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This study examines the transformation of business education curricula in response to the rapid expansion of the digital economy. The increasing integration of artificial intelligence, big data analytics, cloud computing, and digital platforms has significantly reshaped industrial demands and professional competencies. Using a qualitative research approach and content analysis, this study explores the challenges and strategic opportunities associated with curriculum transformation in higher education institutions. The findings reveal that universities face critical challenges related to technological infrastructure, faculty readiness, curriculum relevance, and industry alignment. However, digital transformation also provides opportunities for interdisciplinary learning, experiential education, global collaboration, and technology-driven innovation. The study emphasizes the importance of adaptive leadership, faculty development, industry partnerships, and student-centered pedagogies in supporting sustainable curriculum reform. Ultimately, transforming business education curricula is essential for preparing graduates with digital competencies, critical thinking abilities, and innovative skills necessary to compete effectively in the global digital economy.

This study examines the role of inclusive curriculum reform in promoting educational equity within multicultural education systems. The research focuses on the interconnected roles of curriculum transformation, educational policy, and transformative leadership in fostering inclusive and socially just learning environments. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, the study analyzed scholarly articles, policy documents, educational reports, and academic literature related to multicultural education, inclusive pedagogy, leadership, and equity-oriented policies. The findings reveal that inclusive curriculum reform serves as a fundamental strategy for recognizing cultural diversity, reducing discrimination, and enhancing equal participation among students from diverse backgrounds. Furthermore, effective educational policies and transformative leadership practices were identified as essential factors in supporting sustainable inclusive educational reform. However, the study also found that the implementation of inclusive curriculum reform continues to face significant challenges, including inadequate teacher preparation, limited institutional resources, policy inconsistency, technological inequality, and sociocultural resistance

Data analysis is a fundamental stage in educational research because it determines the validity, credibility, and quality of research findings. The different philosophical paradigms underlying qualitative and quantitative approaches require distinct concepts, procedures, and analytical techniques. This study aims to examine the concepts, procedures, and implementation of data analysis in educational research using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. A literature review method was employed by analyzing books, scientific journal articles, and other relevant academic references related to educational research methodology. The findings indicate that qualitative data analysis emphasizes an interactive and iterative process involving data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing, and verification to produce credible and meaningful interpretations. In contrast, quantitative data analysis relies on systematic statistical procedures, including descriptive and inferential analyses, to test hypotheses, identify relationships among variables, and support objective decision-making. Although both approaches differ in their analytical orientation and techniques, they share the need for systematic, objective, valid, and rigorous procedures to ensure the accuracy and trustworthiness of research findings. Understanding these differences enables researchers to select analytical methods that are appropriate to their research objectives, designs, and data characteristics. This study contributes to a broader understanding of educational research methodology and provides practical guidance for researchers, educators, and university students in implementing effective and appropriate data analysis techniques.

The development of information technology has encouraged the emergence of electronic library innovations as a solution to improve community literacy, particularly in 3T (Disadvantaged, Frontier, and Outermost) areas with limited access to information. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the GEPSI Electronic Library in improving community knowledge in Tanjung Pidada Village, Tempuling District, Indragiri Hilir Regency. This research employed a quasi-experimental design using a one-group pre-test and post-test approach. The sample consisted of 30 respondents selected through total sampling technique. Data were collected using pretest and posttest questionnaires and analyzed statistically to determine differences before and after the intervention. The results showed that prior to the intervention, the majority of respondents had poor knowledge (73.3%), while after using the GEPSI e-library, most respondents were categorized as having good knowledge (73.3%). Statistical analysis indicated a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), demonstrating a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores. It can be concluded that the GEPSI Electronic Library is effective in improving community knowledge in 3T areas. This program has the potential to become an innovative strategy for equalizing information access and enhancing community literacy.

