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The phenomenon of nikah sirri (unregistered marriage) in Indonesia presents critical challenges in family law, particularly concerning the legal status of children born from such unions. This study examines judicial determinations of child origin by the Religious Courts as a legal mechanism to grant civil legitimacy to children from nikah sirri. Using a normative qualitative approach and analyzing two court decisions (No. 0648/Pdt.P/2018/PA.Lmj and No. 1731/Pdt.P/2022/PA.Jr), the research explores how judges consider the principles of justice, legal certainty, and legal utility through the lens of Gustav Radbruch’s legal philosophy. Findings reveal that judicial reasoning in these cases transcends procedural formalism, reflecting an ethical commitment to the holistic protection of children’s rights. The study applies the Maqasid al-Shari’ah framework to evaluate how such rulings align with the five fundamental objectives of Islamic law (protection of life, lineage, property, intellect, and religion). The legal recognition of a child’s nasab and entitlements is shown to fulfill both statutory requirements and Islamic ethical standards of justice. Thus, this research underscores the need to strengthen the synergy between state law and Islamic moral values, positioning the court not merely as a formal legal apparatus, but as a transformative institution in achieving substantive justice in society.

The crime of rape and molestation is a form of violence against women. Children as part of the younger generation are the successors of the ideals of the nation's struggle as well as human resource capital for national development. That children have a very strategic position in the nation, state, society and family. Children are the mainstay of hope for the future of the nation, state, society or family. Therefore, their condition as children requires special treatment so that they can grow and develop naturally, both physically, mentally and spiritually. For this reason, children need to be protected from criminal acts that can affect their physical, mental and spiritual development. The problems and objectives of the research taken include: to determine the form of legal protection given to children from victims of rape/molestation, and to determine what are the obstacles in providing legal protection to children from victims of rape and molestation. The method used is the type/kind of normative research (normative juridical) with a statutory approach related to research material that has been decided by the Court which has permanent legal force, legal sanctions only on the perpetrators (boys), while there are none for female victims. Obstacles in providing protection for victims of rape and molestation are: Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning child protection does not regulate compensation for victims of rape/molestation (for recovery costs). Generally, people are reluctant to report incidents of rape/molestation, because of the shame and embarrassment of being known by the wider community.    

The objectives of this research are to understand and analyze the regulation of the duties and authority of the Department of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection in protecting children, and to identify and understand the inhibiting factors in carrying out these duties and authority. The research methodology used is normative juridical research, obtained through interviews and observations, and empirical juridical research, obtained through literature studies. The research results show: (1) The regulation of the duties and authority of the Department of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection in Rote Ndao Regency in protecting children includes the areas of child protection and fulfillment of children's rights and the special child protection program. (2) The inhibiting factors of the Department's duties and authority in protecting children include strategic issues and problems in regional development and strategic issues and problems in the sector of women's empowerment and child protection, population control, and family planning.

Medan Immigration Detention Center (Rudenim) is a technical implementing unit that carries out immigration functions as a temporary shelter for foreigners who are subject to administrative immigration actions in the Nangroh Aceh Darussalam and North Sumatra regions. There are several reasons why foreign nationals are placed in Rudenim, including being in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia without having a valid immigration permit, waiting for the repatriation or expulsion/deportation process, being subject to administrative immigration actions, having completed their sentence and not yet being able to be repatriated or deported. This study aims to determine the history, duties and functions of the Medan Immigration Detention Center and to determine the role of the Medan Immigration Detention Center in fulfilling the Human Rights (HAM) of detainees in the Medan Immigration Detention Center. The research method used is descriptive qualitative and uses a data collection method with a literature review through primary and secondary legal sources. Primary sources such as daily reports made by the Medan Immigration Detention Center, interviews with detainees and employees at the Medan Immigration Detention Center, and observations in the detention room building. As for the secondary sources in this journal, they include related laws and regulations. The results of the study indicate that Rudenim Medan has fulfilled human rights such as the right to worship, receive adequate health services and food, detainees are also given the opportunity to convey complaints, receive visits from family or sponsors, and communicate with representatives of their country. However, there are challenges in the implementation of human rights protection, including the lack of guards at Rudenim Medan and the lack of English language skills of Rudenim Medan officers and the presence of detainees who cannot speak English. Therefore, there needs to be continuous effort from officers at Rudenim Medan, the government and related institutions to strengthen the protection of human rights of detainees at Rudenim Medan.      

