impacts their overall quality of life.

This article aims to describe the forms of danger, identify the causal factors, formulate strategies, and explain the role of parents in creating safe and inclusive parenting for children with disabilities. Children with disabilities are highly vulnerable to various forms of danger, including physical and emotional neglect, due to a lack of parental understanding and strong social stigma. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literature review approach, analyzing data from books, scientific journals, and official reports. The results indicate that risky parenting is caused by a lack of knowledge, economic pressure, and insufficient support from the environment and Non-Formal Education (NFE) institutions. The key strategy to overcome this is through strengthening parental education (inclusive parenting classes), collaboration between NFE institutions and the community, and creating accessible and secure learning environments. In conclusion, NFE has a strategic role as a bridge for parents to gain knowledge and support, thus strengthening a safe, loving, and difference-appreciating family environment. This research emphasizes the novelty of NFE’s role in integrated family-community support to ensure optimal development for children with disabilities.

This study was conducted to understand how parenting styles significantly influence the process of shaping children’s behavior. The method used in this research was a qualitative approach, with data collection carried out through interviews and direct observation of participants aged 10–18 years who live in Cicendo District, Bandung. Based on the results conveyed by several participants, it can be seen that parenting styles play a very important role in children’s growth and development as well as in the formation of their emotional conditions. Parents who play a positive role such as giving more attention, communicating well, and providing full support tend to build positive responses and emotional stability in children. This helps shape a healthy personality and creates a comfortable home environment that makes children feel safe. In contrast, parents who display negative roles and parenting styles such as being harsh, lacking attention, and frequently engaging in conflict tend to make children feel pressured and lack self confidence due to unmet emotional support. As a result, children may limit their relationship with their parents, which leads to emotional instability. Overall, the discussion shows that the family is the primary foundation for children, as their growth and development are strongly influenced by how parents fulfill their roles in shaping children’s personalities, which ultimately impacts their lives in the future.

Children with disabilities live with one or more conditions, physical, cognitive, sensory, or social, that limit their daily activities. These conditions necessitate specialized care and attention tailored to their specific needs. This study aims to explore how parents come to terms with their child’s condition, the factors that influence this acceptance, and its overall impact on family well-being. The results suggest that parental acceptance is rarely a straightforward process. It involves a complex emotional journey, often moving through stages of denial, anger, bargaining, and depression before reaching a point of acceptance. The speed and depth of this process are heavily influenced by both internal and external factors. Internally, spiritual values, educational background, and effective coping strategies play a vital role. Externally, the presence of social support and access to healthcare services are crucial. When parents embrace their child’s condition with unconditional love and focus on their potential, it significantly enhances the child’s developmental outcomes. Conversely, a lack of acceptance can increase the burden of caregiving and hinder the child’s progress.

The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been increasing among various age groups, including children and adults. UPF is generally low in iron content and can interfere with iron bioavailability, thereby increasing the risk of anemia. Additionally, the high calorie content of UPF contributes to the development of degenerative diseases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between UPF consumption, iron intake, and the risk of anemia. The study employs a narrative review method. Literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases, using controlled terms. The results showed that high UPF consumption had a negative impact on iron intake and increased the risk of anemia. Similar effects were found in high fat and sodium consumption. Some studies showed varying results regarding protein intake, fiber, and micronutrients such as sodium and calcium. In general, it can be concluded that excessive UPF consumption negatively impacts the quality of nutrient intake, both macro and micro, and contributes to the occurrence of anemia. These findings highlight the need for public health strategies to limit UPF consumption, particularly among vulnerable populations, as a preventive effort against anemia.

Family management plays a pivotal role in establishing equilibrium between emotional dynamics and communication among family members. The family environment constitutes the primary context in which children learn to interact, communicate, and develop their character. Parental communication patterns, along with their capacity for emotional regulation, serve as critical determinants of a supportive home atmosphere conducive to children’s developmental and educational outcomes. This study aims to examine the influence of communication management and emotional management within the family on the development of children’s emotional intelligence and their overall academic success. This research employs a literature review approach by critically analyzing various sources, including scholarly journals, books, and relevant empirical studies. The findings indicate that effective communication management characterized by openness, empathy, and mutual respect strengthens parent child emotional bonds, enhances learning motivation, and improves academic achievement. Furthermore, sound emotional management enables parents to regulate stress and model appropriate self-control, thereby fostering a harmonious and productive learning environment within the household.

