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The study, conducted in Tilong, aimed to collect data on pig farming. The study materials included phytase, wet pig manure, dry pig manure, pig manure diluted with distilled water, individual pig pens, and 16 fattening pigs. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), with 16 fattening pigs in each group, and each group was replicated four times. P0 was the basal diet (control group), P1 was supplemented with phytase at 1000 units/kg of feed, P2 with 1500 units of phytase/kg of feed, and P3 with 2000 units of phytase/kg of feed. The content of porcine polysaccharides (PBB) was also measured. Variables: PBB, feed intake, and feed conversion. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate all measurements. If significant differences were found, Duncan's multiple comparison test (DMRT) was used for further evaluation. The results showed no significant differences between feed conversion ratio, feed intake, and multiple bacterial colony formation rate (PBB) (P>0.05). Therefore, phytase addition at various levels did not significantly improve feed conversion ratio and PBB. The optimal enzyme addition was 1,500 units of phytase per kilogram of feed. This study concluded that further research could be conducted by increasing the enzyme addition level.

Indonesia is one of the countries with abundant availability of palm fiber composite, yet its application in advanced material technology remains limited. On the other hand, most motorcycle helmets available in the market are made from ABS plastic, which has limitations in impact energy absorption and may increase the risk of head injuries during accidents. This study aims to develop helmet composites based on palm fiber and epoxy resin by varying the fiber volume fractions (15%, 25%, and 35%) and alkali soaking durations (75, 150, 225, and 300 minutes). The impact strength test results showed that the combination of 35% fiber volume and 225-minute alkali soaking produced the highest specific impact energy (SIP) of 0.142 J/mm². As a comparison, SNI-compliant helmets made from ABS plastic only reached an EPS value of 0.00972 J/mm², indicating that palm fiber-based composite helmets could improve impact energy absorption efficiency by more than 14 times. The results conclude that increasing the fiber volume fraction and optimizing the alkali treatment duration significantly enhances the impact resistance, making ijuk-based composite helmets a promising alternative for safer and more eco-friendly protective gear.

In the development of a construction project, cost control is very important in the process of managing project costs. Many problems will be encountered in a construction project such as wasteful use of materials, unskilled labor and late completion of the project. This causes waste of costs that do not match the specified budget. In the construction project of the Rectorate of the Sorong City Health Polytechnic building, a budget of Rp. 36,570,996,788.55 is required. This study aims to make savings on previously planned costs, in addition to knowing the comparison of total project costs after analysis. The method used in this study is the Value Engineering method. The Value Engineering method is a method used to identify and eliminate unnecessary activities or reduce costs without reducing function. There are 4 stages of the work plan in this method, namely: Information Stage, Creative Stage, Analysis Stage, and Recommendation Stage. After conducting the Value Engineering analysis, savings of Rp. 654,875,786.25 or 1.79% of the total project cost were obtained. The analysis was conducted on the two highest-cost work items: wall and floor work. For the wall work, it was recommended that the HPL wall covering be replaced with plasterboard, while for the floor work, it was recommended that the 60x60 granite be replaced with 60x60 ceramic tiles.

The synchronization of mutex and semaphore mechanisms is an important technique in operating systems for managing concurrent resource access in multi-threaded environments. In the Android operating system, which relies on thread-based programming to maintain performance and responsiveness, these two mechanisms play a vital role in preventing race conditions and ensuring data integrity. A mutex is a locking object that ensures that only one thread can access a specific resource at a time, while a semaphore controls access to a limited number of resources by counting the number of threads that can access them simultaneously. In Android, these mechanisms are implemented using the Lock class for mutexes and the Semaphore class for semaphores, both of which can be used to control synchronization between threads in Android applications. This paper will discuss the application of these two mechanisms in the context of shared resource management, as well as a comparison of their performance and advantages in dealing with complex multi-threading scenarios on Android. Emphasis will also be placed on the challenges faced in using these two mechanisms in Android applications, as well as how proper programming can avoid deadlocks and improve application efficiency.

