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Teguh Eka Prasetya; Zahra Shoibatun; Iman Nur Hidayat; Rashda Diana

Mahkamah : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Hukum 2026 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Indonesia is a country rich in cultural diversity, one of which is Javanese culture which is full of philosophical values ​​and symbolic meanings in every practice, including in the traditional wedding procession. One of the important rituals in Javanese traditional weddings is the Panggih Manten ritual, which represents the meeting between the bride and groom with various symbols of life, hope and blessings. Along with the development of the times and the flow of modernization, people's understanding of the philosophical meaning of the ritual has shifted. Some people still carry out this tradition as a hereditary custom without understanding the values ​​contained in it, even giving rise to debates regarding its suitability with Islamic teachings. This study aims to analyze the practice of the Panggih Manten ritual in Javanese traditional wedding traditions and review its suitability with the 'Urf argument in Islamic law. The research method used is qualitative with a juridical-normative approach, while the research location was carried out in Pengkol village, Mantingan District. The results of the study show that the Panggih Manten ritual is basically acceptable in Islamic law as long as it does not conflict with the principles of sharia. Based on analysis from the perspective of al-'urf, several aspects of the Panggih Manten ritual, such as muter asem (the act of making offerings), and the belief in disasters, contain elements that are inconsistent with Islamic law and could potentially lead to idolatry, thus being categorized as al-'urf al-fāsid. Therefore, the Panggih Manten tradition can be preserved through reinterpretation of its meaning and the elimination of elements that contradict Islamic teachings, thus aligning it with Islamic principles.

Moh Choirus Samroni; Arikatul Jannah; Najnatul Mismah; Mochammad Isa Anshori

Jurnal Pemimpin Bisnis Inovatif 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Bisnis Indonesia

Digital transformation has driven organizations to adopt the metaverse as a 3D virtual workspace that enables employee interaction through avatars, thereby introducing new challenges in managing organizational identity, work culture, and employee loyalty. This study aims to analyze the role of human resource leadership in establishing organizational identity, transforming work culture, and sustaining employee loyalty within a metaverse-based work environment. The study employs an integrative literature review approach by systematically collecting and synthesizing relevant scholarly sources from reputable publications within the last five years. The findings indicate that organizational identity in the metaverse is constructed through avatar representation and virtual environment design, while work culture undergoes a transformation toward flexible digital interaction patterns that still require reinforcement of organizational values. Furthermore, employee loyalty is influenced by the quality of virtual experiences and the effectiveness of leadership communication. In this context, digital-based HR leadership emerges as a critical factor in fostering employee engagement and trust in a non-physical interaction setting. This study contributes conceptually by integrating leadership, identity, culture, and loyalty within the metaverse framework, and provides practical implications for organizations in designing adaptive human resource management strategies in response to the advancement of immersive technologies.

Diya Mirzha Rusyanto; Fazila Safia Utomo; Rinda Aunillah Sirait; Kurnia Lucky Fadillah

Ekspresi : Publikasi Kegiatan Pengabdian Indonesia 2026 Asosiasi Seni Desain dan Komunikasi Visual Indonesia

IIn the process of creating the feature video "Jejak Rasa: Akar dari Tanah Priangan," the author serves as the Director of Photography, responsible for managing the visual aspects to effectively and comprehensively convey the message. This is achieved through the application of various cinematographic techniques, such as careful selection of camera angles, types of shots, camera movements, and in-depth composition. The main goal of this feature video production is to showcase the cultural value of cassava as an essential part of the culinary identity of Tanah Priangan, while also highlighting its transformation from traditional food to modern culinary innovation with contemporary relevance and appeal. This work is expected to provide a more comprehensive visual representation of local food culture and raise public awareness about the importance of preserving culinary heritage as part of the nation's cultural wealth. The application of cinematographic techniques used not only strengthens the delivery of information but also effectively enhances the aesthetic quality of the work as a visual communication medium that can impact the audience emotionally and intellectually.

