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The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices has led to the adoption of hydroponics, a method of growing plants in nutrient-rich solutions without soil. This method is particularly effective in controlled environments where resource efficiency is paramount. However, the success of hydroponic systems depends heavily on precise nutrient management, especially for micro-nutrients, which are crucial for plant health and productivity. Traditional methods of nutrient monitoring are often labor-intensive and lack the real-time responsiveness needed for optimal nutrient control. This study addresses the challenge of real-time nutrient management in hydroponic systems by developing a miniature sensor system integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The proposed system is designed to detect micro-nutrient concentrations accurately and transmit data in real-time to a cloud platform for continuous monitoring and automated control. Advanced algorithms are employed for data processing and calibration, ensuring high accuracy in detecting micro-nutrient levels. The system was tested in a controlled hydroponic environment, where it demonstrated high accuracy with minimal error margins, validated by a consistently low Mean Absolute Error (MAE). The integration of IoT allowed for seamless data transmission and real-time analysis, enabling immediate adjustments to nutrient levels as needed. This research contributes to the advancement of precision agriculture by providing an effective solution for real-time nutrient management in hydroponic systems, potentially improving crop yields and resource efficiency.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began in February 2022, has not only caused a humanitarian crisis but also triggered severe environmental consequences, particularly along the Ukrainian-Russian border. This study explores how military actions, occupation of sensitive ecological zones, and the targeting of industrial and critical infrastructure have led to widespread environmental degradation. Using a qualitative approach grounded in document analysis and legal frameworks, the research highlights how security actors have influenced the scale and nature of environmental damage. The findings reveal serious threats to soil quality, water safety, air purity, and biodiversity, as well as disruptions to waste management and energy systems. The paper also discusses the role of ecocide as a potential legal category for holding actors accountable for deliberate environmental harm. By situating the war within the broader context of environmental security and conflict ecology, the study argues for stronger international mechanisms to address ecological risks in armed conflict and post-war recovery.

The introduction of toxic substances or energy into the environment degrades environmental quality, which in turn can have negative effects on living things like human health, biodiversity, and the global climate. This multi-faceted problem has far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and human life. For Indonesia, this has grown into a major problem throughout the last several decades. Water, air, soil, and noise pollution have all seen dramatic increases due to the expansion of cities, the industrial sector, and the proliferation of motor vehicles. All four forms of Indonesian environmental pollution—air, water, soil, and noise—are covered in this research, along with their origins, effects on human and environmental health, and potential solutions, both governmental and grassroots. A literature review of secondary sources, such as government papers, scientific journals, and other official publications, is employed as the technique. This document is written with the intention of drawing attention to the significance of environmental protection and offering broad preventative actions. According to the results, industrial operations, automobiles, household garbage, and a general lack of environmental consciousness are the main causes of pollution. Hence, in order to lessen the impact of pollution and enhance environmental quality, technological solutions, regulatory laws, and communities that are both interdisciplinary and collaborative are crucial tools.

Mining roads play an important role in supporting the smooth running of mining activities, especially in the process of transporting materials. The bearing capacity of the soil as a road subgrade greatly affects the stability and resistance of the road to heavy equipment loads. This study aims to analyze the effect of the plasticity index and compaction parameters on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value, as well as to determine the thickness of the road layer based on the laboratory CBR value. Testing was carried out at the South Pit of PT. Bina Sarana Sukses site PT. Baramulti Suksessarana with a field test method using the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) and laboratory tests such as proctor tests, Atterberg limit tests, and CBR tests on various variations of clay and sand soil mixtures. The results showed that increasing the plasticity index decreased the CBR value, while increasing the maximum dry density and decreasing the optimum water content increased the CBR value. Based on the laboratory CBR value, recommendations were obtained for the appropriate road layer thickness to ensure optimal bearing capacity for heavy equipment passing through the research area.