Traditional wedding rituals constitute intangible cultural heritage rich in symbolic meaning, serving to strengthen social solidarity and transmit cultural values. The massive penetration of modernization and digitalization has created new pressures for the Bugis-Makassar community in maintaining this heritage. This study analyzes the transformation of Bugis-Makassar traditional wedding rituals in South Sulawesi within the digital era context, focusing on how the community negotiates their cultural identity between the forces of tradition and modernity. Using a critical ethnographic approach with a multiple case study design grounded in Bhabha's concept of the third space, the study involved 42 informants from three groups: young couples (digital generation, aged 22–35), parents/family (middle generation, 40–60), and customary elders (to panrita lopi/bissu, 65+) in Makassar City, Bone Regency, and Wajo Regency. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation in 12 wedding ceremonies, and social media content analysis. Results reveal three main transformation patterns: (1) digital spectacularization—rituals adapted for social media consumption; (2) reflective selectivity—young couples actively choosing which traditional elements to retain; and (3) procedural hybridization—the integration of customary procedures with contemporary elements. These transformations are colored by intergenerational contestation that generally ends in compromise between demands for customary completeness and the aesthetic preferences of the younger generation. The study concludes that this transformation is not merely a loss of tradition, but a creative form of identity negotiation in which the Bugis-Makassar community actively reconstructs the meaning of siri' (self-esteem/dignity) and pesse (solidarity) within the changed socio-cultural landscape. The findings imply the need for cultural preservation policies that understand change as inherent to living culture, and open avenues for longitudinal studies on the intergenerational transmission of cultural values.

In the post-pandemic period, the learning process at the Madrasah Tsanawiyah level continues to face significant challenges, particularly the emergence of disparities in student learning outcomes in general subjects. Many students have not yet fully returned to an active and focused learning pattern, resulting in uneven learning outcomes. Under these circumstances, self-directed learning has become an increasingly prominent aspect, as it relates to students’ ability to manage their own learning process without relying too heavily on teacher guidance. This study aims to examine how learning autonomy influences MTs students’ learning outcomes by reviewing existing studies. The research employs a literature review method using a qualitative descriptive approach, drawing on scientific sources from the past five years. The data were analyzed through content analysis to identify patterns of relationships emerging from previous studies. The results of the study indicate that learning autonomy tends to have a positive correlation with improved learning outcomes, although the magnitude of the effect is not always consistent across every study. Students who are better able to manage their own learning steps generally appear more active, more focused in their studies, and more aware of the processes they are undergoing. Nevertheless, the development of learning autonomy does not occur in isolation, as it remains influenced by the school’s learning environment and the way teachers manage instruction. Thus, it is clear that fostering independent learning is a key factor in efforts to improve student learning outcomes in the post-pandemic era.

The pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima) is a high-value aquaculture commodity whose hatchery success is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, particularly temperature. This study aimed to determine the effect of different temperatures on the growth and survival rate of Pinctada maxima larvae. The research was conducted at PT Timur Otsuki Mutiara (PT. TOM), Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of three temperature treatments: A (28°C), B (29°C), and C (30°C), each with three replications. The observed parameters included survival rate, absolute growth, dorsal–ventral specific growth rate, anterior–posterior specific growth rate, and water quality. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that temperature had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the survival rate and specific growth rate of the larvae. The 28°C treatment produced the highest survival rate (22.44%), dorsal–ventral specific growth rate (4.97%), and anterior–posterior specific growth rate (5.13%). The highest absolute growth was also recorded at 28°C, reaching 121.67 µm; however, no significant differences were observed among treatments (P>0.05). Water quality parameters remained within the optimal range for larval rearing throughout the study. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that 28°C is the optimum temperature for supporting the growth and survival of Pinctada maxima larvae, whereas increasing the temperature up to 30°C tends to reduce larval performance.

The fast fashion industry has actually become the second largest contributor to textile waste in the world due to rapid production cycles, high consumer demand, and the use of synthetic materials that are difficult to biodegrade. This phenomenon causes serious environmental impacts such as water pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, accumulation of solid waste, and microplastic pollution that threatens marine ecosystems. In Indonesia, although environmental regulations such as Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and Law Number 18 of 2008 concerning Waste Management exist, the implementation of fast fashion waste management still faces various obstacles. This study aims to analyze the implementation of waste management regulations in the fast fashion industry in Indonesia and to examine why the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) mechanism is necessary as a legal instrument for textile waste management. The method used is normative juridical with an ecological approach, utilizing primary and secondary legal materials, as well as qualitative-descriptive and comparative analysis with France, the Netherlands, and Sweden. The findings reveal four main legal gaps: the absence of a definition for post-consumer textile waste, the lack of a binding take-back mechanism for producers, weak fiscal instruments supporting EPR, and the absence of ecodesign obligations. The implication of this study highlights the need for regulatory reconstruction that specifically addresses the responsibility of fast fashion producers throughout the product life cycle to achieve more effective and sustainable waste management.               