This study aims to find out the application of the principle of diversion in the cases of children of criminal offenders in the Medan District Court, as well as to find out the obstacles and obstacles faced in its application. This study uses a normative-empirical legal approach with qualitative methods and case studies. The results of the study show that the principle of diversion is applied to provide optimal legal protection for children involved in criminal acts. Diversion is implemented from the investigation stage to the court, with a focus on shifting case resolution from the formal path to a more humane and rehabilitation-based restorative approach.  Factors that contribute to the application of diversion include the type of crime, the involvement of the victim's family in mediation, and the willingness of all parties to reach a peace agreement. Diversion is easier to apply to misdemeanors, while more serious cases often face obstacles in reaching an agreement.

Parental child abuse leading to mental illness is a form of physical, emotional, violence experienced by a child from a parent or guardian that adversely affects the child's mental well-being. It can include various forms of behaviors that degrade, humiliate, or emotionally or physically harm the child. Violence against a child is also one of the most dominant cases and is found anytime, anywhere, almost everywhere in all provinces in Indonesia. If this violence occurs against a child, it will have a negative impact on the child. The child will experience a sense of trauma, excessive fear, closure, silence, mental disorders, passive communication, and even physical disability if the violence is in the form of physical violence. This is very ironic, considering that children who are the next generation of the nation, should get parental love, guidance and loving education so that this study aims to prevent physical violence against children and the need for countermeasures, both from the government and from the family or parents of children. This study aims to identify the impact of parental violence on children's mental state and explore coping strategies. The importance of preventing physical and emotional violence against children requires collaborative efforts between the government, families, and communities. Effective coping strategies include social support from the surrounding environment, psychological interventions such as counseling and therapy, and education and training on positive parenting. Strict and comprehensive child protection policies are also necessary to create a safe and supportive environment for children's development. By raising awareness of the negative impact of violence and implementing appropriate coping strategies, it is hoped that children can grow and develop optimally, free from violence, and ready to become the next generation of physically and mentally healthy nations.

This study aims to describe the forms of Javanese language maintenance in the multilingual community of Cot Girek District. This research is qualitative descriptive in nature. The methods used are observation and interviews. The data for this study come from the attitudes of Javanese speakers that influence Javanese language maintenance. The findings of this research indicate that Javanese speakers should use Javanese among fellow Javanese, at home, and when playing with friends, read books about the Javanese language, learn new Javanese vocabulary, frequently use it in family conversations, participate in Javanese language contests or competitions, strengthen Javanese language teaching in schools, attend Javanese language training or courses, teach Javanese to children, use social media or technology to teach Javanese, use social media accounts and follow accounts that use Javanese, raise awareness and maintenance of the Javanese language by listening to and watching Javanese songs and dramas, communicate with native Javanese speakers, engage in cultural events and traditional performances, collaborate with Javanese culture enthusiasts, develop literature, and promote legal protection for the Javanese language as an important cultural asset.

Radiation protection is an action to reduce the impact of radiation arising from radiation exposure. Radiation sign lights are one of the requirements of x-ray aircraft facilities for radiation safety in hospitals intended for officers and the surrounding community in the radiology installation area. After the radiation indicator light is bright red and the door of the radiology examination room is closed, the patient's family is not allowed to enter so as not to be exposed to radiation or scattered radiation which has a very dangerous impact on health. The type of research used is a type of quantitative research using a descriptive method. This method aims to create an objective picture or descriptive description of a situation using numbers, starting from data collection, interpretation of the data as well as its appearance and results. The majority of respondents in this study were between 26 and 45 years old. The majority of respondents (78%) do not know about Indicator lights in the radiology room. Only (16%) or 8 respondents knew enough about the topic, and (6%) or 3 respondents knew it well. Based on the results of the study on "The Level of Patient Family Knowledge Regarding Indicator Lights in the Radiology Room at Kertha Usada Buleleng Hospital", the following conclusions can be drawn: The majority of respondents showed a low level of knowledge related to indicator lights. Analysis of demographic characteristics such as age, education, and gender significantly affects their level of knowledge.