This study aims to describe the application of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in optimizing soil health management through a systematic literature review. This research compares various IoT implementations for monitoring soil moisture, pH, and nutrients based on previous studies, and identifies differences in technological approaches, sensors used, and automation levels. The review results indicate that although IoT technology is proven effective for real-time soil condition monitoring and supporting precision agriculture, its implementation varies significantly between advanced systems with full automation developed internationally and simpler, local monitoring systems in Indonesia. The comparison shows that wireless inductive moisture sensors are superior in accuracy and corrosion resistance compared to conductive sensors. A TDS sensor-based hydroponic nutrient monitoring system demonstrated high accuracy with an average error of 4.7468% , while soil pH monitoring achieved an accuracy with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.14. Furthermore, automated watering systems proved to reach a success rate of up to 93.75%. This review concludes that adapting low-cost wireless sensor system models has great potential for improving the efficiency of soil management in Indonesia, despite facing challenges in infrastructure and digital literacy.  

This qualitative study analyzes the role of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in regenerative soil management practices, focusing on global best practices that can be replicated in Indonesia. As a vital resource, soil plays a crucial role in supporting agricultural productivity and food security, yet it faces significant threats from degradation due to unsustainable agricultural practices and chemical overuse. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating IoT technology to monitor and manage soil conditions in real-time, enhancing decision-making for sustainable agriculture. Key questions addressed include how IoT supports regenerative practices, examples of successful global implementations, and the effectiveness of IoT in improving soil quality and organic carbon content. Findings highlight that IoT can significantly enhance soil health by enabling precise monitoring of key parameters such as moisture, pH, and temperature, thereby facilitating timely interventions. The research also explores the challenges and opportunities associated with IoT adoption in regenerative agriculture, particularly in developing countries. Ultimately, the integration of IoT in regenerative soil management presents a promising pathway to achieving sustainable agricultural practices that meet the growing global food demands while restoring ecosystem health.

Soil moisture is a crucial factor in agriculture that affects plant growth and crop productivity. In modern agricultural systems, accurate soil moisture monitoring is essential for optimizing water usage and enhancing the efficiency of automatic irrigation systems. This study aims to develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based soil moisture monitoring system and evaluate the performance of three types of soil moisture sensors: Soil Moisture FC-28, Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor, and Soil Moisture Hygrometer Module Sensor. The evaluation compares the accuracy and effectiveness of each sensor in measuring soil moisture. The research methodology involves measuring soil moisture in ten different soil samples using the three sensors simultaneously. The system is based on the ESP32 microcontroller, where data from the sensors are processed and displayed on an LCD Liquid Crystal I2C 20x4. Data analysis is conducted using the one-way ANOVA statistical method to determine whether there are significant differences among the measurement results of the three sensors.The results indicate that each sensor exhibits different measurement characteristics based on its working principle. The Soil Moisture FC-28 sensor, which operates on resistance, shows high sensitivity to changes in soil moisture but is susceptible to corrosion. The Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor is more durable as it does not have direct contact with the soil, yet it requires more precise calibration. Meanwhile, the Soil Moisture Hygrometer Module Sensor provides more stable results under various environmental conditions. The one-way ANOVA analysis reveals no significant differences in the measurement results among the three sensors.

The pharmaceutical industry produces solid, liquid, and gaseous waste containing active pharmaceutical ingredients that pose serious environmental risks. These wastes can disrupt ecosystems and accelerate antimicrobial resistance. This systematic literature review examines pharmaceutical waste concepts, classifications, characteristics, and relevant regulatory frameworks. It also addresses ecotoxicological effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, antibiotic contamination and resistance, water and soil pollution, treatment technologies, industrial policies, and best practices. Findings show that conventional wastewater treatment is largely ineffective at removing pharmaceutical residues, resulting in their presence in surface water, soil, and even drinking water. Compounds such as β-blockers, cytostatics, antibiotics, and hormones harm aquatic life by impairing reproduction and causing mutations. Antibiotic-laden industrial waste contributes to the emergence of resistant bacteria. Recommended treatment methods include biothermal processes, advanced oxidation (e.g., UV/H₂O₂, ozonation), adsorption (activated carbon), coagulation-flocculation, and controlled incineration. Stronger enforcement of hazardous waste regulations (e.g., Government Regulation No. 101/2014, Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 56/2015) and adherence to WHO (2025) guidelines are essential. In conclusion, multisectoral collaboration (One Health), improved waste treatment capacity, and adoption of best practices are crucial to preventing pharmaceutical pollution and promoting environmental sustainability.