Background: Indonesia, as an agrarian country, has a large workforce engaged in physically demanding activities that increase the risk of myofascial pain. The prevalence of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) in the upper trapezius muscle in Indonesia reaches 40% annually, with a higher rate in women. This condition often causes complaints in the neck, shoulders, and lower back, leading to a decline in quality of life. Various management strategies exist, but many are less effective in the long term and carry potential side effects. Lidocaine, as a local anesthetic, offers an alternative therapy due to its simple procedure, affordable cost, rapid effect, and good safety profile; therefore, its effectiveness in managing myofascial pain needs to be evaluated. Methods: This study was an observational research with a prospective cohort design conducted at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital. Patients with myofascial pain who received lidocaine injections were followed for 4 weeks, and pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) to assess the relationship between lidocaine administration and pain reduction. Results: The study showed that lidocaine injection was effective in significantly reducing myofascial pain. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test produced negative Z values with p = 0.000 (<0.05) for all comparisons from pretest to the fourth week. The Friedman test also indicated significant differences between weeks (χ² = 9.731; p = 0.021), with optimal pain reduction observed in the second week. Although lidocaine provided significant analgesic effects, its effectiveness tended to decrease in subsequent weeks, indicating a short-term effect that should be combined with other interventions for sustained outcomes. Conclusion: Lidocaine injection proved effective in reducing pain among patients with myofascial pain syndrome, with the most optimal reduction occurring in the second week after therapy. The dominant factors influencing the outcomes were the relatively short duration of lidocaine’s action and individual variability in response. This implies that lidocaine can be used as an effective initial therapy, but should be combined with other interventions such as physiotherapy or activity modification to achieve more stable and sustainable pain management.

This study examines the role of classification, definition, and analogy as logical pillars that constitute the fundamental framework of knowledge. These three instruments of logic are closely interconnected in supporting the process of scientific reasoning. Classification functions to organize objects or phenomena into systematic categories, thereby facilitating identification. Definition provides clear boundaries of meaning to prevent conceptual ambiguity and ensure consistency of interpretation among researchers and practitioners. Meanwhile, analogy serves as a reasoning tool that bridges existing knowledge with new insights through rational comparison. This article employs a descriptive qualitative approach with a literature review of both classical and modern logic theories. The findings indicate that the integration of classification, definition, and analogy not only strengthens the consistency of scientific reasoning but also contributes significantly to education, communication, and the development of interdisciplinary knowledge. Thus, these three pillars of logic hold a strategic position in building a foundation of rationality and promoting the advancement of knowledge that is both comprehensive and applicablee.

This study examines the education systems of Japan and the United States with the aim of identifying their main characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses in addressing global challenges. The Japanese education system emphasizes discipline, cooperation, and character building as the foundation for academic achievement and moral development. Meanwhile, the American education system prioritizes creativity, freedom of expression, and an individual-centered approach that encourages critical thinking and innovation. The comparison reveals fundamental differences in educational philosophy and classroom practices, particularly in curriculum design, teacher-student interaction, and assessment methods. Despite these differences, both systems share a common vision of preparing competent and adaptable generations capable of contributing to the global society. The findings of this study are expected to provide valuable insights for the development of Indonesia’s education system, especially in formulating policies that combine Japan’s strong character-based education and the United States’ innovation-oriented learning. By integrating these strengths, Indonesia can create a more holistic and globally competitive education framework suitable for the 21st century.

This community service activity aims to improve the understanding and skills of the community of Selebung Village, Batukliang District, Central Lombok Regency, in using the Riset Inovasi (Rinov) application as a means of registration for the Liga Sinova competition. The main problem faced by the community is the limited information regarding technical procedures and competition requirements. The implementation methods included observation, coordination with village officials, material planning, and a one-day training session. The training began with a pre-test, presentation of material from the official module, a question and answer session, practice in registering for a Rinov account, and concluded with a post-test and group photo. The evaluation results showed an increase in participants' understanding, as seen from the comparison of pre-test and post-test scores with an increase of 25%, so that participants were able to register their accounts in a more focused manner. Additionally, this activity encouraged village officials to provide follow-up assistance, ensuring the program's sustainability. Thus, this training contributed to community empowerment through the use of the Rinov application and strengthened their participation in the Liga Sinova competition.

