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Sexual violence against children and women in Indonesia remains a critical issue with lasting physical, psychological, and social consequences for victims. This study aims to analyze existing legal protection efforts for child and female victims of sexual violence, identify regulatory and implementation weaknesses, and formulate policy recommendations. Employing a normative legal research design with a doctrinal‑descriptive approach, it reviews legislation, scholarly literature, and court decisions. The findings reveal that despite legal frameworks such as Law No. 35/2014 on Child Protection and relevant Criminal Code provisions, significant gaps persist in offense categorization, victims’ access to legal aid services, and inter‑agency coordination. The implications highlight the need for regulatory refinement, strengthened reporting mechanisms, and enhanced capacity of law enforcement and legal aid institutions to ensure comprehensive victim protection.  

Knee stiffness is one of the most common complications experienced by patients with tibial fractures. It can weaken and limit accessory joint movement, inhibit muscle activation, impair gait pattern, and reduce the overall physiological range of motion. Surgical procedures may also affect functional capacity and decrease quality of life due to limitations in the patient's activities of daily living (ADL).This case report aims to explore the management and effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions in a case of knee stiffness. A single-subject research design was used to observe a patient, Mr. JP, aged 53 years, who complained of stiffness, pain, and muscle weakness in the left knee (genu sinistra) following trauma. The study was conducted in February 2025. Physiotherapy sessions were carried out every three days, for a total of four sessions. Interventions included Infrared therapy, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), and exercise therapy in the form of passive forced exercises, hold-relax techniques, and active resisted exercises.Progress was observed from session T1 to T4, assessed through various parameters: pain levels measured by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), muscle strength evaluated using Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), range of motion (ROM) assessed with a goniometer, and functional ability measured using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire. The physiotherapy intervention using Infrared, TENS, and therapeutic exercises (passive forced, hold-relax, and active resisted) showed improvements in reducing pain, increasing muscle strength, enhancing joint ROM, and improving ADL performance in a patient with post-tibial fracture knee stiffness.

This research explores the key challenges in child protection efforts carried out by UNICEF in armed conflict areas, focusing on the case of the Central African Republic (CAR). It adopts a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design, drawing on a literature review of UNICEF reports, UN documents, academic publications, and other credible sources. The analysis reveals that child protection failures stem not only from technical obstacles in the field but also from deeper structural problems, including the state’s weak presence, political compromises with armed groups, and limited institutional capacity. Three major categories of barriers are identified: structural and access-related obstacles, socio-cultural and political constraints, and institutional and operational limitations. UNICEF faces significant challenges in reaching high-risk areas, gaining community trust, and ensuring program sustainability amid high dependence on external funding. Using the human security framework, this research highlights the need to understand child protection in conflict zones as a multidimensional issue requiring a long-term, contextualized approach that strengthens state structures and empowers local communities.

The National Health Insurance (JKN) program, managed by BPJS Kesehatan, has formed strategic partnerships with micro and small enterprises (MSEs) to support the national healthcare service ecosystem. However, the accumulation of unsettled receivables from BPJS to its MSE partners has created significant challenges to the financial stability of this sector. Based on 2023 data, over 449,000 micro and small businesses were recorded as having outstanding receivables, with a total value exceeding IDR 2 trillion. This study adopts a descriptive quantitative approach to examine the impact of these receivables on the liquidity, solvency, and productivity of MSEs. The findings reveal that although most receivables are classified as “current,” payment delays continue to disrupt cash flow, reduce production capacity, and increase the risk of default. The analysis is grounded in the theoretical frameworks of receivables management, cash flow theory, institutional economics, and the strategic contribution of MSEs to national GDP. The results highlight the urgent need for payment system reform within BPJS, the provision of short-term financial facilities, and the implementation of delay compensation policies to ensure the sustainability of Indonesia’s micro and small enterprise sector.

Mining roads play an important role in supporting the smooth running of mining activities, especially in the process of transporting materials. The bearing capacity of the soil as a road subgrade greatly affects the stability and resistance of the road to heavy equipment loads. This study aims to analyze the effect of the plasticity index and compaction parameters on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value, as well as to determine the thickness of the road layer based on the laboratory CBR value. Testing was carried out at the South Pit of PT. Bina Sarana Sukses site PT. Baramulti Suksessarana with a field test method using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) and laboratory tests such as proctor tests, Atterberg limit tests, and CBR tests on various variations of clay and sand soil mixtures. The results showed that increasing the plasticity index decreased the CBR value, while increasing the maximum dry density and decreasing the optimum water content increased the CBR value. Based on the laboratory CBR value, recommendations were obtained for the appropriate road layer thickness to ensure optimal bearing capacity for heavy equipment passing through the research area.

Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) have become a fundamental component of healthcare digitization, offering improved accuracy, accessibility, and efficiency in patient data management. However, the adoption of EMR systems often encounters varied acceptance levels among healthcare workers, particularly in outpatient services where workflow integration is crucial. This study evaluates the implementation of an outpatient EMR system at RSAU dr. Siswanto, Indonesia, using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework. The research aims to explore users’ perceived usefulness, ease of use, attitude toward usage, behavioral intention, and actual system usage in daily operations. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis involving doctors, nurses, and medical record staff. The findings reveal that although the EMR system is generally perceived as beneficial for improving documentation and efficiency, several challenges persist, including incomplete feature utilization, limited training, and inconsistent user adaptation across roles. Additionally, network instability and technical downtime were noted as barriers to system reliability. Overall, the study underscores that perceived ease of use and continuous institutional support significantly influence EMR acceptance. These insights highlight the need for targeted capacity building and iterative system development to ensure effective EMR integration in outpatient settings.

The tobacco processing industry plays a strategic role in the economy through its contribution to excise revenues, yet it also faces serious challenges such as the proliferation of illegal cigarettes and limited capacity among small-scale entrepreneurs. This study aims to analyze the implementation of tobacco industry empowerment policies in Sidoarjo Regency using Michael Hill’s implementation theory, which includes five variables: policy characteristics, policy transfer process, inter-organizational relationships, external environment, and target group response. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. The findings show that policies such as SIINas, SIHT, and WASDAL have been implemented but remain suboptimal due to technical, coordinative, and social constraints. Business actors appreciate the empowerment programs but still face technical difficulties, market distortion due to illegal products, and a lack of continuous assistance. Therefore, increased institutional synergy, enhanced digital systems, and consistent law enforcement against illegal cigarettes are recommended to create a healthy and competitive industrial climate..

This research aims to examine the Islamic economic perspective on home-based businesses in improving the welfare of the people on Miang Island, as well as tracing their development and supporting and inhibiting factors. The method used is field research with a qualitative approach and descriptive techniques, with data obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation from primary and secondary sources. The results show that home-based businesses make a real contribution to improving the community's economy by utilizing local potential and applying Islamic values such as honesty, trustworthiness, and fairness in their management. This business is growing rapidly and has become the main alternative to increase family income, while encouraging local economic empowerment. Family support in running the business provides efficiency and strengthens the sense of community, and is supported by community loyalty as regular customers. However, challenges faced include limited capital to expand the business, instability in raw material prices, and competition from larger businesses. These constraints often prevent businesses from increasing their production capacity and reaching a wider market.

Human trafficking is the violation of human rights through violence, deception and coercion. Cambodia is one of the countries in Southeast Asia with a high rate of human trafficking. ASEAN then took action by establishing the ASEAN Convention Against Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children (ACTIP) as an effort to prevent and protect victims of human trafficking. This study shows that although the ACTIP provides a legal framework, its implementation still faces obstacles, weak institutional capacity, cross-country complexity issues, and lack of collaboration between ASEAN countries. The effectiveness of ACTIP then becomes important in assessing ASEAN's commitment in addressing human trafficking as a whole. Increased coordination between member states, strengthening law enforcement agencies are key in implementing ACTIP in the ASEAN region. 

This paper aims to examine the importance of needs assessment in planning Guidance and Counseling programs in educational units. Based on a literature review of various empirical articles and reviews, it is known that needs assessment is the main foundation in designing effective, contextual, and responsive guidance services to students' needs at the private, social, academic, and career levels. This study method uses a systematic literature review approach and content analysis of 10 academic articles from national and international journals. The results show that the success of the BK program is highly dependent on the implementation of accurate and integrative assessments, especially in the digital era and multicultural society. The conclusion of this study recommends strengthening the capacity of BK teachers in conducting assessments based on data and digital technology.

This paper examines the legal framework and practical implementation of using Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) as fiduciary collateral in Indonesia. The study identifies existing legal uncertainties and administrative challenges that hinder the optimization of IPRs as collateral objects, such as the absence of technical implementation regulations and limited awareness among stakeholders. Through normative legal analysis supported by empirical evidence, this research explores how the current fiduciary security law can be adapted to better accommodate IPRs, highlighting the potential for IPRs to enhance access to finance, particularly for creative economy actors. The paper also presents solutions, including the need for clear implementing regulations, capacity-building among stakeholders, and stronger coordination among government institutions. Ultimately, the research emphasizes the strategic importance of integrating IPRs into financial mechanisms and proposes actionable steps for regulatory and institutional reform.  