Early childhood growth and development detection is an important process to identify potential physical, cognitive, emotional, and social developmental disorders in children before the age of six, which can help prevent long-term health and educational problems. Developmental screening is an initial assessment activity conducted to determine a child’s level of development according to their age. This screening aims to detect early whether a child’s development is within normal limits or if there is a possibility of developmental delay. This study aims to examine the developmental screening of children aged 5–6 years at RA Bunayya II. The research method used is qualitative research. Data were collected through observation and interviews. The results of the study indicate that all children are in the category of Developing as Expected. This is shown by the predominance of “Yes” responses on the indicators of the Pre-Developmental Screening Questionnaire (KPSP), which include aspects of speech and language, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, as well as social-emotional development and independence.

Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) program is a national policy designed to improve the nutritional quality of children and support human resource development. However, its implementation at the regional level still faces various institutional and coordination issues. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Free Nutritious Meals program in Jambi City, focusing on the dynamics of program implementation and the inhibiting factors. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with policy implementers and  documentation with informants determined through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using Merilee S. Grindlee policy implementation theory through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the MBG program in Jambi City has not been running optimally. This condition is characterized by the strong dominance of the central government in the decision making process, weak coordination between actors at the regional level, and inadequate readiness of supporting institutions, especially in aspects of human resources, monitoring system, and clarity of operational standards for implementation.

This study investigates how faith-based giving can be transformed into measurable development impact in the education sector, focusing on the Global Muslim Philanthropy Fund for Children (GMPFC) established by the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) in partnership with UNICEF. Traditional Islamic philanthropic instruments, such as zakat and sadaqah, often provide short-term relief but lack structured governance, limiting their long-term impact on educational outcomes. Using a qualitative-explorative, this research analyzes secondary data from 2021–2025, including institutional reports, program documents, and peer-reviewed literature, to assess how GMPFC operationalizes faith-based resources through pooled, multilateral, and impact-oriented mechanisms. The findings indicate that GMPFC strategically funds education-enabling conditions, including child health, nutrition, psychosocial wellbeing, and youth empowerment, which are empirically linked to school readiness, retention, and learning quality. Comparative analysis shows that GMPFC outperforms traditional philanthropy and conventional aid by combining cultural legitimacy, institutional rigor, and alignment with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Its governance model ensures standardized monitoring, fiduciary oversight, and cross-sectoral integration, addressing longstanding limitations of fragmented philanthropic delivery. Despite its effectiveness, the study highlights a lack of longitudinal learning outcome data, limiting precise quantification of educational impact beyond enabling conditions. Nonetheless, GMPFC exemplifies a hybrid development-finance model, demonstrating how Islamic philanthropic values can be operationalized to generate sustainable, measurable contributions to child education and human capital formation. These findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, development practitioners, and faith-based organizations aiming to scale philanthropic resources for education in vulnerable contexts.

Technological developments and modern lifestyles have indirectly changed the way elementary school children interact with their surroundings. Most of them spend all day playing with gadgets. The lack of physical interaction with the natural environment is not just a matter of preference, but can also affect many important aspects of child development. Therefore, an innovative approach is needed to bridge this gap, namely, through aquascape training. Aquascape is the art of arranging and combining aquatic plants, water, sand, stones, driftwood, and other elements in a playful manner through a combination of underwater aesthetic styles in an aquarium. The purpose of this training is for children to be invited to directly recognize and understand aquatic ecosystems, but also to actively practice their responsibility, creativity, and awareness. Thus, it is hoped that aquascape training can divert a small portion of screen time to more meaningful real experiences, shaping a generation that is more connected to nature and the surrounding environment. The community service program was conducted for 110 fifth-grade students at Kebalenan State Elementary School in Banyuwangi Regency on January 14, 2025. The activity was carried out in person. Session 1 focused on Environmental Education and Ornamental Fish, while Session 2 involved training in creating a simple aquascape. During the training, the students showed high motivation, enthusiasm, and interest in participating in the activity.