This contrastive linguistic study examines the phonological systems of Indonesian and English to identify areas of difficulty for Indonesian learners of English pronunciation. Through a systematic comparison of vowel and consonant inventories, phonotactic constraints, stress patterns, and prosodic features, this research identifies key points of interference that contribute to pronunciation challenges. The study employs acoustic analysis of speech samples from 120 Indonesian learners of English across different proficiency levels, combined with perceptual assessments by native English speakers. Findings reveal significant differences in vowel systems, consonant clusters, word stress placement, and intonation patterns that directly correlate with pronunciation difficulties. The research proposes a pedagogical framework that integrates principles of contrastive analysis with contemporary pronunciation teaching methodologies, including explicit phonological instruction, acoustic modelling, and technology-enhanced practice. The implications suggest that pronunciation instruction can be significantly improved through targeted interventions that address language-specific interference patterns while building on positive transfer opportunities.

Prenatal exercise plays a vital role in maintaining the physical and mental well-being of pregnant women. This activity helps reduce common discomforts such as back pain, enhances stamina, and strengthens pelvic muscles in preparation for childbirth. However, knowledge among pregnant women regarding safe and effective exercises remains limited. The lack of structured information often leads to uncertainty and discourages participation in physical activities during pregnancy. This condition highlights the need for well-directed and comprehensive physiotherapy education. This community service program was conducted in Building B of the Kedungkandang Community Health Center and involved 15 participants. A holistic approach was employed, combining interactive counseling to convey the theoretical benefits and safety of exercise, group discussions to share experiences, and practical demonstrations. The exercises demonstrated were carefully selected to be simple, safe, and easy to perform independently at home, ensuring continuity beyond the educational sessions. The results indicated a significant improvement in participants’ knowledge, as evidenced by the comparison between pre-test and post-test scores. This improvement reflects the growing awareness among pregnant women of the importance of maintaining fitness through structured and safe physical activity. Continuous education through a community physiotherapy approach is necessary to ensure consistent implementation of prenatal exercise and to support long-term behavioral changes toward better maternal health.

Bajakah stem (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) is one of the plants often used as traditional medicine. This plant is often used by the people of the interior of Kalimantan as a traditional medicine. The Dayak people know the bajakah stem plant as a medicine to increase stamina and cure various diseases, boiled water from bajakah stems can be used to cure diarrhea, dysentery, aches and pains, wounds, and other diseases and is even considered to cure cancer. This study aims to identify saponin compounds in ethanol extracts and n-hexane fractions of bajakah tampala stems (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk) using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the thin layer chromatography profile shows that the ethanol fraction produces seven spots with varying Rf values ​​(0.93; 0.80; 0.77; 0.75; 0.68; 0.63; and 0.56). Meanwhile, the n-hexane fraction only produced three spots with narrower Rf values ​​(0.56, 0.68, and 0.63). The comparison compound, sapogenin, had an Rf value of 0.98. This study concluded that ethanol was more effective than n-hexane in extracting bioactive compounds, especially saponins

This study aims to develop an interactive learning medium on the Gimkit platform with the topic of modal verbs at the A1 level. The research method applies a qualitative approach using the model of Richey & Klein (2017), which consists of three stages: (1) planning, (2) development, and (3) evaluation. The data source of this study is the book Grammatik aktiv A1–B1 by Friederike Jin and Ute Voß (2014), Chapter 5, pages 16–18, focusing on the topics: (1) conjugation of modal verbs in the present tense, (2) conjugation of modal verbs in the past tense, and (3) comparison of modal verbs in the present and past tenses. The learning medium was validated by a material expert with a score of 95 and by a media expert with a score of 90; both results fall into the category “very good.” Based on these results, the Gimkit learning medium on the topic of modal verbs is considered suitable and effective for teaching German at the A1 level in senior high schools, both for independent learning and for classroom instruction.