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the Problem-Based Learning paradigm is used in social studies classes at SMPN 37 Samarinda and to determine the elements that facilitate and hinder its adoption. This study focuses on the use of problem-based learning to help students improve their communication, teamwork, and critical thinking skills. It is hoped that by understanding how Problem-Based Learning is applied in social studies education, this study will help teachers optimize more creative and successful teaching strategies and assist in the creation of learning tactics that are more in line with the needs of contemporary students. The application of the Problem-Based Learning paradigm in social studies classes at SMPN 37 Samarinda was examined in this study using qualitative methodology. Data collection techniques included recording, interviews, and observations. The findings of the study indicate that the use of the problem-based learning paradigm in SMP Negeri 37 Samarinda in teaching social studies effectively develops students' capacity for critical, imaginative, and cooperative thinking. Problem-based learning has succeeded in encouraging active student involvement through problem-based learning stages, supported by a curriculum that is adaptive to student needs, adequate resources, trained teachers, and a conducive learning environment, although it still faces obstacles such as limited time, resources, and student motivation.

The mangrove forest at Litianak Beach, Holulai Village, Loaholu Subdistrict, Rote Ndao Regency, is a coastal ecosystem with high ecological and economic value. However, this area faces various challenges, including land conversion, overexploitation, and low community awareness of the importance of mangrove ecosystem conservation. This study aims to analyze the role of local institutions in the management of mangrove forest natural resources using a qualitative approach through field research methods. The research focuses on four key institutional aspects: context, structure, behavior, and performance.The findings indicate that mangrove management in Litianak Beach involves synergy between the village government, Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), the Welaleo customary group, and the local community. This institutional structure has proven effective in raising public awareness and reducing illegal logging activities through customary regulations such as Papadak. However, challenges such as economic pressures, tourist waste, and uncertain access to mangrove resources remain obstacles that need to be addressed. The performance of the management shows positive results, marked by increasing community participation in conservation efforts and the development of sustainable mangrove resource utilization.This study highlights the importance of a participatory and culturally rooted local institutional approach in sustaining the mangrove ecosystem while improving the welfare of coastal communities. Strengthening institutional capacity and providing intensive environmental education are essential to ensure more effective and sustainable mangrove management in the future.

This study aims to analyze the management of the learning environment at RA Husna Al Fauzan Binjai in creating a conducive learning space for early childhood development. The method used is descriptive qualitative with techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that the management of the learning environment at RA Husna Al Fauzan adheres to early childhood education (ECE) pedagogical principles, encompassing physical space arrangement, the availability of educational play equipment, and the establishment of a supportive social climate. However, several challenges were identified, such as limited space and resources, which need to be addressed through parent collaboration and enhanced teacher capacity. This study recommends the need for a more systematic and sustainable management strategy to create a holistic learning environment.  

This study explores the complexities of managing Digital Economic Corridors (DECs) within the framework of international cooperation and regional integration. It highlights the necessity of multi-level governance structures that coordinate national, regional, and international stakeholders to ensure effective corridor management. The research identifies critical challenges including policy misalignment, regulatory fragmentation, digital sovereignty conflicts, and significant capacity gaps in developing countries. Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) are underscored as key drivers of infrastructure development, but require robust oversight to ensure inclusivity and accountability. The study emphasizes that digital sovereignty issues complicate multilateral cooperation by creating competing regulatory regimes and geopolitical tensions. Moreover, capacity limitations in developing nations impede equitable participation in DECs, necessitating sustained international support in digital literacy, policy development, and institutional strengthening. Ultimately, the findings suggest that balanced governance, harmonized regulations, and inclusive capacity-building are essential to unlocking the full potential of DECs as instruments for regional economic growth and digital integration.

The Family Hope Program (PKH) is a social protection policy aimed at reducing poverty through conditional cash transfers to low-income families. This study analyzes the implementation of PKH in Kedungrejo Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency, using a descriptive qualitative approach and the policy implementation theory by Van Meter and Van Horn. The findings indicate that the implementation of PKH has been effective, as seen in the implementers’ understanding of the program, inter-agency communication, and stable socio-political support. However, challenges remain, including delays in fund disbursement, limited technical capacity at the sub-district level, and public dissatisfaction with beneficiary data validation. Therefore, the study recommends a more structured disbursement schedule, improved technical capacity of implementers, and the involvement of community leaders in the data collection process to ensure better targeting and sustainability of the program.