Digital transformation in public services has encouraged government institutions to develop technology-based services, including the Online Police Record Certificate (SKCK) service at Kupang City Regional Police Resort. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Online SKCK service as an administrative requirement at the Kupang City Regional Police Resort. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document analysis involving service officers and users of the Online SKCK service. Data were analyzed using an interactive model consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the Online SKCK service has improved accessibility, service efficiency, and transparency through the implementation of the PRESISI POLRI application. Based on the effectiveness indicators, namely program understanding, target accuracy, timeliness, goal achievement, and real change, the service can be categorized as moderately effective. Target accuracy and real change emerged as the strongest indicators, while program understanding and timeliness still face several challenges, including limited digital literacy among users, application system disruptions, and data verification issues. Nevertheless, the Online SKCK service has provided significant benefits in supporting the modernization of public services. The study concludes that improving system quality, strengthening public outreach, and developing a more integrated service system are necessary to optimize the effectiveness of the Online SKCK service at the Kupang City Regional Police Resort.

Agrarian conflict remains one of the most persistent issues in Indonesia, particularly involving indigenous communities, government institutions, and private corporations. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of agrarian conflict, the role of agenda control in policymaking, and the effectiveness of conflict resolution between the Soge Natarmage and Goban Runut-Tana Ai Indigenous Communities and PT Kristus Raja Maumere (Krisrama) in Nangahale Village, Sikka Regency. This research employed a qualitative approach using a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis, and were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. The findings reveal that the conflict is rooted in competing claims between the company's formal Land Cultivation Rights (Hak Guna Usaha/HGU) and the indigenous communities’ historical claims over customary land. The conflict resolution process has been largely dominated by a legal-formal approach that prioritizes HGU legality, while the recognition of indigenous land rights has received limited attention. The study further identifies the presence of agenda control and nondecision making practices that influence the direction of conflict resolution policies. Moreover, mediation efforts have not adequately addressed the root causes of the conflict because they remain focused on administrative and legal aspects rather than the social, cultural, and historical dimensions of indigenous communities. The study concludes that sustainable agrarian conflict resolution requires a more inclusive, participatory, and equitable approach through the recognition of indigenous rights and the involvement of all stakeholders in policymaking processes.

Community participation is an important factor in supporting the success of village infrastructure development. This study aims to analyze community participation in infrastructure development in Kila Village, Aimere District, Ngada Regency. The research employed a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation involving village officials, community leaders, and local residents. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that community participation in infrastructure development has not been evenly distributed across all stages of development. Participation at the planning stage remains relatively low due to limited community involvement in development planning meetings. In contrast, participation during the implementation stage is relatively high, particularly through mutual cooperation activities and labor contributions. At the utilization stage, the community has benefited from the infrastructure development; however, awareness regarding the maintenance and preservation of development outcomes remains low. Factors supporting community participation include public awareness, the culture of mutual cooperation, and support from the village government. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include limited time, educational background, low community initiative, and inadequate socialization. The study concludes that community participation in infrastructure development in Kila Village needs to be strengthened, particularly at the planning and maintenance stages, in order to achieve more participatory and sustainable village development.

Birth certificate ownership is a fundamental right of every citizen and an essential requirement for accessing various public services. However, the coverage of birth certificate ownership in North Central Timor Regency has not yet reached the national target. To address this issue, the Department of Population and Civil Registration of North Central Timor Regency implemented the Mobile Service Program (Jemput Bola) as an initiative to bring civil registration services closer to the community. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Mobile Service Program in increasing birth certificate ownership in North Central Timor Regency. The research employed a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The analysis of program effectiveness was based on Richard M. Steers’ goal approach and strategic constituencies approach. The findings indicate that the Mobile Service Program is effective in expanding service accessibility, increasing the number of birth certificates issued, and facilitating public access to civil registration documents. The program also received positive responses from the community because it reduced barriers related to cost, time, and distance in obtaining birth certificates. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including low public awareness, incomplete administrative requirements, limited internet connectivity, and geographical constraints. Therefore, strengthening public outreach, improving coordination with village governments, and establishing measurable program targets are necessary to enhance the program’s effectiveness in a sustainable manner.