This study aims to determine the effect of using smart bottle media to improve the learning outcomes of Indonesian students in grade IV at MIN 10 Medan, which consist of two classes. The researcher took class IV-A and IV-B to be used as a sample, totaling 12 people as the experimental class and 12 people as the control class. This type of research is a quantitative experimental research (Quasi Experimental Design) with the Nonequevalent Control Group Design approach. Data collection techniques with observation, documentation, and test. Based on data analysis from research result werw obtained: 1) The Indonesian language learning result of students at MIN 10 Medan using picture story can be seen from the average final test (posttest) score in the control class, namely class IV-A, which obtained an average score of 48,33 and a standar deviation of 15,27.  3) The Indonesian language learning results of students at MIN 10 Medan using a smart bottle media can be seen from the average final test (posttest) score in the experimental class, namely class IV-B, which obtained an average score of 53,33 and a standard deviation of 16,69. 3) The process of implementing smart bottle media in Indonesian language subjects in class IV MIN 10 Medan is going well and can improve student learning outcome in Indonesian language subjects. This can be seen from comparison of learning outcomes between the experimental class and the control class, where the learning outcomes of students in the experimental class are higher than the learning outcomes of students in the control class.

This study aims to analyze the effect of variations in bi-LED projector power and the use of a voltage stabilizer on the luminous flux on a motorcycle. The luminous flux produced by a motorcycle lighting system plays a very important role in improving rider visibility and safety, especially at night. Therefore, this study uses a quantitative experimental method with a two-way factorial approach (Two-Way ANOVA) to test the effect of two main variables, namely the bi-LED projector power and the voltage stabilizer configuration. The power variables tested include three power levels, namely 35 W, 70 W, and 105 W, while the voltage stabilizer configuration includes three conditions, namely without a stabilizer, 14 V, and 14.5 V. Luminous flux measurements were carried out using a lux meter at a distance of five meters from the reflective surface, and the results were then combined into lumen units to facilitate comparison between power variations and stabilizers. The results showed that increasing the bi-LED projector power significantly increased the luminous flux produced. The 105 W power output produced the highest luminous flux, reaching 42,319 lumens when combined with a 14.5 V voltage stabilizer. This demonstrates that the combination of high power and proper voltage stabilizer use can improve the quality of motorcycle lighting. The very low P-value (0.000) and R² of 100% indicate that the predictive model used in this study is robust and reliable. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of using a voltage stabilizer in motorcycle lighting systems. A voltage stabilizer is not only a complementary device but also a crucial component for improving visibility and driving safety, especially at night. Therefore, proper use of a stabilizer can improve lighting performance and provide significant safety benefits.

Enteric bacterial infectious diseases such as Escherichia coli are still a serious health problem in many countries, mainly due to the increasing cases of antibiotic resistance that cause the effectiveness of conventional therapies to decline. This condition encourages the search for safer and more effective natural alternatives, one of which is propolis produced by the Trigona sp. bee Trigona sp. Propolis is known to contain a variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acid, which act as antimicrobials. This study aims to test the antibacterial activity of propolis extract against E. coli by the sumpray diffusion method. The results of the study showed that there was an inhibition zone that varied according to the concentration of the extract. At a concentration of 10%, an average inhibition zone of 19.85 mm (strong category), a 20% concentration of 22.35 mm (very strong), and a concentration of 30% reaches 26.62 mm (very strong). In comparison, the positive control of ciprofloxacin produced 21.25 mm of resistance, while the negative control (DMSO) showed no activity. ANOVA analysis confirmed significant differences between treatments (p < 0.05). These findings confirm that propolis extract has the potential to be developed as an effective natural antimicrobial agent.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the combination of oil viscosity and shock load on the compression characteristics of telescopic shock absorbers on motorcycles, which include depth, time, and compression speed parameters. The experiment was carried out using two levels of oil viscosity, namely 10 cSt and 15 cSt (equivalent to SAE 10W and SAE 15W), as well as two shock load variations, namely 40 kg and 50 kg, which were dropped vertically from a height of 30 cm. Compression depth measurements were carried out using a slow-motion camera at a speed of 240 fps and the results were validated using Kinovea software. Meanwhile, the compression time measurement is carried out with a stopwatch, and the compression speed is calculated from the results of the comparison between the compression depth and the compression time. The experimental data were analyzed using Minitab software with the Two-Way ANOVA method to determine the influence of each variable on response. The results of the analysis showed that oil viscosity and shock load had a significant influence on the compression depth, while the viscosity of the oil also significantly affected the compression speed. However, neither the viscosity of the oil nor the shock load exerted a significant influence on the compression time. To support the results of the experiment, a mass-spring-damper system theory model approach was used, which represents the dynamic behavior of shock absorbers. This model helps to explain the compression response to changes in fluid and load parameters theoretically. Based on the analysis of experimental results and model simulations, the optimal combination that provides the best performance is found in the use of oil viscosity of 10 cSt (SAE 10W) with a shock load of 50 kg.