Fazila Safia Utomo; Diya Mirzha Rusyanto; Rinda Aunillah Sirait; Kurnia Lucky Fadillah

Ekspresi : Publikasi Kegiatan Pengabdian Indonesia 2026 Asosiasi Seni Desain dan Komunikasi Visual Indonesia

This study aims to explain the implementation of the three-act structure in scriptwriting for the feature video entitled “Jejak Rasa: Akar dari Tanah Priangan.” The background of this research is based on the tendency of audiovisual representations of cassava that remain partial, focusing only on either traditional or modern aspects without integrating both into a cohesive narrative. This study employs a qualitative approach based on creative practice, where the author acts as a scriptwriter responsible for designing the narrative flow using the three-act structure: set up, confrontation, and resolution. The production process consists of three stages: pre-production, production, and post-production, involving literature research, field observation, interviews with key informants, and the development of visual and audio narratives. The findings indicate that the implementation of the three-act structure successfully creates a systematic narrative that integrates historical, cultural, and modern dimensions of cassava transformation. This structure also effectively builds a coherent dramatic flow and enhances audience emotional engagement. The implications of this study are expected to provide references for academics and practitioners in developing research-based audiovisual scriptwriting, particularly in the context of local culture and gastronomy.

Iftah Rizki Fatimah Yasmin; Nabila Nabila; Shefiyah Mediana; Lilik Chumaidah; Suwatah Suwatah

Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Psikologi. 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

Social interaction is an important part of students' lives, especially in the school environment and socializing with peers. In the process of this interaction, verbal bullying behavior often appears which is often considered a form of joke or a natural thing. In fact, verbal bullying can have a quite serious psychological impact on students who experience it. This study aims to examine various forms of verbal bullying that occur in social interactions in students and analyze the psychological impact it causes. This study uses a literature review method by analyzing various scientific sources in the form of research journals, scientific articles, and relevant books published in the range of 2016–2026. The results of the study show that verbal bullying in students can appear in various forms, such as mockery of physical or ability, insults, the use of harsh words, yelling, and humiliation in front of others or the general public. Various studies have also shown that these behaviors are influenced by the factors of the friendship environment, lack of emotional control, and excessive joke culture among students. The psychological impact caused includes decreased self-confidence, the emergence of feelings of sadness, anxiety, stress, and a tendency to withdraw from the social environment. Therefore, attention from various parties, especially the school and family environment, is needed to prevent and reduce the occurrence of verbal bullying so that students' psychological development can take place in a healthy manner.

Muhammad Shohibul Ma’ali; Nisa Uzzaroh; Intan Dzihriyati; Nurul Hakim

Akhlak : Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Filsafat 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

Indonesia is a country rich in cultural diversity, one of which is the Tedak Siten tradition that is still preserved by Javanese communities, including those in Bancar Village. This tradition is not merely a cultural heritage but also contains important educational and spiritual values in community life. This study aims to understand the meaning of the Tedak Siten tradition, identify the educational and spiritual values embedded within it, and analyze it from the perspective of Islam Nusantara. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach using observation, interviews, and documentation techniques, with informants selected purposively from community members directly involved in the tradition. The findings reveal that Tedak Siten functions as a medium for character education, instilling values such as independence, responsibility, and perseverance from an early age. In addition, the tradition strengthens spiritual values through prayers and expressions of gratitude to Allah SWT. From the perspective of Islam Nusantara, Tedak Siten reflects a harmonious acculturation between local culture and Islamic teachings without contradicting the principle of monotheism. The implications of this study indicate that local traditions can be utilized as contextual learning resources in Islamic education while also serving as a means of preserving valuable cultural heritage. Therefore, Tedak Siten remains relevant not only as a tradition but also as a medium for character building and strengthening religious values in society.

