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This study aims to examine the influence of financial performance ratios—namely, the liquidity ratio (Current Ratio/CR), solvency ratio (Debt to Asset Ratio/DAR), and activity ratio (Total Asset Turnover/TATO)—on the return on assets (ROA) of companies in the automotive sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2020–2023. Employing a quantitative research approach with purposive sampling, the study focuses on automotive sector companies that met specific criteria over the observed time span. Data analysis was conducted using EViews version 13 software, and the methodology included descriptive statistics, panel data estimation, classical assumption tests, panel data regression analysis, t-tests (for partial effects), F-tests (for simultaneous effects), and coefficient of determination (R²) tests. The partial test results reveal that the liquidity ratio (CR) has a negative but statistically insignificant effect on ROA, indicating that higher liquidity does not necessarily enhance profitability. Similarly, the solvency ratio (DAR) demonstrates a negative and insignificant effect on ROA, suggesting that increased debt levels are not significantly associated with lower returns. In contrast, the activity ratio (TATO) has a positive and significant effect on ROA, implying that better asset utilization contributes positively to profitability. When tested simultaneously, the combination of CR, DAR, and TATO shows a positive and significant influence on ROA, indicating that these financial ratios collectively impact the profitability of automotive companies. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how internal financial indicators relate to profitability in the automotive sector and can inform management decisions and investor evaluations.

This study aims to analyze the influence of learning interest, learning discipline, and critical thinking skills on student learning outcomes in the Simple Financial Processing subject for class XI MPLB at SMK PGRI 2 Sidoarjo. Learning outcomes are understood as skills or abilities acquired by students after participating in the learning process, the success of which is measured through scores in the form of numbers, symbols, or letters. Three factors selected in this study as independent variables are learning interest, learning discipline, and critical thinking skills. This type of research is quantitative research with an explanatory approach, which aims to explain the cause-and-effect relationship between these variables. The population in this study were all 102 class XI MPLB students. The sampling technique used non-probability sampling with a total sampling type, so that the entire population was sampled. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to students. The data obtained were then analyzed using SPSS version 27 software. Before conducting multiple linear regression analysis, validity and reliability tests were first conducted to ensure that the instruments used were appropriate and consistent in measuring the variables studied. The analysis results show that the three independent variables—learning interest, learning discipline, and critical thinking skills—have a significant influence on student learning outcomes. Therefore, it can be concluded that improvements in these three aspects will positively impact student learning outcomes in the subjects studied.

Financial statements play an important role in providing relevant, reliable, and trustworthy financial information to stakeholders. Although auditors are responsible for ensuring the fairness of these statements, cases of undetected financial fraud still occur. This research seeks to empirically examine the effect of experience and time budget pressure on the auditor’s ability to detect fraud, with an understanding of red flags as a moderating variable. The research was conducted on auditors who work in Public Accounting Firms (PAFs) in Bali. The sample was determined using purposive sampling technique and 94 auditors were obtained as a sample. Data was collected through a survey method using a structured questionnaire distributed to respondents. The analytical methods used include multiple linear regression analysis and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results showed that experience has a positive effect, and time budget pressure has a negative effect on the auditor’s’ ability to detect fraud. Furthermore, red flags strengthen the effect of experience and time budget pressure on the auditor’s ability to detect fraud. The findings provide valuable insights for auditors to manage their work focus effectively and for public accounting firms to allocate audit time proportionally, ensuring optimal awareness of red flags even under high time pressure.