Consistent and efficient concrete quality in each implementation is one of the main factors in the success of construction projects. Concrete as a structural material requires strict quality control in order to meet the technical standards that have been set. One way to improve the quality of concrete is to add certain additives to the job mix formula (JMF). This research is focused on the application of SG type additives known as chemical-based additives to improve the properties of fresh concrete and hard concrete. SG additives have an important function in increasing workability, speeding up or slowing down the binding time as needed, maintaining quality stability, and strengthening concrete finishes. In this study, a comparison was made between a concrete mixture with SG additives and a concrete mixture without additives. The tests included slump parameters, initial binding time, and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days of age. The test results showed a significant difference, especially in the improvement of the consistency and compressive strength of concrete with the use of additives. The results of the discussion showed a comparison of Trial Mix 1 and Trial Mix 2 that are different in terms of material composition, cost efficiency, and compressive strength of concrete. Trial Mix 2 with the composition of cement, admixture, water, and aggregate (sand and split) showed more optimal results. The compressive strength achieved was 821,396.00 kg/cm² at the age of 28 days. In terms of cost, Trial Mix 2 requires Rp. 351,582.00 per m³, with an efficiency difference of around Rp. 32,953.00 per m³ compared to the previous mix

Coal is an important energy source that is still widely used in industry, especially the power generation industry, because of its high energy content. However, in the process of handling and storage, coal has the characteristic of being easily oxidized, This oxidation process, if it occurs continuously, can cause internal heat accumulation which eventually triggers spontaneous combustion. This study aims to analyze changes in coal quality before and after spontaneous combustionto find out how spontaneous combustionaffects coal quality in stockpiles. The research method used is a quantitative method where the data from laboratory tests on coal quality before and after spontaneous combustionis analyzed, the comparison of coal quality in stockpile 10 before and after spontaneous combustionis then graphed to see changes in the quality of each parameter. Based on the results of the analysis of changes in coal quality before and after spontaneous combustion, there were significant changes to several coal quality parameters, namely Total Moisture which was originally from 7.06% to 5.50% (down by 1.56%), Moisture which was originally 3.91% to 3.22% (down by 0.69%), Ash Content which was originally 8.84% to 14.67% (up by 5.83%), Volatile Matter which was originally 39.77% to 35.10% (down by 4.67%),  Fixed Carbon from 47.48% to 47.01% (down by 0.47%), Sulphur from 0.55% to 0.46% (down by 0.9%), and Calorific value decreased from 6,921 to 6,289 kcal/kg (down by 632 kcal/kg). This decrease in quality has a direct effect on the selling value and efficiency of coal combustion. The existence of an analysis of changes in coal quality due to spontaneous combustioncan help companies to find out how much of an impact losses can be caused by the occurrence of spontaneous combustion. By considering the potential losses due to spontaneous combustion, the company will make efforts to prevent the occurrence of spontaneous combustion in the future to minimize the losses caused.