Arief Fahmi Lubis; Tri Agus Suswantoro

Jurnal Pengabdian Sosial dan Kemanusiaan 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This community service activity aims to explore strategies for strengthening human competencies in facing technological disruption through a national seminar entitled “Human Resource Transformation in the Digital Era: An Interdisciplinary Approach for Sustainable Community Empowerment.” The seminar featured expert speakers from various universities to provide multidimensional perspectives for participants. The discussion focused on the integration of digital technology, adaptation of organizational culture, and management innovation to enhance community economic resilience. The implementation method involved intensive material presentations and interactive discussions that bridged academic theory with practical field needs. The results of the activity indicated an increase in participants’ awareness and understanding of the importance of digital literacy and interdisciplinary collaboration as key factors for inclusive empowerment. Through synergy among academics, the seminar successfully formulated strategic recommendations for developing adaptive, innovative, and globally competitive human resources. It is expected that the outcomes of this activity will serve as a catalyst for achieving sustainable community independence amid the rapidly evolving digital ecosystem. Recognizing the importance of this issue, the seminar was held on March 7, 2026, and comprehensively discussed strategies, insights, and research findings related to human resource transformation in the digital era, including how organizations can become more competitive.

Ari Diana; Wiko Antoni; Susilawati Susilawati

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Bahasa 2026 Pusat riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Pantun, as a form of traditional oral literature, plays a crucial role in the development of regional literature learning and character education. This study aims to analyze the application of pantun as a learning medium capable of revitalizing students' character values ​​in the modern era. The study was conducted through a literature review of several relevant scientific articles, including those by Purnama et al. (2023), Andayani (2024), Yoga (2024), and Rozani (2025), all of which discuss the relationship between pantun, learning, and character development. The analysis shows that pantun contains character values ​​such as religiosity, honesty, responsibility, courtesy, hard work, and love of country. Through pantun reciprocal activities, the creation of thematic pantun, and the integration of pantun into a local wisdom-based curriculum, regional literature learning can be an effective means of developing polite, creative, and cultured personalities. The application of pantun in the classroom not only strengthens appreciation for regional literature but also serves as a concrete strategy for revitalizing national character. Thus, pantun is no longer merely a legacy of oral tradition, but rather an instrument for moral and cultural education relevant to the needs of 21st-century education.    

Syifatul Zuhra; Muhammad Ryandi Perdana Suandi

Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Sosial dan Humaniora 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This study aims to analyze the protection of victims of sexual violence crimes from a victimology perspective within Indonesian criminal law. This research employs a normative legal method with a qualitative approach, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches. Data were collected through library research based on legislation and recent scientific journals published between 2021 and 2026. The results indicate that, normatively, Indonesia has established a relatively strong legal framework, particularly with the enactment of Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crimes. However, its implementation remains constrained by several challenges, including limited capacity of law enforcement officials, weak inter-institutional coordination, and structural and cultural factors such as patriarchal culture and victim blaming practices. Furthermore, victims are still at risk of experiencing revictimization during the criminal justice process. From a victimology perspective, this condition reflects that the Indonesian criminal justice system is still in a transitional phase toward victim-oriented justice. Therefore, strengthening the victimological approach through comprehensive legal reform, enhancing the professionalism of law enforcement officers, and transforming legal culture in society are essential to ensure effective and substantive justice for victims.

Imellia Faridatus Soleha; Nuril Lailati Syarifah; Juni Indah Sirait; Mochammad Isa Anshori

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Digital Terkini 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Global business environmental uncertainty, triggered by "Black Swan" phenomena, demands that organizations transform beyond passive resilience toward anti-fragility capabilities, where Human Resource (HR) systems actually grow stronger through market disruptions. This study aims to analyze the concept of anti-fragility within organizational leadership, explain the role of transformational leadership in shaping anti-fragile employees, and identify organizational strategies for navigating market uncertainty. The approach employed is a narrative literature review using content analysis techniques across various reputable scientific journals, anti-fragility theory, and organizational case studies such as Disney+, Zoom, and Tractor Supply. Research findings indicate that transformational leadership acts as a primary catalyst that builds anti-fragility through intellectual stimulation, decentralized autonomy, and the creation of a culture that learns from failure. Organizational strategies prioritizing resource flexibility, cross-skilling, and optionality have proven effective in converting crisis stressors into opportunities for innovation and performance growth. The contribution of this article lies in the development of an "Anti-Fragile Leadership" conceptual framework that integrates the philosophical principles of anti-fragility into strategic HRM practices. The practical implications provide a guide for organizational leaders to design work systems that are adaptive and proactive toward market volatility, ensuring that organizations not only survive but thrive from chaos.