Clay soil stabilization is a crucial process to enhance the soil's bearing capacity and stability, making it more suitable for construction purposes. Stabilizing clay soils improves their mechanical properties, reduces swelling, and increases their load-bearing capacity, which is essential for the foundation of various structures. This study aims to investigate the effect of lime (CaO) addition and curing time on the physical properties of clay soil, particularly focusing on unconfined compressive strength (qu) and overall soil stability. The experimental methodology involved applying different percentages of lime content (ranging from 3% to 7%) and varying curing times (7, 14, and 28 days). The soil samples were tested for their unconfined compressive strength after each combination of lime content and curing duration. The results indicated that the addition of 5% lime (CaO) and curing for 14 days led to a significant improvement in the unconfined compressive strength by 153.3%, compared to the untreated clay soil. Furthermore, increasing the curing time beyond 14 days did not show substantial improvements in strength, suggesting that 14 days is the optimal curing period for this combination. The study also highlighted that the lime treatment not only enhanced the mechanical properties but also reduced the plasticity of the clay, making it more stable and easier to handle during construction. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the appropriate combination of lime content and curing time plays a significant role in improving the stability of clay soils. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing soil stabilization techniques, offering an effective solution for enhancing soil properties for engineering applications

This study explores the dual impact of artisanal gold mining on economic livelihood and environmental sustainability in Tedeboe Village, Rampi District, North Luwu Regency. Employing a qualitative case study design, data were gathered through in-depth interviews with four key informants—including the village head and three local miners—and through direct field observation. Data were analyzed using Creswell’s qualitative analysis framework, encompassing coding and thematic development to capture nuanced insights. The findings indicate that artisanal gold mining has significantly improved household income, especially in meeting basic needs and funding education. However, the sector’s informal nature and high dependency expose the community to economic volatility. Moreover, despite limited use of chemicals, awareness of mercury’s environmental and health risks is rising among miners. Environmental degradation, particularly soil and water pollution, alongside potential respiratory hazards, emerges as a critical concern. The study underscores the urgent need for sustainable mining practices, stronger local regulation, and capacity-building through education and economic diversification. These findings advocate for a balanced approach to rural development—one that harmonizes economic benefits with ecological resilience and community well-being.

Modern agriculture faces serious challenges such as climate change, soil degradation, and dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which negatively impact the environment and human health. To support sustainable food security, innovative and environmentally friendly solutions are required. One promising alternative is the use of endophytic bacteria as biological agents to enhance plant growth without relying on synthetic chemicals. This study aims to examine the role of endophytic bacteria in organic farming systems through a combination of laboratory tests and field experiments. The research stages include isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria from plant tissues, testing the ability of the bacteria to support plant growth in vitro, and applying it to organic farmland to evaluate resistance to pests and crop yields. The independent variable in the study is the type of endophytic bacteria, while the dependent variables include plant growth rates, pest resistance, and crop productivity. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA, followed by post-hoc tests to determine the effectiveness of the treatments. The results showed that treatments with endophytic bacteria, both singular and combined, significantly improved vegetative growth, reduced pest attacks, and increased crop yields compared to the control. The combination of bacterial isolates proved to have a stronger synergistic effect than single treatments. These findings demonstrate the potential of endophytic bacteria as natural biofertilizers and biopesticides to support environmentally friendly organic farming.

Mutiara Serpong Villa Complex, located in Pondok Jagung Timur Village, South Tangerang, is surrounded by the BSD City area. This area faces environmental problems due to the uncontrolled growth of water hyacinth (Eichornia Crassipes) in the surrounding lakes and swamps, causing irrigation disruption and decreasing water quality. Water hyacinth is known as a weed that damages the aquatic environment, but it also has positive potential as a raw material for organic fertilizer. This program aims to overcome the problem of the spread of water hyacinth by utilizing the plant into organic compost. Water hyacinth compost contains high nutrients, helps improve soil properties, and improves the quality and quantity of plants. This initiative is expected to provide environmental benefits while increasing the income of the surrounding community through the use of water hyacinth as organic fertilizer. Community Service Activities at the Mutiara Serpong Villa Complex use several methods that aim to provide understanding and skills about making compost from water hyacinth to the local community. There are five main stages: Socialization, Counseling, Training and Practice, Observation and Evaluation, Sustainability. This method is designed to increase active community participation and the sustainability of water hyacinth compost use as a beneficial environmental solution.