Pulmonary function disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remain major public health challenges, particularly in densely populated urban areas like Kapuk, Cengkareng, which are characterized by high exposure to air pollution and smoking habits. Early detection using spirometry is a crucial preventive strategy to identify respiratory dysfunction before the onset of clinical symptoms. This community engagement program aimed to conduct lung function screening using spirometric evaluation, focusing on the FEV1/FVC ratio (FEV1%) as a primary indicator. The program was conducted in Kapuk, Cengkareng, involving 64 participants from the public. Spirometry was used to measure Vital Capacity (VC), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1), and the FEV1/FVC ratio. Activities began with community outreach, participant registration, brief anamnesis, and standardized spirometry procedures performed by trained health professionals. The results were immediately shared with participants along with individualized health education. Most participants were female (68.7%), with a mean age of 41.86 years. The average VC was 2.62 L, FVC 2.36 L, and FEV1 2.10 L. The mean FEV1/FVC ratio (FEV1%) was 91.66% (SD = 8.07), indicating that all participants (100%) had normal pulmonary function. These findings demonstrate that spirometry effectively provides an objective overview of respiratory health status and serves as a preventive monitoring tool. Spirometry-based pulmonary screening represents an effective preventive intervention to increase community awareness of respiratory health. The FEV1% value has been proven to be a vital parameter for early assessment of lung function. This program offers a replicable model for community-based early detection strategies in other high-risk urban areas. Keywords: Spirometry, FEV1%, Lung Function, Early Detection, Community Service

This abstract analyzes the urgency of criminal law policy in tackling the rapidly evolving transnational cybercrime. The rapid advancement of information and communication technology has created increasingly complex, cross-border, and difficult-to-detect cybercrime modus operandi. Indonesia, as part of the global community, faces serious challenges in formulating and implementing effective regulations to combat these crimes. This research aims to identify the challenges of criminal law in Indonesia in dealing with transnational cybercrime and to formulate adaptive strategies to strengthen the existing legal framework. Normative-empirical research methods are employed with a case study approach, legislative analysis, and international legal comparison. The findings indicate that the harmonization of national laws with international standards, enhancement of law enforcement capacity, and strengthening of inter-state cooperation are key. Innovation in criminal law approaches is also needed, focusing not only on prosecution but also on prevention and recovery of losses. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive reform in criminal law policy, encompassing substantive, procedural, and institutional aspects, to create a system responsive to the dynamics of transnational cybercrime.

In the era of rapid digital transformation, digital sovereignty has become a strategic issue for ASEAN countries, including Indonesia. Digital sovereignty encompasses a country's ability to manage data, technological infrastructure, and information systems independently without foreign intervention. This study aims to analyze Indonesia's strategies in strengthening digital sovereignty through regional cooperation within ASEAN. A descriptive qualitative approach is employed to illustrate the dynamics of Indonesia’s domestic and regional policies, with data obtained from literature studies, official government documents, and international publications related to cybersecurity. The findings indicate that Indonesia is actively developing national policies such as the Personal Data Protection Act (PDP Law), building national digital infrastructure, and launching strategic projects such as the SATRIA-1 Satellite. At the regional level, Indonesia plays an active role in forums such as the ASEAN Digital Ministers' Meeting (ADGMIN) and ASEAN-CERT, as well as initiating the establishment of the ASEAN Digital Resilience Task Force. However, significant challenges remain, including institutional fragmentation at the national level, digital infrastructure gaps, limited human resources, and varying political commitments among ASEAN member states. This study concludes that Indonesia's strategy must be accompanied by strengthened inter-agency coordination, capacity building of human resources, and harmonization of regional digital policies to create a secure, sovereign, and inclusive ASEAN digital ecosystem.

The Padat Karya (Labor-Intensive) Program is one of the strategies implemented by the Surabaya City Government to reduce poverty through local economic empowerment. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Paving Production Padat Karya Program in Siwalankerto Sub-District, Wonocolo District, Surabaya City. The research used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The analysis was based on Van Meter and Van Horn’s policy implementation model, which includes six indicators: policy standards and objectives, resources, inter-organizational communication, characteristics of implementing agents, social-economic-political environment, and disposition of implementers. The findings indicate that the program has not been implemented optimally. There is a lack of measurable operational indicators, limited available resources, and ineffective inter-agency coordination. Moreover, the absence of a dedicated implementation unit and weak affirmative policy support have hindered the program's sustainability. Both implementers and participants tend to be passive due to the lack of tangible economic outcomes. The study recommends strengthening institutional frameworks, improving capacity, and developing affirmative market-based policies to ensure the program's sustainability.