Teki Teguh Setiawan; Pitutur Tustho Gumawang; Wisnu Samodro

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Seni, Desain dan Media 2026 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Traditional artworks, amidst the tide of modernization and digitalization, face the challenge of being stigmatized as static relics of the past. However, in the midst of increasingly modern civilization, traditional artworks are perceived to possess philosophical values ​​for the younger generation. The meanings contained in traditional songs possess a social perspective lacking in most traditional songs composed in the modern era. The purpose of this article is to examine the lyrics of Ki Nartosabdo's song "Lumbung Desa" philosophically and sociologically, applying Roland Barthes's semiotic theory. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach to analyze semiotics, comprising the significance of denotation, connotation, and myth.The analysis shows that the denotation in the lyrics of "Lumbung Desa" depicts agricultural activities occurring in rural communities. Connotatively, the lyrics interpret the values ​​of human spirituality towards God, integrity in work, and food self-sufficiency. From a mythical perspective, the lyrics symbolize the values ​​of harmony in social life and mutual cooperation as a solid foundation for building national stability and progress. Further analysis of the song lyrics' relevance in the modern era shows that the meaning of "Lumbung" has transformed into financial and digital independence, while the value of "Rukun" points to the application of ethics in the use of digital media in the modern era. This article concludes that preserving traditional songs is a strategy to revive culture as a manifestation of material progress that impacts the well-being of modern society.

Sri Yulianty Mozin; Siti Mardia Mareteng; Fadila Ladiku; Rahmawaty M. Noho; Cipta Monoarfa

RISOMA : Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan 2026 Asosiasi Ilmuwan Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Humaniora Indonesia

This research is motivated by the importance of strengthening a professional public service culture through the integration of public administration values, norms, and ethics. Although various regulations and codes of ethics have been established in public organizations, gaps remain between formal norms and service practices in the field, such as low levels of responsiveness and professionalism among civil servants. This study aims to analyze the relationship between values, norms, and ethics in shaping public service culture, and to examine the role of organizational ethics and codes of ethics in strengthening public administration professionalism. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design through a literature review of relevant journals, books, and policy documents. Content analysis techniques were used to identify patterns of relationships between concepts. The results indicate that the internalization of ethical values ​​such as integrity, accountability, and transparency significantly influences the quality of public services. An organizational code of ethics serves as a formal instrument that clarifies standards of conduct for civil servants and strengthens a professional work culture. Consequently, public organizations need to strengthen ethics training, oversight mechanisms, and the integration of ethical values ​​into performance evaluation systems to build responsive and public-interest-oriented services.

Ade Septiani; Solehudin Solehudin; Sancka Stella

Jurnal ilmu Kesehatan Umum 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

Patient safety is a top priority in healthcare services in hospitals. One of the critical elements is the accuracy of patient identification to prevent incidents such as procedural errors or medication administration. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nurses' compliance in implementing SBAR communication with the accuracy of patient identification at Hospital X, West Jakarta. This study is a quantitative analytical study. The research design used was a cross-sectional study. The population in this study were nurses working at Hospital X, West Jakarta with a sample of 50 respondents taken using the total sampling technique. The data collection technique used an instrument in the form of an observation sheet for SBAR compliance and patient identification accuracy. Data analysis used the Chi-Square statistical test method. Based on the results of the study, it was found that most nurses were not compliant in implementing SBAR communication, namely 27 people (54%) and the majority were not accurate in identifying patients, namely 30 people (60%). The results of the statistical test showed a p value = 0.000 (p <0.05), which means there is a significant relationship between nurses' compliance in implementing SBAR communication with the accuracy of patient identification at Hospital X, West Jakarta. This study indicates that the better nurses' adherence to SBAR communication, the better the accuracy of patient identification. Hospitals are recommended to increase routine supervision and ongoing training to strengthen a culture of patient safety through effective communication.  