Land degradation due to intensive agricultural practices is a serious issue threatening food security and ecosystem balance. Monoculture farming systems often lead to soil fertility decline, increased erosion, and reduced soil biodiversity. As an alternative, agroforestry has been developed to enhance agricultural productivity without compromising soil health. Agroforestry integrates agricultural crops with trees or other woody plants in a mutually beneficial system. Several studies have shown that agroforestry improves soil organic matter content, retains soil moisture, and reduces erosion and nutrient loss. This study employs a literature review method to analyze the effectiveness of agroforestry in improving soil health and agricultural productivity. Agroforestry has been found to enhance agricultural productivity through crop diversification, efficient land use, and climate change mitigation. Diversification not only strengthens food security but also increases farmers’ income by minimizing crop failure risks and enhancing nutritional value. Additionally, agroforestry optimizes land use by improving yield per unit area and reducing environmental degradation through natural resource conservation. Agroforestry also plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change by increasing ecosystem resilience, sequestering carbon, and reducing extreme weather impacts. However, the adoption of agroforestry faces challenges, including a lack of farmers’ knowledge, limited policy support, and varying environmental conditions. Addressing these barriers through improved education, supportive policies, and sustainable resource management can accelerate agroforestry adoption. With broader implementation and strong policy support, agroforestry can drive agricultural sustainability and enhance community well-being.

Exploitation of mineral resources through mining activities in Indonesia provides significant economic benefits, but also causes various negative impacts on the environment and socio-economic life of local communities. This study aims to review the impacts of various types of mining activities such as sand, coal, and gold. Common environmental damages include deforestation, soil erosion, water, soil, and air pollution, and decreased biodiversity. Socio-economically, mining increases social conflict, health problems, and changes in people's livelihoods. Effective management efforts include law enforcement against illegal activities, implementation of reclamation and rehabilitation, application of impact mitigation technology, and active involvement of local communities in environmental management. Consistent implementation of policies and mitigation measures is key to achieving a balance between economic benefits and environmental sustainability.

One of the impacts of the growth of activities in the transportation sector is the disposal of rubber tire waste. The increasing number of motorized vehicles in society has caused an increase in tire waste. Especially in developing countries, the use of plastic bottles has become an inevitable and unavoidable necessity for society. Inadequate waste management and handling causes negative impacts on the environment, such as hazards to human health, to animal life, soil, water, and air pollution. The purpose of this study was to reduce environmental pollution by testing the compressive strength of concrete made with a mixture of waste. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory with concrete cylinder test objects with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 300 mm. The proportion of waste mixture, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Rubber Powder, Waste Metalized Film Food Packaging (WMFFP) to fine aggregate was 0%, 5%, and 10%, each variation. The test results showed a compressive strength of 17.62 MPa, 15.29 MPa, and 14.83 MPa at the percentage of waste mixture. From this data, it can be concluded that waste materials can be used as a substitute for sand in concrete.

Interesting agricultural cultivation technology that is easy to apply by the community, namely hydroponic agribusiness. Plant cultivation techniques without using soil, but using water enriched with nutrients needed by plants. These hydroponic plants are becoming increasingly popular because they are efficient, environmentally friendly, and can be done in limited land. This activity was carried out with the background of raising awareness, knowledge, insight, and skills in cultivating vegetables using the hydroponic method. The form of this activity is socialization carried out and attended by students, administrators and staff of Ma'had Zaadul Ma'ad on Jl. Padat Karya Lorong Melati RT 01, Talang Jambe Village, Sukarame District, Palembang. namely lectures, discussions, and direct practice on hydroponic cultivation. This activity received a good response from PKM participants, where participants enthusiastically followed the course of the workshop activities, namely making hydroponic plant seeds, hydroponic devices, making AB mix nutrients, planting, harvesting, to preparing financial reports. Hydroponic plants have a higher selling value compared to other plants. Of course, this is a potential profitable and promising business opportunity, so that male and female students, administrators and staff can utilize the yard to cultivate hydroponic plants. The prospects for this plant are very bright in the long term because consumer demand never stops. This program has a significant positive impact, but it is recommended that there be further development to expand the reach and sustainability of activities.