Article 54 of Law No. 35/2014 on Child Protection, an amendment to Law No. 23/2002, states that children in the educational environment must be protected from physical and psychological violence, sexual crimes, and other crimes that may be committed by educators, education personnel, fellow students, or other parties. However, despite this regulation, cases of bullying in schools still occur frequently. This study aims to evaluate the application of Article 54 of Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection and legal protection efforts for children who are victims of bullying with a legal certainty approach. The research method used is descriptive with qualitative data analysis. The results showed that Article 54 has been well implemented by the Surakarta City Office of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection and Population Control and Family Planning. They conduct socialization in schools and communities as a preventive measure and assist the mediation process for case resolution as a repressive measure. In addition, for the legal protection of child victims of bullying with a legal certainty approach, the Office also integrates bullying prevention and handling programs, facilitates and fosters education units, and provides educational facilities.

The paradoxical phenomenon of domestic violence (KDRT) within the ideal construct of Islamic marriage, supported by the prevalence of violence against women in Indonesia, forms the empirical basis of this research. Fikih mubadalah, as an interpretative framework that emphasizes the principle of reciprocity in understanding religious texts, and the Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes (UU TPKS), as a juridical instrument providing comprehensive protection for victims of sexual violence, constitute the central conceptual elements of this study. This research focuses on the analysis of the implementation of UU TPKS and the fikih mubadalah paradigm within the pedagogical context of the Islamic Marriage Jurisprudence subject in the eleventh grade of Social Sciences at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 1 Banjarmasin. The research method employed is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques including participatory observation, semi-structured interviews with students and educators, and documentary analysis of learning artifacts. The research findings indicate that the integration of the fikih mubadalah concept and the substance of UU TPKS in the learning process significantly enhances students' understanding of the essence of egalitarian marital relations and the urgency of legal protection against gender-based violence. Students are able to identify manifestations of gender inequality in marriage case studies and internalize the importance of equality and legal protection guarantees. Nevertheless, heterogeneity in the level of understanding is still identified in a small portion of the sample population. The conclusion of this research is that the internalization of fikih mubadalah and UU TPKS within the Islamic Marriage Jurisprudence curriculum effectively stimulates students' critical awareness of the importance of just marital relations and the imperative of preventing acts of violence. The application of a contextual and participatory pedagogical approach proves to be positively correlated with an increase in students' understanding. This research recommends the adoption of a similar integrative approach in the religious education curriculum as a strategic effort to shape a young generation that possesses legal awareness, a fair gender perspective, and the capacity to build harmonious and violence-free family institutions. 

Terrorism is Wrong one crime Which outside normal Because has creating terror creates fear and that's scary has the impression of being cruel to groups or groups. The crime of terrorism has taken away rights basic para human victim Which No know anything about the origin , causes and the purpose of acts of terrorism. Because in in carrying out their actions perpetrators of this terrorism t is indiscriminate. This action is completely contrary to Article 3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) or Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Which sounds "Every person entitled on life, freedom and security as an individual”, Article 6 paragraph (1) ICCPR ( International Covenant on Civil and Political Right ) 1999 which states "Every human being is entitled to the inherent right to life himself and every other person must not be deprived of his life arbitrarily", Article 28 A of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia which reads "Everyone has the right to live and the right to defend their life and existence" and Article 28 G paragraph (1) which reads "Everyone has the right to personal protection, family, honor, dignity, property under his control and has the right to a sense of security and protection from the threat of fear of doing or not doing something which is a human right.” This research aims to know How arrangement investigative law t act criminal terrorism in Indonesia And What obstacle investigator in do investigation t act criminal terrorism in Indonesia. This research uses normative legal research research ingredients literature To use get ingredients form theories, concepts, principles as well as regulation law Which related with role investigator in process handling follow criminal terrorism.    