This study explores the impact of organizational commitment, rewards, and punishment on employee performance at Perum DAMRI Bandar Lampung, a branch of the state-owned enterprise specializing in land transportation services for passengers and cargo. The research arises from the necessity to improve employee performance by leveraging both internal and external motivational factors, including employee loyalty, reward systems, and disciplinary actions. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected through a structured survey distributed to 168 active employees of the organization. The collected data were then analyzed using multiple linear regression through SPSS version 24. The study found that organizational commitment and rewards have a significant and positive influence on employee performance. These findings support the proposed hypotheses and highlight the importance of fostering employee loyalty and implementing an effective reward system to boost performance outcomes. In contrast, the analysis revealed that punishment does not have a significant positive effect on employee performance. This suggests that punitive measures alone may not be effective in encouraging desired work behaviors or improving overall performance. Based on these findings, it is recommended that Perum DAMRI Bandar Lampung prioritize initiatives that strengthen organizational commitment and develop a fair, transparent, and performance-based reward system. Such efforts are likely to enhance employee motivation and productivity. Additionally, the current approach to punishment should be critically evaluated to determine its role and effectiveness in supporting performance goals. A more constructive disciplinary framework may be needed to align with modern human resource management practices. This study contributes to the broader understanding of performance management in state-owned enterprises, especially in the transportation sector.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of stock price fluctuations in manufacturing companies, which reflect market instability, both internal and external to the company. These volatile stock price changes create uncertainty for investors, particularly when financial performance indicators such as Return on Assets (ROA), Current Ratio (CR), and Net Profit Margin (NPM) show varying results across companies and time periods. Strong financial performance is usually a positive signal for investors, but inconsistencies in these indicators raise doubts in investment decision-making. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of ROA, CR, and NPM on stock prices in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2021 to 2024. This study uses a quantitative approach with a causal research type, where the data used are secondary data obtained from the companies' annual financial reports. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, with certain criteria, resulting in a sample of 85 companies. With an observation period of four years, a total of 340 observations were analyzed. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 30 software. The results of the analysis indicate that, partially, ROA and CR have a significant influence on stock prices. This means that increasing the efficiency of asset use and the company's ability to meet short-term obligations are important factors considered by investors. However, NPM does not have a significant influence partially on stock prices. Nevertheless, all three variables simultaneously have a significant influence on stock prices. This finding has important implications for company management, namely that increasing asset efficiency and optimal liquidity management can strengthen a company's attractiveness to investors by improving credible financial performance.

Food and beverage companies play a vital role in the Indonesian economy, despite facing various challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices and intense market competition. Return on Assets (ROA) is used as an indicator to assess a company's profitability performance, which is crucial for determining the extent to which a company can generate profits from its assets. This study aims to analyze the effect of three financial variables, namely the current ratio (CR), debt to equity ratio (DER), and working capital turnover (WCT), on return on assets in food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2020-2024 period. The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach with data analysis techniques that include classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing, and coefficient of determination tests. The sample used in this study was 31 food and beverage companies selected using purposive sampling techniques based on certain criteria. The results of the study indicate that (1) debt to equity ratio and working capital turnover partially have a significant effect on return on assets, while the current ratio does not have a significant effect on return on assets. (2) Simultaneously, the current ratio, debt to equity ratio, and working capital turnover have a significant effect on return on assets in food and beverage companies listed on the IDX. The findings of this study state that the DER and WCT variables have a strong influence on ROA, which means that both are important factors in improving the profitability performance of companies in the food and beverage sector. Thus, the results of this study can provide insight for company managers and investors in making decisions related to financial management to maximize company profitability.

This study examines how Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance influences financial distress, incorporating cost of debt as a moderating variable. Financial distress is proxied by the Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR), reflecting a firm’s capacity to satisfy interest payments. The empirical sample consists of 655 firm-year observations of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2023. Panel regression with fixed effects and heteroskedasticity-consistent estimation (Panel EGLS with cross-section weights) is employed to analyze the data. Results indicate that ESG performance exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on ICR (β = 0.1189; p < 0.01), implying that firms with robust ESG practices are better able to service their debt and thus face lower financial distress. Additionally, the interaction term between ESG and cost of debt yields a negative and significant coefficient (β = −0.9714; p < 0.05), suggesting that elevated financing costs attenuate the beneficial impact of ESG on financial resilience. These findings are consistent with stakeholder theory, which advocates that proactive engagement with stakeholders enhances corporate stability, and trade-off theory, which underscores the necessity of balancing debt advantages against financial risk. This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating the conditional effect of cost of debt on the ESG–financial distress nexus. From a managerial perspective, the study underscores the importance of integrating ESG initiatives with cost-efficient funding strategies to mitigate financial distress risk and foster sustainable, long-term value creation.