Alienra Davry Nanda Kadun MT; Terianus Luther Safkaur; Ferry Rhendra Pananda Putra Sitorus

Jurnal Pengabdian dan Pembangunan Lokal 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This community service was carried out at the Abar traditional pottery craftsman studio "Titian Hidup" with the aim of strengthening business competitiveness through the development of branding strategies based on local wisdom. Pottery crafts in Papua, especially in Kampung Abar, not only represent technical skills, but also contain philosophical values that reflect the history and cultural life of the indigenous peoples. However, until now pottery products do not have a brand identity that is able to express the richness of meaning and character that they have. The method of service includes deepening the philosophical character of the product, the application of technology, and socialization to craftsmen. This approach is designed to build awareness and knowledge about the importance of branding as an instrument to strengthen business identity. The results of the service show that artisans are beginning to understand the concept of professional branding, including product differentiation, cultural narratives, and the use of digital technology to expand market access. In addition, this activity encourages the adaptation of artisans to modern market developments without losing the cultural roots that characterize the product. Thus, this service contributes to the preservation of local culture while increasing the sustainability of the traditional Papuan pottery craft business through a structured and contextual branding strategy.

Pratama, Anugrah; Mutmainnah Mutmainnah

Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Administrasi Publik dan Kebijakan Negara 2026 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This community service program addresses the growing ethical challenges of design practices in social media, particularly among children and adolescents. Social media platforms are not merely communication tools but persuasive digital products that influence behavior, emotions, and information consumption. This program aimed to enhance ethical design literacy among members of the Children’s forum in Tangerang Regency through an interactive workshop combining theoretical education, case studies, and practical design exercises. The methodology involved participatory training sessions, including lectures on design ethics, identification of dark patterns, privacy-by-design practices, and hands-on content creation using social media platforms. The results indicate increased participant awareness of ethical principles such as transparency, visual honesty, respect for copyright, and privacy protection. Participants demonstrated improved ability to identify unethical design elements and to produce simple yet responsible visual content. The program contributes to strengthening digital ethics awareness among young social media users and highlights the importance of collaborative, community-based approaches in fostering responsible digital culture.

Mhd Agri Amri; Refelina Tabitasari; Endelina Miranda; Devina Sianturi; Ria Valentine Angela Manalu +1 more

Publikasi Para ahli Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris 2026 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the symbolic meaning of the mangulosi tradition in Toba Batak traditional wedding ceremonies using Roland Barthes’ semiotic theory. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method, with data collected from visual media such as YouTube and TikTok, supported by informants familiar with Toba Batak culture. The findings reveal that meaning in the mangulosi tradition is constructed through three levels of signification: denotation, connotation, and myth. At the denotative level, mangulosi is understood as the act of giving ulos in a wedding ceremony. At the connotative level, ulos and the ritual process convey symbolic meanings such as blessings, protection, harmony, and the strengthening of social and kinship relationships. At the myth level, the tradition reinforces the cultural ideology that marriage is considered legitimate when it receives recognition and blessings from family and customary authorities. Quantitatively, the findings show that artifacts are dominated by visual connotative meanings (40%), while ritual actions emphasize non-verbal (30%) and verbal (20%) meanings. Therefore, the mangulosi tradition is not only a ceremonial practice but also a medium for preserving cultural identity and social values within the Toba Batak community.

