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Losing citizenship has significant legal consequences, particularly concerning land ownership rights. According to the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) No. 5 of 1960, land ownership is only permitted for Indonesian citizens. Therefore, individuals who lose their citizenship status automatically forfeit their right to own land. This study aims to analyze the legal implications of losing citizenship on land ownership rights and the resolution mechanisms outlined in the UUPA. The research employs a normative legal approach using secondary data sources such as laws and regulations, legal literature, and court decisions. The findings indicate that individuals who lose their citizenship are required to relinquish or transfer their land ownership within one year. If this is not done, the ownership rights will be nullified by law, and the land will revert to the state. This reflects the protection of the principles of nationality and national sovereignty in land control. Therefore, resolving land ownership issues for individuals who lose their citizenship is crucial to balancing individual rights and state interests.

The armed conflict between Israel and Palestine, particularly in the Gaza Strip, has caused severe humanitarian impacts and raised strong allegations of violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Israel’s military attacks on civilians, hospitals, and public infrastructure demonstrate breaches of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and humanity as stipulated in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the 1977 Additional Protocol I. This study aims to analyze the forms of violations committed by Israeli forces and examine their legal accountability under international law and the International Criminal Court (ICC). The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and case approaches, with primary legal materials from international treaties and secondary materials from academic journals and human rights reports. The findings indicate that Israel’s actions in Gaza constitute grave breaches and war crimes, as they deliberately target civilians and obstruct humanitarian assistance. This study emphasizes the urgency of enforcing international law and ensuring global accountability for perpetrators while encouraging member states of the Rome Statute to support ICC-led investigations into the ongoing violations

The rapid growth of online commerce in Indonesia has significantly transformed the way people fulfill their daily needs by providing easier, faster, and more flexible access to goods and services through digital technology. Despite these advantages, the development of e-commerce also presents serious challenges, including rising cases of online fraud, discrepancies between advertised and delivered products, failed transactions, and personal data breaches that threaten consumer privacy. These issues create imbalances in digital contractual relationships, undermining trust and legal certainty for buyers. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the principle of fairness for consumers in e-commerce practices in Indonesia, while also identifying regulatory weaknesses and existing dispute resolution mechanisms. Using a normative legal research approach supported by case studies, the study examines the effectiveness of relevant legal frameworks, particularly the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK) and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). The findings reveal that although these regulations provide a legal basis for consumer protection, their implementation remains inadequate. Weak supervision of online business actors, limited accountability of platform providers in ensuring transaction security, and complex, costly compensation procedures continue to hinder consumer rights protection. These conditions highlight the urgent need to strengthen consumer protection systems that are more adaptive, efficient, and oriented toward public interest. The study emphasizes the importance of improving online dispute resolution mechanisms, enhancing transparency and responsibility of digital platforms, and expanding digital literacy among consumers. Such measures are essential to ensure that fairness in e-commerce is not only guaranteed normatively, but also effectively realized in everyday digital transactions.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a technology that has had a significant impact on various aspects of life, including science. Recent developments in AI have shifted the traditional boundaries of knowledge production and distribution, including in the religious realm. This research aims to fill the epistemological gap in contemporary Islamic legal thought by offering an integrative framework between traditional ijtihad and supervised digital ijtihad practices. This research uses a normative-qualitative (juridical-normative) approach. The researchers found that AI has the potential to be an effective tool for strengthening religious moderation, particularly through digital education, the dissemination of messages of tolerance, and the dissemination of counter-narratives against radicalism. For example, da'wah chatbots and digital interpretation applications can expand moderate religious literacy. However, the research also highlights various challenges, including epistemological issues stemming from AI's lack of a scientific chain of command, the risk of shifting authority from scholars to technology, and the lack of legal regulations governing responsibility for AI-generated religious content. Therefore, specific regulations and collaboration between scholars, the government, and technology developers are needed to ensure that AI continues to support the maqāṣid al-Shari'ah (the principles of Islamic law) and religious moderation.

This research aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for copyright over fashion design and the judicial considerations applied in deciding copyright infringement in Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Makassar No. 1/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Cipta/2020/PN Niaga Makassar through a normative legal research method grounded in statutory and case approaches, where the findings demonstrate that fashion designs published through Instagram fulfill the elements of copyrightable works under Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta because they meet the requirements of originality and fixation, thereby receiving automatic protection without the need for registration, while the Panel of Judges in the decision acknowledged the existence of copyright infringement based on substantial similarities between the plaintiff’s designs and the defendant’s uploads, yet the rejection of the plaintiff’s claim for compensation is considered insufficient to provide comprehensive legal protection because it does not restore the economic or moral losses suffered and fails to produce a deterrent effect for infringers, thus emphasizing the need to strengthen copyright protection in the digital era, particularly within the fashion industry, through judicial decisions that are more comprehensive, progressive, and responsive to technological developments and the increasing complexity of copyright violations.