This study aims to analyze the contribution of the life insurance sector to economic growth and financial system stability in Indonesia during the period from 2013 to 2022. Using a quantitative approach and linear regression method, the study finds a positive and statistically significant relationship between life insurance premiums and real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. Additionally, the life insurance sector acts as a long-term funding provider that supports financial market stability through investments in financial instruments such as government bonds. These findings indicate that the life insurance industry not only offers financial protection for individuals but also serves as a key pillar of economic development and financial system resilience. The study recommends enhancing insurance inclusion, financial literacy, and strengthening regulation and corporate governance in life insurance companies to fully leverage their potential contribution to Indonesia’s economy

The issue of climate change and increasing public awareness of the importance of environmental sustainability are driving the tourism industry to adopt sustainable practices. One such effort is the use of environmentally friendly products or green products in its operations. BudiSun Resort Maumere, located in East Nusa Tenggara, is one resort that has implemented environmentally friendly principles in its services and facilities. However, further research is needed to determine the extent to which these practices influence consumer behavior, particularly in terms of purchase intention. This study aims to analyze the influence of green products, brand image, and environmental awareness on consumer purchase intention at BudiSun Resort Maumere. The research approach used was quantitative with a survey method. The sample in this study consisted of 150 respondents who had stayed at the resort. The instrument used was a questionnaire with a Likert scale, and the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 25 software. The analysis results showed that all three independent variables—green product, brand image, and environmental awareness—simultaneously had a significant effect on purchase intention, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.827 and an F-value of 231.894 at a significance level of 0.000. Partially, brand image (β = 0.321; sig = 0.000) and environmental awareness (β = 0.651; sig = 0.000) had a positive and significant effect on purchase intention. However, green product (β = –0.056; sig = 0.354) did not show a significant effect. These findings suggest that while the use of environmentally friendly products is important, the strength of brand image and consumer environmental awareness play a greater role in influencing consumer intention to revisit resort services. Therefore, sustainable tourism marketing strategies should emphasize strengthening brand image and environmental education.

Penyakit jantung merupakan salah satu penyakit dengan angka kematian tertinggi di negara maju bahkan dunia. Penyakit jantung dapat mengancam jiwa jika tidak ditangani dengan serius. Jumlah penderita penyakit jantung meningkat setiap tahunnya. Penyakit jantung dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, yang utama adalah konsumsi alkohol berlebihan, kebiasaan merokok, dan faktor keturunan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi dan mencegah penyakit jantung sejak dini menggunakan algoritma pembelajaran mesin, yaitu regresi logistik. Data yang digunakan untuk pelatihan dan pengujian algoritma regresi logistik sebanyak 1.190 data, yang terbagi menjadi 80% data pelatihan dan 20% data pengujian. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa model dapat memprediksi dengan akurasi sebesar 86%. Setelah model dibuat, model tersebut diimplementasikan ke dalam situs web. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada diagnostik yang dapat membantu deteksi dini penyakit jantung.