This research aims to determine the significant influence of work motivation on employee job satisfaction at the women's empowerment, child protection, population control and family planning (DP3AP2KB) office in Wawo sub-district. This research is included in the category of associative population research. This research uses all employees at the women's empowerment, child protection, population control and family planning (DP3AP2KB) office in Wawo sub-district, totaling 55 employees. The research technique used is saturated samples. The instrument in this research is a questionnaire with a liter scale. Observation data collection techniques, questionnaires, literature study. The data analysis technique uses a validity test, a reliability test and then processed using SPSS. The results of the research show that work motivation has a significant effect on employee job satisfaction at the women's empowerment, child protection, population control and family planning (DP3AP2KB) office in Wawo sub-district.

This research aims to discuss efforts to protect children who are victims of abuse by fellow school children. This research uses empirical legal methods and is based on phenomena and realities in the field, then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The results of the research show that the Gorontalo Regional Police's efforts to protect victims of abuse of fellow school children include providing security for perpetrators of abuse by the police when they receive information from the victim's parents or the school regarding allegations of child abuse in the school environment. The police followed up by sending officers to check and arrest the perpetrators; Carrying out examinations in a family atmosphere and fulfilling the victims' rights during the legal process; and Ensure that victims receive compensation, where a victim is entitled to compensation, as well as medical rehabilitation and recovery for the physical and psychological suffering they have experienced. In several cases of abuse, the perpetrator paid for the losses suffered by the victim, especially material compensation in the form of compensation payments due to the victim's physical, mental and psychological losses during the recovery and rehabilitation process. The perpetrator paid all the compensation suffered by the victim, using assets belonging to the perpetrator's family, especially hospital treatment costs.

Child protection is an important need for the nation for the future. Children have human rights which must be respected and protected considering that they are at a vulnerable age. They have the right to grow and develop and be free from exploitation, violence or neglect. With good protection, you can ensure they are protected from dangers and can grow and develop in a good environment. The protection and welfare of children has become the responsibility of various instruments such as the family, community and state. Protection carried out by families and communities is implemented through a family approach based on moral values, while child protection by the state is carried out through policies or regulations that regulate this. The technique of research that was utilized in this study was a qualitative method, which involved conducting in-depth interviews to acquire this information. The data collected is comprehensive data, using both primary and secondary sources of information, which will be subjected to a methodical analysis in order to arrive at a conclusion based on the findings of the whole research.

This study aims to analyze the forms, causes of bullying and legal protection for child victims of bullying referring to Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. The author uses a normative juridical research approach, which utilizes legal sources as the primary source in this research. In addition, this research is also supported by additional legal sources through literature studies. The results of this study show that bullying has several forms, including bullying with direct verbal contact, direct physical contact, direct non-verbal behavior, indirect non-verbal behavior, cyber bullying, and sexual harassment. Factors that cause the perpetrator to commit acts of bullying include the family environment and psychological disorders in the perpetrator. And legal protection for child victims of bullying has been regulated in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection, where the perpetrators of bullying can be sentenced to fines to imprisonment. 

Technological advancements have increased the forms and types of crimes, including online gender-based violence (GBV). The COVID-19 pandemic has driven Indonesian society to engage in online activities, leading to a 23% increase in internet usage by April 2020, but also triggering a surge in cyberattacks, with 190 million cases recorded during the same period. Cases of online GBV have risen from 281 in 2020 to 1697 in 2023.   This research examines the vulnerability of women to online GBV and the challenges faced by the Gender Justice Advocates Collective (KAKG) in providing legal protection. Factors such as patriarchal culture, lack of digital literacy, objectification of women, and victim-blaming culture exacerbate women's vulnerability. KAKG faces obstacles including limited human resources, insufficient family support, and difficulties in determining the location of crimes.   This study employs a non-doctrinal method, examining the implementation of laws in society. Interview data indicate that the majority of online GBV victims are women, with a significant increase in complaints from 2022 to 2023. The study highlights the importance of digital literacy education and training for law enforcement officers with a victim-centered and gender-equitable perspective to effectively handle online GBV cases.