Land ownership in Indonesia has both philosophical and juridical dimensions closely linked to citizenship status. According to the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) of 1960, only Indonesian citizens are entitled to hold full ownership rights over land. This study aims to analyze the philosophical and juridical foundations of citizenship as a prerequisite for land ownership and its implications for social justice and national sovereignty. The research employs a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and philosophical approaches. Data are obtained through literature review of legislation, court decisions, and scholarly works, including Ahmad Muhammad Mustain Nasoha’s views on citizenship in the agrarian law context. The results indicate that restrictions on foreign land ownership are not merely administrative policies but a philosophical manifestation of the idea that land is essential to state sovereignty and public welfare. Juridically, this regulation reinforces the principles of nationality and distributive justice within Indonesia’s agrarian legal system. The study concludes that citizenship as a requirement for land ownership functions as a legal safeguard of the nation’s right to the land and a means to achieve social justice.  

The rapid development of digital technology has driven the advancement of the gaming industry in Indonesia, including the emergence of local games such as DreadOut by Digital Happiness, which has gained international recognition. However, this success is accompanied by serious challenges in the form of piracy through illegal websites that harm copyright holders. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of the game DreadOut against piracy practices based on Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. The method used is a normative juridical approach through statutory analysis and literature study. The findings show that DreadOut is a copyrighted work categorized as a video game and is legally protected. Nevertheless, law enforcement against piracy still faces various obstacles, such as the complaint-based offense system, low public awareness, and the ease of access to piracy sites. Therefore, stronger inter-agency cooperation, policy reforms to shift complaint-based offenses into ordinary offenses, and public education to increase respect for intellectual property rights are needed. Effective legal protection will support the growth of the local gaming industry and ensure the sustainability of Indonesian creative works in the digital era.

The rampant circulation of illegal drugs involving children as drug couriers is an issue that requires serious attention from the government, law enforcement agencies, and the wider community. It is important to note that children who commit criminal acts must still receive legal protection in order to ensure their best interests. This study aims to examine the forms of criminal liability and legal protection provided to children who act as drug couriers. The method used in this paper is normative juridical. The results of the study show that children who commit narcotics crimes, especially as couriers, can be charged under Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, but special provisions stipulated in Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System must still be taken into account. An example of legal protection is the reduction of prison terms, as decided by the Denpasar District Court. This consideration was given because the child defendant was still underage, had an unstable psychological condition, and needed supervision and counseling to prevent recidivism. Leniency in sentencing is also important to protect children's rights.

The growth of digital transactions has made it easier for people to buy goods or services, including concert tickets. However, this convenience also increases the risk of fraud, especially through social media. The case of Golden Disc Award (GDA) 2024 ticket fraud on Twitter shows a systematic modus operandi, such as the use of fake accounts and identities, suspiciously cheap ticket prices, and the transfer of communication to private platforms. Victims suffer material and psychological losses, while perpetrators often disappear after receiving payment. Legally, these actions violate Article 378 of the Criminal Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and consumer rights as stipulated in the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK). This study emphasizes the importance of consumer protection in digital transactions, strengthening regulations, and improving public digital literacy to prevent fraudulent practices. Collaboration between the government, law enforcement agencies, concert organizers, digital platforms, and consumers is key to improving the security of online transactions.

Doctors play a crucial role in determining the quality of healthcare services and in upholding the right to health as guaranteed by the constitution and international human rights frameworks. Despite this essential role, medical practice continues to encounter significant challenges, including disparities in medical education quality, inadequate competency assessment mechanisms, and limited integration of professional ethics, discipline, and scientific standards within the health legal system. These issues create risks to patient safety and undermine public trust in medical services. This research analyzes the urgency of health law reform to ensure physician competence and proposes an integration model that unites ethics, discipline, and scientific foundations as the core pillars for equitable and welfare-oriented medical professional governance. Using a normative legal research method, this study adopts legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials are examined qualitatively through doctrinal studies, normative analysis, and comparisons with governance practices of the medical profession in other countries. The study finds that health law reform should prioritize strengthening regulations on competency standards, transparent certification and periodic recertification systems, as well as integrated professional oversight that aligns ethics, discipline, and legal accountability. The proposed integration model serves as a framework to ensure that every physician maintains measurable competence, adheres to professional ethics, and upholds clear legal responsibilities in clinical practice. Reforming health law through such integration is a strategic step to enhance medical service quality, reinforce patient protection, and advance global justice and welfare.