This study aims to identify and measure the influence of customer relationships, customer satisfaction, and brand image on customer loyalty at Ryandini’s Sweet Chicken Claw business, located in Sei Sijenggi Village, Hamlet III, Perbaungan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. A quantitative research method was employed, with data collected through observation, documentation, and questionnaires. The questionnaires used a Likert scale as a measurement tool to assess respondents’ opinions accurately. Data analysis was conducted using several stages, including validity and reliability tests, classical assumption testing, and multiple linear regression analysis, processed through SPSS version 22. These methods were used to ensure the validity of the instrument and the consistency of the findings. The research findings demonstrate that customer relationships have a significant and positive effect on customer loyalty. Customers who feel connected and valued by the business are more likely to remain loyal. Likewise, customer satisfaction—reflecting the extent to which customers' expectations are met or exceeded—has a strong and positive influence on loyalty. In addition, the brand image of the business, which encompasses customer perceptions and reputation of the product, also significantly influences loyalty in a positive direction. Furthermore, the simultaneous analysis of customer relationships, customer satisfaction, and brand image shows that all three variables jointly have a significant and positive impact on customer loyalty. This means that enhancing these three factors can strengthen customer retention and long-term commitment. These results provide valuable insights for small business owners in the food and beverage industry. Focusing on building strong relationships with customers, consistently delivering satisfaction, and maintaining a positive brand image are essential strategies to increase loyalty. For Ryandini’s Sweet Chicken Claw and similar businesses, these findings offer practical guidance for developing customer-centered marketing strategies in an increasingly competitive market.

This study was conducted at Bio Live Healthy Home, located in Sei Bamban District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. The primary objective of this research is to determine how lifestyle, reference groups, and consumer attitudes influence the decision to use services offered by the institution. In a rapidly growing health and wellness industry, understanding consumer behavior is essential to improve service quality and increase customer engagement. To achieve the research objectives, the study employed a survey method with a quantitative approach. The target population consisted of service users, and a sample of 92 respondents was selected. Data collection was carried out through a combination of observation, interviews, documentation, and the distribution of structured questionnaires. The questionnaire was designed to capture variables related to lifestyle, reference groups, attitudes, and service usage decisions. Before conducting the main analysis, the data were tested for validity and reliability to ensure that the instrument accurately measured what it intended to measure. Furthermore, classical assumption tests, including normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity tests, were conducted to confirm the feasibility of using a multiple linear regression model. The analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results of the study revealed that lifestyle, reference groups, and attitudes each had a significant and positive influence on the decision to use services at Bio Live Healthy Home. This indicates that individuals with health-conscious lifestyles, influenced by their social environment and holding positive attitudes toward wellness services, are more likely to engage with the services offered. Moreover, these three factors collectively contributed to a meaningful explanation of the variation in consumer decisions. In conclusion, the findings highlight the importance for service providers to consider psychological and social factors when designing marketing strategies.

Transparent, accountable, and efficient regional financial management is a key responsibility in ensuring good governance. One of the government’s efforts to realize this is through the implementation of an accounting information system known as the Regional Government Information System SIPD, which plays a critical role in planning, budgeting, and financial reporting within local governments. However, the success of SIPD implementation depends not only on the quality of the system itself, but also on the level of user acceptance and usage. This study aims to examine the influence of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and trust on the acceptance of SIPD use at the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency BPKAD of Karangasem Regency. The sample was determined using non-probability purposive sampling, with 36 employees who use SIPD as respondents. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and trust have a positive effect on SIPD acceptance. This suggests that when the system is perceived to improve performance, productivity, and effectiveness; simplify tasks; be easy to use, understand, and learn; enhance user skills; be trustworthy; and provide security and protection, user interest, satisfaction, and usage frequency will increase. Theoretically, this study supports the Technology Acceptance Model TAM in explaining the influence of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and trust on SIPD acceptance. Practically, the findings can be used as input and evaluation material for further SIPD development.

This study aims to analyze the influence of business capital, product pricing, and the utilization of e-commerce on the income of micro culinary business actors in Denpasar City. The background of this research is based on the crucial role of micro enterprises in economic development, particularly in the culinary sector, which is one of the largest contributors to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Denpasar City. Despite the sector's significant growth, increasing competition and uneven adoption of technology remain key challenges in improving business income. This study employs a quantitative approach with an associative research design. The population includes micro culinary business actors spread across the four districts of Denpasar City. The sample was determined proportionally using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique, and respondents were selected using accidental sampling to ensure broad representation. Primary data were collected through direct observation and structured questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from relevant government institutions such as the Department of Cooperatives and MSMEs and the Central Statistics Agency. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression, supported by classical assumption tests (normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity), the F-test to determine the simultaneous influence of the variables, and the t-test to analyze the partial influence of each independent variable on income. The findings indicate that simultaneously, business capital, pricing, and e-commerce significantly influence the income of micro business actors. Partially, each of these variables also shows a positive and significant effect. Business capital provides the foundation for operational activities, pricing affects consumer demand and competitiveness, while e-commerce broadens market reach and improves efficiency. These results highlight the importance of strategic financial management, appropriate pricing strategies, and the adoption of digital platforms to support income growth and sustainability of micro culinary enterprises in Denpasar City.