The number of accidents caused by public transportation and no concrete responsibility for the entrepreneur / owner of public transportation, the absence of strict sanctions against the owner or entrepreneur of public transportation in the event of a traffic accident, and there is no legal protection for passengers or family of passengers who are victims of accidents traffic on public transport. In the event that a traffic crime is committed by a Public Transportation Company, in addition to the punishment imposed on the management as referred to in paragraph (1), a maximum fine of 3 (three) times the fines specified in each article in this Chapter shall also be imposed. In addition to fines, public transportation companies can be subject to additional penalties in the form of temporary suspension or revocation of the transportation operation permit for the vehicles used. However, the police cannot immediately revoke the license to operate public transport whose fleets have experienced traffic accidents.Problem Statements: how sanctions against public transportation companies in the event of a traffic accident based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation? Methodology: In this journal, the author uses a type of empirical research, namely research conducted through field studies that examines (especially) primary data which is also complemented by materials in the form of legislation and research results, assessment results and other references. Significance and  contribution of the study: sanctions against public transportation companies in the event of a traffic accident based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation

The number of accidents caused by public transportation and no concrete responsibility for the entrepreneur / owner of public transportation, the absence of strict sanctions against the owner or entrepreneur of public transportation in the event of a traffic accident, and there is no legal protection for passengers or family of passengers who are victims of accidents traffic on public transport. In the event that a traffic crime is committed by a Public Transportation Company, in addition to the punishment imposed on the management as referred to in paragraph (1), a maximum fine of 3 (three) times the fines specified in each article in this Chapter shall also be imposed. In addition to fines, public transportation companies can be subject to additional penalties in the form of temporary suspension or revocation of the transportation operation permit for the vehicles used. However, the police cannot immediately revoke the license to operate public transport whose fleets have experienced traffic accidents.Problem Statements: how sanctions against public transportation companies in the event of a traffic accident based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation? Methodology: In this journal, the author uses a type of empirical research, namely research conducted through field studies that examines (especially) primary data which is also complemented by materials in the form of legislation and research results, assessment results and other references. Significance and  contribution of the study: sanctions against public transportation companies in the event of a traffic accident based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation

The bombing incident that occurred in Bali in 2002 was a tragedy that attracted world attention, with victims reaching 202 deaths and more than 200 people injured. This tragedy occurred after the hijacked plane crashed into the World Trade Center towers in America in 2001, which increasingly increased global attention to the issue of terrorism. The aim of this research is to examine compensation for victims of terrorist crimes. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative research method with a normative juridical approach using secondary data in the form of documents and books regarding the object of this research, then this research uses 3 types of legal materials in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The findings of this research show that in Law Number 31 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 13 of 2006 concerning Protection of Witnesses and Victims, victims of criminal acts of terrorism also receive protection for their personal security, family and property, and are free from threats. relating to testimony that will be, is being, or has been given and participating in the process of selecting and determining forms of security protection and support as well as providing information without pressure. Protection for victims of criminal acts of terrorism implemented in Indonesia is based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. Bali bombing victims have the right to receive legal protection and compensation from the state for the acts of terrorism that occurred. They also receive protection for their personal security, family and property, and are free from threats related to the testimony they will, are giving, or have given.

Children are the next generation of the nation and will inherit the cultures and customs that are in their environment, especially the family environment. Child Protection is an effort to protect children's human rights so that they can continue to grow and develop into the hope and successor of the nation and state. The family is formed on a sense of security, comfort and affection, unfortunately there are some children who get insecurity and coercion within the scope of their family. The method used in this research is a normative juridical approach, namely by conducting research based on legal materials or references by examining the theories and concepts of these legal materials relating to the legal principles of legislation related to this writing or research. This research aims to examine in depth the legal protection for victims of sexual violence against minors in the family environment, as well as identify problems and obstacles in the application of the Law in order to strengthen legal protection for victims. The results showed that the existing law is still weak with the lack of human resources equipped with special training in handling cases like this.