This study examines how profitability affects company value among manufacturing firms included in the LQ45 index during the 2023–2025 period, with debt policy serving as a moderating variable. Increasing business competition encourages companies to improve their financial performance and market value to attract investors and maintain long-term sustainability. A quantitative research approach with a causal research design was employed to analyze the relationship between the variables. The study used secondary data obtained from audited annual financial statements published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. Data analysis was conducted using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) with the assistance of SPSS version 26. The results indicate that profitability has a significant positive effect on firm value, suggesting that higher profitability enhances investor confidence and contributes to higher market valuations. Furthermore, debt policy significantly moderates the relationship between profitability and firm value by strengthening the influence of profitability. The coefficient of determination increased from below thirteen percent to more than sixty-three percent after including the moderating variable. These findings demonstrate that effective debt management combined with strong profitability contributes to higher firm value and supports sustainable corporate growth and long-term investor confidence.

This study explores the role of artificial intelligence in strengthening cybersecurity threat detection frameworks for next-generation network environments. The rapid expansion of cloud computing, Internet of Things ecosystems, and distributed digital infrastructures has significantly increased cybersecurity risks and operational vulnerabilities. Traditional cybersecurity systems often struggle to detect sophisticated and evolving threats due to their dependence on static detection mechanisms. Using a qualitative research approach and content analysis method, this study examines recent developments in artificial intelligence, machine learning algorithms, and intelligent cybersecurity frameworks. The findings indicate that AI-driven cybersecurity systems improve real-time threat detection, anomaly identification, automated monitoring, and predictive security analysis. Machine learning technologies such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and deep learning models demonstrate strong potential for enhancing intrusion detection accuracy and reducing false positive rates. The study also identifies critical challenges related to ethical governance, privacy protection, computational complexity, and adversarial attacks in AI-based cybersecurity systems

This study investigates the integration of digital twin technology and machine learning for predictive analysis in smart mechanical systems. The research emphasizes the role of intelligent computational frameworks in improving industrial monitoring, predictive maintenance, and operational efficiency within Industry 4.0 environments. A qualitative content analysis approach was employed by reviewing scientific literature, industrial reports, and previous studies related to digital twins, artificial intelligence, and predictive analytics. The findings indicate that digital twin architectures supported by machine learning algorithms can significantly enhance real-time monitoring, fault prediction accuracy, and maintenance optimization. The integration of IoT devices, cloud computing, and intelligent analytics also improves industrial sustainability, reduces operational downtime, and supports data-driven decision-making processes. Furthermore, the study identifies several technological challenges, including cybersecurity risks, data integration complexity, and computational limitations. Overall, the proposed intelligent digital twin framework provides a promising approach for future industrial innovation and sustainable smart mechanical system management

Limited land availability is a major constraint in developing school infrastructure in active urban educational facilities. This study evaluates the classroom development plan at SDN 39 Lubuklinggau from the perspective of a planner, focusing on land limitation, functional needs, safety, constructability, and long-term building performance. A descriptive-evaluative approach was applied through technical observation, document review, alternative assessment, weighted scoring, and risk analysis. The results indicate that horizontal expansion is constrained by limited open space and may reduce internal circulation, student activity areas, and emergency space. Three alternatives were compared: horizontal expansion, building rearrangement, and a two-storey classroom scheme. The two-storey alternative obtained the highest score of 84, compared with 61 for rearrangement and 56 for horizontal expansion. However, its feasibility depends on further soil investigation, structural design, staircase and evacuation safety, utility coordination, construction phasing, and strict site safety control. The study recommends that the planner prioritize detailed site measurement, geotechnical investigation, detailed engineering design, construction safety planning, and post-construction functional evaluation. A vertical classroom strategy can be considered a rational solution for land-constrained schools when supported by accountable technical planning and integrated project control.

The enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) represents a significant transformation in India’s criminal justice system. Although environmental protection in India has traditionally been governed by specialized environmental statutes, the newly enacted criminal laws also contain provisions capable of addressing environmental crimes and ecological harm. This article examines the role of the BNS and BNSS in promoting environmental accountability and strengthening green justice within India’s legal framework. The study adopts a doctrinal and analytical legal research methodology based on statutory interpretation, constitutional analysis, and judicial precedents. The research finds that provisions relating to public nuisance, water pollution, atmospheric contamination, hazardous substances, and acts likely to spread disease collectively establish a broader criminal law framework for environmental protection. Judicial interpretation of Article 21 of the Constitution, together with principles such as the polluter pays principle, precautionary principle, and sustainable development, has further strengthened environmental jurisprudence in India. The article argues that the BNS and BNSS contribute toward mainstreaming environmental protection within criminal law, but effective enforcement, institutional coordination, and stronger implementation mechanisms remain necessary for achieving sustainable environmental justice.

As a maritime nation with vast sea territories, Indonesia faces significant challenges in safeguarding its waters, particularly in strategic regions such as the Natuna Sea. This area is vulnerable to various threats, including territorial violations, marine resource theft, and illegal underwater activities. This study aims to formulate a concept for the utilization of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) as an alternative solution to enhance underwater security systems in the region. The method employed is Research and Development (R&D), adopting model development steps and complemented by a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of AUVs in the context of Indonesian maritime defense. The research findings indicate that the main strength of AUVs lies in their technological capability to effectively detect underwater threats. Although they have weaknesses, such as high operational costs, dependency on imported components, and limitations in battery endurance and sonar capabilities, these factors do not significantly hinder AUV effectiveness. Major opportunities arise from global technological advancements, yet challenges remain due to insufficient government policy support. The threats faced include the risk of sabotage and extreme weather conditions. Therefore, the recommended strategies are to maximize the use of technology, strengthen supporting regulations, and address logistical and financial barriers to realize effective and sustainable AUV operations in the Natuna Sea.

Background: South Tangerang City has experienced an increase in the prevalence of diarrhea in children under five years old over the past three years. In 2023, South Tangerang City prevalence of the incidence of diarrhea in under five years old 17,68%. Purpose: This study aims to determine the distribution of diarrhea incidence in children under five years old based on risk factors through a spatial analysis approach in South Tangerang City in 2023. Methods: This study employs a quantitative, descriptive approach with an ecological design. The study was conducted from November 1, 2024, to July 31, 2025. The population and sample of this study consist of all seven sub-districts in South Tangerang City in 2023, using a total sampling technique. The variables studied included diarrhea incidence in children under five years old, population density, safe sanitation access, supervised drinking water facilities according to standards, and vitamin A supplementation coverage. Secondary data was obtained from the Health Department and the Central Statistics Agency of South Tangerang City in 2023. Results: The study results showed that in 2023, Pamulang Subdistrict had the highest number of diarrhea incidences in children under five years old. The area is also known to have a very high population density, safe sanitation access that is still below the national target, the percentage of supervised drinking water facilities and vitamin A coverage that has reached the national target. Conclusion: Most subdistricts in South Tangerang City in 2023 have high and low rates of diarrhea in children under five years old, and safe sanitation access is still below the national target.

This study aims to formulate an engineering strategy for water quality management and pollution control in the Tiku Sub-watershed, North Musi Rawas Regency. The study used a descriptive approach by integrating selected technical data from a dissertation-based assessment with semi-structured interviews involving 20 key informants representing technical agencies, village and subdistrict governments, community leaders, artisanal and small-scale gold mining actors, farmers, and riverbank communities. The analysis focused on water quality status, water availability and demand, pollution sources, perceived impacts, implementation constraints, and priority interventions. The results showed that the Tiku Sub-watershed is under significant environmental pressure. The average pollution index was 6.65, indicating a moderately polluted status, while mercury, cadmium, phosphate, and ammonia were the dominant parameters of concern. Surface water availability remained relatively adequate at 45,842,699.79 m3/year, and the average Criticality Ratio was 0.266; however, the water pollution carrying capacity was poor. Interview results indicated that mercury use and processing waste from artisanal gold mining were the most urgent issue (35%), followed by land-cover change and riparian degradation. The recommended strategy combines mercury-free processing technology, alternative livelihood development, cross-sectoral supervision, riparian rehabilitation, and transparent water-quality monitoring. The findings imply that watershed engineering should integrate technical, institutional, and socio-economic interventions.