This study aims to examine the influence of compensation and work discipline on employee performance at Cahaya Nikmah Bakery located in Samarinda City. More specifically, this study analyzes three main things: first, the influence of compensation on employee performance; second, the influence of work discipline on employee performance; and third, the simultaneous influence of compensation and work discipline on employee performance. This study was conducted on 40 permanent employees who work at Cahaya Nikmah Bakery as research subjects. The method used in this study is a quantitative approach, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The collected data were then analyzed using multiple linear regression techniques to determine the relationship and influence between the variables studied. The results of the data analysis show that the calculated F value of 35.898 is greater than the F table of 2.87 at a significance level of 5%. In addition, the significance value of 0.000 is below the critical limit of 0.05. This indicates that there is a simultaneous significant influence between compensation and work discipline on employee performance at Cahaya Nikmah Bakery. In other words, the combination of the two independent variables has a real contribution in influencing the level of employee performance. In addition to the simultaneous effect, the partial test results also show that each variable, namely compensation and work discipline, has a significant influence on individual employee performance. This is evidenced by the significance value for both variables, which is 0.000, which is also less than 0.05. The conclusion of this study shows that adequate compensation and the implementation of good work discipline can significantly improve employee performance. Therefore, company management is advised to continue developing a fair compensation system and strengthening a culture of work discipline to support overall company productivity and efficiency.

This study analyzes the effect of Total Asset Turnover (TATO), Earnings per Share (EPS), and Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR) on the stock prices of firms listed in the SRI-KEHATI Index during 2020–2024, employing a quantitative approach and multiple linear regression. The sample was selected purposively based on the following criteria: firms consistently included in the SRI-KEHATI Index throughout 2020–2024, availability of complete annual financial statements, and availability of dividend and stock price data for the observation period. The results indicate that TATO, EPS, and DPR jointly have a significant effect on stock prices, with R²=0.666, meaning 66.6% of the variation in stock prices is explained by the model, while 33.4% is influenced by other factors outside the model. Partially, EPS and DPR have positive and significant effects on stock prices, whereas TATO is not significant at the 5% level. The findings imply that investors in SRI-KEHATI constituents should prioritize per-share profitability (EPS) and dividend policy (DPR) in fundamental assessments, while TATO should be evaluated with regard to sectoral characteristics and each firm’s operational context.

Entrepreneurial management is a process that involves the ability of individuals to create, manage, and develop businesses effectively in order to survive and compete in the midst of dynamic market changes. In this context, interest, creativity, and connections are important factors that can drive the success of a business, especially in the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector. This study aims to analyze the influence of interest (X1), creativity (X2), and connection (X3) on business success (Y) in food MSME actors in Sumberejo Village. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The main instrument used in data collection is a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. The number of respondents in this study was 77 people, who were selected using purposive sampling techniques based on certain criteria such as the length of business and the type of food products produced. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression with the help of statistical software. The results of the study show that the variables of interest, creativity, and connection simultaneously or partially have a positive and significant effect on the success of MSME businesses. Thus, MSME actors who have a high interest in entrepreneurship, are able to create product innovations, and have a wide network of relationships, tend to have a greater chance of achieving business success. This research suggests the need for entrepreneurship training that not only focuses on the technical aspects of production, but also the development of soft skills and social networks. Thus, the empowerment of MSMEs in rural areas will be more optimal and sustainable. These findings are expected to be a reference for village governments, training institutions, and other related parties in formulating strategies to strengthen MSMEs in rural areas.