Mangrove forest is a general term used to describe a variety of tropical coastal communities dominated by certain species of trees or shrubs that have the ability to grow in salty waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the utilization of mangrove forests and the impact of mangrove forests on coastal areas. The research method used in this writing is a qualitative method. The process of analysis, and data collection is carried out and obtained through interviews and direct observation. The results of the research obtained that the surrounding community utilizes mangroves to be used as processed various types of food and sold to visitors who come, with these results can improve the economy of the local community. The impacts of mangrove forests for coastal areas include preventing coastal erosion, being a soil catalyst from seawater, fisheries habitat, providing a broad economic impact, a source of animal feed, preventing global warming, a source of income for fishermen, maintaining water and air quality, developing tourism areas, providing a source of firewood, developing science, and maintaining climate and weather.

The study aims to analyze the occupational safety and environmental health risks due to aircraft painting at the Hangar of PT. XYZ. The study is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The results of the study are the analysis of occupational safety risks seen from occupational safety risks and risk control. Occupational safety risks in aircraft painting activities at PT. XYZ are divided into several parts, namely (1) Exposure to hazardous chemicals is included in the high category; (2) The risk of work accidents is included in the moderate category; (3) Equipment damage is included in the low category; and (4) Fire is included in the low category. Risk control can be carried out by (1) Increasing strict supervision of the aircraft painting process; (2) Conducting appropriate occupational safety training for workers; (3) Using PPE; (4) Using adequate safety equipment; and (5) Carrying out proper equipment maintenance. The analysis of environmental health risks is seen from environmental health risks, sources of risk and risk control. Environmental health risks are divided into several parts, namely (1) Air pollution is included in the moderate category; (2) Soil and water contamination is included in the moderate category; and (3) Environmental damage is included in the moderate category. Sources of environmental health risks are the use of hazardous chemicals and painting waste. Risk control can be done by carrying out strict supervision, using safe chemicals and proper waste management.

Fertilization is one of the important activities in plant cultivation because it plays a role in increasing productivity by maintaining soil fertility. This experiment aimed to test the effectiveness of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) on the growth and production of cabbage plants and its agronomic effectiveness. The experimental design used was a randomized block design. The treatments tested: without application of the tested fertilizer (P0), application of inorganic fertilizer comparison (2 kg/ha/application) (P1), and 5 levels of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) tested, namely: 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 kg/ha/application. The recommended doses of urea, SP-36, and KCl fertilizers were  200, 100, and 100 kg/ha, respectively. The results showed that the application of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) can increase the growth of cabbage plants as indicated by the variables of plant height and number of cabbage leaves compared to the control treatment. In addition, the application of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) increased the yield components of cabbage plants compared to the control treatment. The treatment of 0.75 doses of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) was agronomically effective because it produced the highest relative agronomic effectiveness value of 145%, which means it can increase yields by 1.45 times. The recommended dose for cabbage plants is 1.5 kg/ha/application of NPK fertilizer (20-51-13) applied 5 times at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 WAP.

Real Work Lecture (KKN) is a form of student service to the community through empowerment programs. In KKN activities in Munggu Village, Sungai Selan District, Central Bangka Regency, the KKN team carried out the program "Seeding Chili Seeds in Polybags: Practical and Economical Cultivation" as a solution for the community to increase agricultural production in a simple and sustainable manner. This program aims to provide education and direct practice to residents about chili seed seeding techniques using polybags, which are more efficient in land use and cost. The methods used in this program include preparing tools and materials such as polybags and filling special soil into polybags for the chili seed seeding process until it is ready to be transferred to a larger area or managed in polybags. The results of this program will be shared with the people of Munggu village to increase public awareness about the importance of sustainable agriculture and food independence. With this program, it is hoped that the community can continue to develop chili cultivation independently. This program can also be a model for other regions that want to implement the cultivation of treasure crops practically and economically.