Legal protection for consumers is a crucial element in the legal relationship between business actors and the public, particularly in high-risk service sectors such as gas stove repair services. In practice, many consumers still experience losses due to negligence by service providers, whether caused by inadequate technical handling or insufficient information regarding the condition of the stove after repairs. This study aims to identify and analyze the forms of legal protection available to consumers who suffer losses as a result of such negligence, as well as to determine the types of legal liability that may be imposed on gas stove repair service providers. Using a normative legal research method, this study applies both legislative and conceptual approaches. The legislative approach examines relevant laws and regulations concerning consumer protection, while the conceptual approach analyzes legal principles and expert doctrines related to liability. The findings indicate that consumer protection is provided in two forms: preventive protection, which ensures product and service safety in accordance with Indonesian National Standards (SNI), and repressive protection, which is implemented through enforcement mechanisms such as claims for compensation or dispute resolution through the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) or the courts. Business actors who commit negligence in providing repair services can be held legally responsible based on the principles of negligence or strict liability. To strengthen consumer protection, the study recommends the establishment of derivative regulations concerning technician certification, standardized repair service procedures, and integrated supervision of safety compliance within the gas stove repair service industry.

This study investigates the role of the Civil and State Administration (Datun) of the Central Kalimantan High Court in providing legal services free of charge to residents of Palangkaraya City. The purpose of this study was to determine how the legal services are carried out, the perceived advantages and challenges faced by the prosecutor's office when carrying out their duties. Based on Law No. 16 of 2004 concerning the prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Indonesia, which has been amended by Law No. 11 of 2021, the Datun Division has the authority to provide assistance, consideration, and legal services both inside and outside the court. Research shows that legal services and consultations and through the Halo JPN online platform provide legal services easily and directly to the community. In addition to raising legal awareness, this activity also strengthens the role of the prosecutor's office as a law enforcement agency focused on public service. However, legal services still face several challenges such as low public awareness of the law, lack of human resources, and inter-agency bureaucratic problems.

This Community Service (PKM) activity aims to assist students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Shirojut Thalibin in understanding the adolescent development period through the perspectives of Aristotle, Comenius, and Charlotte Bühler. The mentoring was motivated by the complexity of physical, emotional, social, and spiritual changes during adolescence and the low interest of students in studying the stages of human development. The activity was carried out for one week through educational, interactive, and collaborative strategies, using participatory discussion methods, theoretical explanations contextualized with the realities of adolescent life, varied learning media, role simulations, and joint evaluation and reflection. The subjects of the activity were students of MTs Sirajut Thalibin Racek Village, Tiris District, Probolinggo. The results of the mentoring showed an increase in students' understanding of the stages of adolescent development, a higher awareness of maintaining physical and mental health, and a better ability to link personal changes with developmental tasks and life goals. Teachers and the madrasah also experienced positive impacts in the form of strengthened understanding of adolescent characteristics and adjustments to a more holistic learning approach. This activity produces scientific articles, activity documentation, and student work products, while also recommending the integration of human development material in learning and guidance programs to support the moral, intellectual, social, and spiritual development of adolescents.

Social media management has become a strategic necessity for social and community organizations to enhance the effectiveness of public relations activities in the digital era. This community service program aims to strengthen the digital communication capacity of members of the Indonesian Doctors’ Wives Association (IIDI), Surakarta Branch, particularly in managing social media as a public communication channel. The training was conducted offline and combined theoretical sessions, technical demonstrations, and hands-on practice covering content strategy, basic photography, Canva-based content creation, content calendar development, and management of Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok accounts. Evaluation was carried out using pre-test and post-test instruments to assess participants’ improvement. The results show a significant increase in all competency indicators, especially in content creation, content scheduling, and social media administration skills. Participants also produced their own digital content as part of the practical assessment. Post-training support was provided through a WhatsApp group to ensure continued knowledge sharing and skill development. Overall, the program demonstrates that practice-oriented training can effectively enhance the digital communication competencies of social organizations and strengthen their public relations functions. This initiative is expected to serve as a replicable model for similar organizations seeking to optimize their social media engagement.

Health communication and community empowerment are crucial for improving health outcomes at the primary health care level. As a primary health care facility, the Empat Ulu Community Health Center in Palembang plays a strategic role in disseminating health information, strengthening community capacity, and promoting healthy lifestyles through various educational activities. The Field Learning Practice (PBL) activity, conducted by students within the community health center's work area, aimed to strengthen the implementation of health communication, particularly in promoting Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) in elementary schools. The methods used included field observation, discussions, face-to-face counseling, handwashing demonstrations, and the distribution of educational media. The results showed an increase in students' understanding of PHBS, demonstrated by their ability to answer questions, practice handwashing correctly, and their enthusiasm during interactive sessions. This activity not only strengthened students' knowledge but also demonstrated that a two-way communication approach and the use of simple visual media can enhance the effectiveness of health education. Overall, this PBL activity contributed to supporting the community health promotion program and strengthened the role of students in encouraging community self-reliance in maintaining health.