Competition in Indonesia’s business world today compels companies to strategize in order to outperform their rivals. Only those companies that are truly strong, implement competitive strategies correctly, and carry out intensive promotions will succeed. One promotional tool that is expected to directly establish, improve, dominate, or maintain mutually beneficial exchange relationships with customers is personal selling, particularly aimed at encouraging consumers to purchase the offered products.A company’s goal is to obtain maximum profit from its business operations. To achieve this, managerial expertise and capability are required to combine the functions within the company effectively. Personal selling is carried out by the company to introduce its products, influence and inform consumers, so they are encouraged to buy—ultimately increasing sales volume.This study seeks to examine whether personal selling has a significant impact on increasing sales volume at PT. Intermas Tata Trading, Surabaya branch. A qualitative approach is used, supported by both qualitative and quantitative data from the company. Data collection techniques include editing, tabulating, and interviews. Data processing involves simple correlation analysis, simple regression analysis, and t-tests. Hypothesis testing is conducted using statistical analysis with SPSS 16.0.The study results confirm that the hypothesis is true: the personal selling variable (X) has a significant influence on the sales volume (Y) at PT. Intermas Tata Trading, Surabaya. This is evidenced by the t-value (4.005) > t-table (2.228) at a significance level of 0.002. The simple correlation coefficient is 0.785 or 78.5%, indicating a very strong and positive relationship between the independent variable (personal selling) and the dependent variable (sales volume).

Awareness of environmental health is an important factor in maintaining community welfare, especially in developing urban areas. The city of Medan, as one of the major cities in Indonesia, still faces various environmental problems such as poor sanitation, garbage accumulation, and water pollution, which have an impact on public health. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the level of public awareness of environmental health in the city of Medan. This study uses a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected from 100 randomly selected respondents using a structured questionnaire, which measures people's level of awareness of environmental health and various factors that influence it, such as education level, media exposure, and economic status. Data analysis was carried out univariately, bivariately with Chi-square test, and multivariate using logistic regression to determine the relationship between independent variables and the level of public awareness. The results of the study show that factors such as education level, media exposure, and economic status have a significant influence on the level of public awareness. People with higher levels of education, better media exposure, and better economic status tend to have higher awareness of environmental health issues. The implications of these findings suggest that improving environmental education and more effective dissemination of information can be an important effort in raising public awareness. Community-based programs that focus on education and strengthening environmental information can be a strategic step in overcoming environmental problems in urban areas. The results of this research are expected to be a reference for the formulation of more effective policies and programs in increasing environmental awareness in urban communities.

Employee performance is a critical determinant of service quality and operational success in hospitals. High-performing employees contribute directly to patient satisfaction, service efficiency, and overall institutional reputation. This study investigates the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on the performance of employees at Petrokimia Gresik Hospital, aiming to provide empirical evidence to guide strategic human resource management in healthcare settings. A quantitative research design was employed, with data collected using structured questionnaires. The respondents consisted of 85 permanent employees selected through simple random sampling, ensuring that the sample fairly represented the hospital's workforce. The questionnaire was designed to measure aspects of both intrinsic motivation (such as self-fulfillment, recognition, and meaningful work) and extrinsic motivation (such as salary, benefits, and job security), along with indicators of employee performance. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis to examine the individual and joint effects of the motivational variables on performance. The results revealed that both intrinsic motivation (β = 0.532, p < 0.05) and extrinsic motivation (β = 0.487, p < 0.05) had a statistically significant and positive impact on employee performance. The model showed that the combination of these two factors accounted for 68.2% of the variation in employee performance (R² = 0.682), indicating a strong explanatory power. These findings underscore the importance of a balanced motivational strategy in hospital management. Relying solely on financial incentives is insufficient; efforts must also be made to cultivate a positive and fulfilling work environment. Therefore, hospital administrators are encouraged to design integrated motivation programs that address both intrinsic and extrinsic factors to enhance employee engagement, productivity, and ultimately, the quality of healthcare services provided.