I Wayan Gama

International Journal of Communication, Tourism, and Social Economic Trends 2026 Asosiasi Penelitian dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This study aims to explore the shift in students' ethical paradigms regarding the use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its relationship to the phenomenon of plagiarism. Using a qualitative approach with the theoretical frameworks of Jean Baudrillard's Simulacra and Pierre Bourdieu's Habitus, this study examines how AI technology is changing the nature of scientific work. The results show the normalization of AI use as a new "digital habitus," where 83% of students consider AI a legitimate research tool, but on the other hand, it creates a condition of "Aesthetics Without Substance." The main findings reveal a reduction in originality where academic honesty is only measured through technical scores (such as Turnitin), rather than intellectual depth. The comparison between authentic and AI-based writing indicates the risk of systemic intellectual atrophy. In conclusion, this study recommends the need for a redesign of educational evaluation systems that focus on processes and verbal dialectics to mitigate the impact of pseudo-competence on college graduates.

Sri Yulianty Mozin; Sesilia U. Taidi; Marsha Oktaviani Sila; Fija Ahaya

WISSEN : Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 2026 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This study examines the relationship between organizational culture and the sustainability of public service innovation within government bureaucracy. Although many public service innovations show positive results in the initial stages, many do not sustain in the long term. This indicates the presence of fundamental factors affecting innovation sustainability, one of which is organizational culture. Organizational culture plays a role in shaping the behavior, values, and work methods of civil servants in providing services to the public. This study aims to analyze the role of organizational culture in supporting or hindering the sustainability of public service innovations. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this study analyzes 20 relevant scientific articles from 2002 to 2025. The results indicate that hierarchical, rigid, and administratively-oriented organizational cultures hinder innovation sustainability. Other factors such as low leadership support, limited incentives, and resistance to change also strengthen these barriers. Conversely, an open, collaborative, and adaptive organizational culture to change enhances the likelihood of innovation sustainability. In conclusion, the success of public service innovations is greatly influenced by the organizational culture underlying the behavior of civil servants. Therefore, transforming organizational culture to be more innovative and adaptive is a strategic step to strengthen the sustainability of innovation.

Suhartini Suhartini

International Journal of Management and Digital Sciences 2026 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

The restructuring of Indonesian state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and their subsidiaries following the establishment of Danantara has generated new organizational demands, particularly regarding employees’ psychological preparedness for change. This article develops a quantitative research framework to examine the effects of change communication, transformational leadership, job insecurity, and organizational culture on employees’ readiness for change, with perceived organizational support serving as a moderating variable. The study is designed as an explanatory survey targeting employees of PT Krakatau Steel subsidiaries affected by restructuring. Data are intended to be collected using a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The article proposes that change communication, transformational leadership, and organizational culture positively influence readiness for change, whereas job insecurity exerts a negative effect. In addition, perceived organizational support is expected to strengthen the positive effects of change communication, transformational leadership, and organizational culture while attenuating the negative effect of job insecurity. The article contributes to the organizational behavior literature by offering a contextually grounded framework for understanding employee responses to restructuring in SOE subsidiaries. It further highlights the strategic importance of organizational support in sustaining employees’ readiness to navigate changes in governance, work systems, and organizational direction.

Dwi Oktavian Widyatama; Aryo Bayu Wibisono; Masnuna Masnuna

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Seni, Desain dan Media 2026 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The Sidoarjo mudflow eruption in Porong, Sidoarjo, that have been flowing since 2006 has caused long-term impacts on the affected communities. the impact in question are people losing their job, change in social interaction and culture that are applied everyday by the communities. This study aims to examine the socio-cultural changes that are experienced by the community two decades after the disaster. The research employs a qualitative approach using photo elicitation through five photographs that are taken in the affected area map as prompts for resource person to reflect and recount their experience that they undergo, then will be conducted semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate a transformation of the physical landscape, which has led to shifts in social structures, the weakening of communal bonds, and changes in collective identity. Memories of the former homeland and the continuation of annual commemorative practices demonstrate that the disaster remains embedded in the community’s social life. These findings affirm that the impacts of the disaster are not merely physical, but also social and cultural in between communities in the long term and continuosly happening.