The Community Service Program (Kuliah Kerja Nyata/KKN) implemented in Jorong Padang Rantang, Nagari Koto Tuo, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, represents a tangible contribution of university students in supporting the acceleration of stunting reduction at the local level. This community service activity focused on stunting prevention socialization targeting mothers of toddlers as the primary target group. An educational and participatory approach was employed to encourage active engagement of participants throughout all stages of the activity. The socialization materials covered the definition of stunting, its causes and impacts on child growth and development, the importance of adequate and balanced nutrition, appropriate parenting practices, and the strategic role of families during the First 1,000 Days of Life (1,000 HPK).The implementation of the activity involved cadres from the Amanah Bunda Integrated Health Post (Posyandu), village midwives, and KKN students from Universitas Negeri Padang as facilitators. The methods applied included interactive lectures, group discussions, and simple simulations related to nutritional practices and healthy parenting. The results indicated an increase in participants’ knowledge, awareness, and active community participation in early stunting prevention efforts. Furthermore, the activity strengthened the role of the Posyandu as a primary center for basic health services and community education. This community service initiative is expected to serve as a sustainable community-based intervention model that can be replicated in other areas facing similar challenges.

This study aims to explore the potential of sago as a local product that can be processed into a tourism attraction based on local wisdom in the Silowo Ecotourism Area, Tuban Regency. Sago, with its ecological, economic, and cultural values, plays a significant role in maintaining food security and also enhances the educational experience of tourists. This study employed a qualitative approach through observation, in-depth interviews, and a literature review. The findings indicate that sago has significant potential to become a tourism symbol, through distinctive culinary innovations, educational activities on sago processing, and presentations in the form of local cultural attractions. Developing this potential will not only improve the economic well-being of the community but also strengthen the region's cultural identity and support environmental conservation efforts. Therefore, sago management involving community participation and product innovation are key factors for the successful development of local wisdom tourism in Silowo.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in driving Indonesia's economic growth, but still face limitations in systematic financial management. The use of digital accounting applications is one solution to improve the quality of MSME financial recording and reporting. This activity aims to highlight the advantages of financial reporting education using the Jurnal Bijak application at the J't Fresh MSME in Palangka Raya City. The methods used included interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the activity showed that the Jurnal Bijak application is effective, efficient, and easy to use by MSMEs in recording financial transactions. This application enables the preparation of accurate and structured financial reports based on simple transaction evidence, such as income and expense records, general journals, and ledgers. The resulting financial statements include Income Statement, Statement of Changes in Equity, Statement of Cash Flow, and Statement of Financial Position. The main advantages of this program focus on increasing financial literacy, reducing recording errors, and time efficiency in the accounting process, thereby supporting transparency and accountability in MSME management.

Adolescent drug abuse remains a major public health concern with adverse consequences for health, social functioning, and educational attainment. Limited knowledge and poor refusal skills in the face of environmental pressure are key risk factors. This study assessed the outcomes of a school-based Participatory Action Research (PAR) intervention aimed at improving students’ knowledge and preventive attitudes toward drug abuse. The program was implemented at Madrasah Aliyah Manaratul Islam, Jakarta (August 2025), involving 57 students. The educational intervention combined interactive counseling, small-group discussions, and role-play simulations, followed by pre–post evaluation using the same questionnaire and quantitative analysis with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in post-test scores compared with pre-test scores (Z = −3.506; p < 0.001; r = 0.46), with a mean paired difference (pre–post) of −0.877 indicating a positive shift after the intervention. Descriptively, the proportion of students classified with high awareness increased to 87.7% after the program, while mean knowledge scores rose from 63.2% to 85.5%. Qualitative feedback further suggested better understanding of physical and psychological harms, increased confidence to refuse illicit substances, and more active communication with peers and teachers. Overall, the PAR-based school intervention effectively strengthened students’ drug-abuse prevention literacy and readiness and may be scalable to similar school settings.

Measles remains a significant public health problem, particularly among school-aged children. Outbreak Response Immunization (ORI) is a key strategy to prevent measles outbreaks; however, its effectiveness depends greatly on community participation and cross-sectoral support. Data from Tanah Garam Primary Health Center in 2025 showed that measles-rubella ORI coverage among primary school children was still low, reaching only 44.15% of the 5,060 targeted children. This community service activity aimed to support the optimization of measles ORI implementation through an educational and community-based assistance approach. The methods included health education for parents and teachers, assistance during school-based ORI implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of immunization coverage. The results indicated improved community understanding of the importance of measles immunization, increased support from schools, and strengthened coordination between the primary health center and schools. This community service activity contributes to promotive and preventive health efforts and supports the prevention of measles outbreaks in the working area of Tanah Garam Primary Health Center.