Work time is the amount of time determined to carry out a number of routine or ordinary activities carried out inside and outside the household in units of time or hours. Rubber farming and oil palm farming are farming activities that are in great demand in Indonesian society and are important crops as a source of income for farmers. The problem that can be identified in this study is how the outflow of labor based on gender on rubber and oil palm farms in North Amboyo Village, Ngabang Sub-district, Landak Regency. This research was conducted from March 18 to April 18, 2024. The research method in this study is the survey method. The population in this study were all rubber farmers and oil palm farmers in North Amboyo Village, Ngabang District, Landak Regency, totaling 31 rubber farmers and 42 oil palm farmers. The variables of this study consisted of the work time of rubber farmers and oil palm farmers producing which was calculated within one month. The data analysis technique used in this study is the T-Test (Independent Sample T-Test). t test results Sig value. (2-tailed) in the table is 0.000 so it can be said that there is a significant difference between the labor expenditure of rubber farmers and oil palm farmers. There is a significant difference in the comparison of labor expenditure based on gender in rubber and oil palm farming with the test results, namely the value of Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000. This means that of the two research objectives there is a significant difference in the comparison of labor expenditure of rubber farmers and oil palm farmers, as well as the comparison of labor expenditure based on gender in North Amboyo Village, Ngabang District, Landak Regency. Keywords: Farming, Labor, Oil Palm, Rubber.   Abstrak. Curahan waktu kerja adalah jumlah waktu yang ditentukan untuk melakukan sejumlah kegiatan rutin atau biasa dilakukan di dalam dan luar rumah tangga dalam satuan waktu atau jam. Usahatani karet dan kelapa sawit merupakan kegiatan yang banyak diminati masyarakat Indonesia dan merupakan tanaman penting sebagai sumber penghasilan bagi petani. Permasalahan yang diidentifikasi pada penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana curahan tenaga kerja berdasarkan gender pada usahatani karet dan kelapa sawit di Desa Amboyo Utara Kecamatan Ngabang Kabupaten Landak. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari bulan 18 Maret–18 April 2024. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survey. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh petani karet dan petani kelapa sawit yang berada di Desa Amboyo Utara Kecamatan Ngabang Kabupaten Landak sebanyak 31 petani karet dan 42 petani kelapa sawit. Variabel penelitian terdiri dari curahan waktu kerja petani karet dan petani kelapa sawit menghasilkan  yang dihitung dalam kurun waktu satu bulan. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Uji-T (Independent Sample T-Test). Hasil uji t nilai Sig. (2-tailed) pada tabel yaitu 0.000 sehingga bisa dikatakan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara curahan tenaga kerja petani karet dan petani kelapa sawit. Perbedaan yang signifikan pada perbandingan curahan tenaga kerja berdasarkan gender pada usahatani karet dan kelapa sawit dengan hasil uji yaitu nilai Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000. Artinya dari dua tujuan penelitian tersebut terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada perbandingan curahan tenaga kerja petani karet dan petani kelapa sawit, serta  perbandingan curahan tenaga kerja berdasarkan gender di Desa Amboyo Utara Kecamatan Ngabang Kabupaten Landak.

This research  examines the transfiguration of Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels, with particular emphasis on the theological distinctiveness of the Gospel of Mark. The study employs a qualitative method using a literature review approach, focusing on narrative analysis, textual comparison, and theological reflection. The analysis shows that although Matthew, Mark, and Luke present the transfiguration event, each Gospel offers distinctive features in wording, narrative structure, and theological emphasis. Mark presents the transfiguration in a concise form, portraying Jesus as the messianic Son of God and as a prophet like Moses, while highlighting the apocalyptic and symbolic aspects of this divine encounter. From Mark’s perspective, the transfiguration serves as a prefiguration of Jesus’ resurrection and a revelation of His messianic identity, which in the Greco-Roman context may be understood as apotheosis—the elevation of a human into divinity. This study affirms that the transfiguration in Mark is not only a historical event but also a theological event that encompasses eschatological and christological dimensions, as well as a reflection on divine hiddenness. In conclusion, the transfiguration is understood as a manifestation of Jesus’ hidden glory within suffering, confirming that the path to resurrection and glory must pass through the cross. This article contributes to biblical and theological studies by demonstrating how Mark articulates a unique christology, one that remains relevant for contemporary Christian faith and opens avenues for further exploration through apocalyptic theology and scriptural intertextuality.