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A market is a place where buying and selling transactions take place between sellers and buyers at a specific time and place. This definition encompasses several key elements: the presence of sellers, buyers, a specific place and time, and a transaction agreement. Such markets are also known as traditional markets. "Surprise" or "overflow" markets are markets that open suddenly and briefly. "Surprise" or "overflow" markets are increasingly common in various locations. There are many reasons why people enjoy shopping at these markets. One example is the very low prices, especially compared to shopping at supermarkets or malls. Over time, with the increasing demand for basic necessities, the "surprise" market, located along the road in the Vila Mutiara Cikarang housing complex, has also experienced gradual development. The number of traders and buyers has increased, the trading space has expanded, and transaction times have decreased. This "surprise" market is located along the road in the Vila Mutiara Cikarang housing complex, starting from the second block to the end of the road exiting the housing complex. The "surprise" market operates during peak hours, especially in the morning, when this time is not only for market activities but also for many activities such as going to work, school, and other activities.

Road preservation is a type of maintenance that keeps roads in satisfactory working order by using preventive, corrective, rehabilitation, and reconstruction methods. This approach makes sure that the road stays usable for the entire time it is planned to be used. In practice, preservation projects often run into delays that can lead to important contract conditions. To avoid this, there needs to be a structured way to evaluate things through a Show Case Meeting (SCM). This study looks at how SCM was used in the 2024 Girian–Kema–Rumbia–Buyat Road Preservation Project to find out what caused the delays and how well the agreed-upon fixes worked. The method included looking at physical progress, differences between planned and actual performance, and how well the contractor did during SCM Stages I and II. The results indicate that the contractor failed to provide enough workers and move the right equipment, which led to the critical contract condition. SCM Stage I did not meet the required test-case target, but SCM Stage II did, showing that the contractor was able to meet the required performance targets and finish the work on time. These results show that SCM is an important way to control contracts and fix problems, which helps construction projects get done on time and well.

The problem with a passenger car with a capacity of 15 people lies in its unscheduled maintenance and having broken down on the road. The purpose of component replacement planning is to obtain component replacement costs, maintenance and repair schedules for the 2026 period, and the maintenance cost-to-profit ratio. The planning method includes collecting previous maintenance data, applying the inspection-replace-repair-overhaul (IRRO) method, evaluating component conditions, estimating component lifespan, estimating labor costs, estimating supporting equipment to be used in maintenance, estimating the time to replace spare parts or reinstall repaired components, estimating maintenance and repair costs for the 2026 period, and calculating the maintenance cost-to-profit ratio. The results of component replacement planning obtained costs for the 2026 period are IDR 11,780,000 with an estimated passenger car rental rate of IDR 800,000/24 ​​hours (day) which has the potential to be rented for 4,320 hours/year, and the ratio of maintenance costs to profits is 10.33% which implies that passenger cars with a capacity of 15 people are still prospective to generate profits and are suitable for use for the next few years.  

This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the implementation of green finance and its relationship with the financial performance and profitability of banking institutions in Indonesia. Although sustainable finance policies have been continuously strengthened by regulators and stakeholders, the contribution of green financing to overall banking performance is still developing gradually, making it important to conduct a more focused and systematic analysis of its effectiveness. This research specifically aims to describe the application of green financing practices, assess financial performance conditions, and analyze bank profitability during the 2020–2024 period. The study employs a descriptive quantitative approach using secondary data on green financing distribution, financial performance indicators such as the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Non-Performing Loans (NPL), and Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), as well as profitability measured through Return on Assets (ROA). The findings indicate that the implementation of green finance has the potential to enhance long-term financial stability and improve profitability in the banking sector. This study implies that expanding green financing can serve as a relevant and sustainable business strategy for the banking industry while simultaneously supporting national sustainability and environmental development objectives.

Private vehicles are a frequently used mode of transportation because they are considered more practical. However, using private vehicles carries several risks, such as traffic accidents due to drivers losing focus on the road due to other activities, such as making calls on smartphones, drinking, or operating the radio. Approximately 90% of accidents are caused by human error. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a type of neural network commonly used on image data. CNN is often used for image classification due to its high performance and accuracy. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the performance of CNN for the classification of distracted driving activities. The results show that the CNN model is able to effectively classify images of distracted driving activities, with an accuracy of approximately 99% across all datasets and across all input image size variations. Furthermore, the results of this study also show that differences in right-hand and left-hand drive datasets do not significantly affect model accuracy. Variations in input image size also do not significantly affect model accuracy, but do affect the training duration.

Traffic performance on urban road segments is strongly affected by vehicle volume and travel time, particularly during peak periods. This study analyzes the relationship between travel duration and the total number of vehicles passing along Otto Iskandar Road as an illustration of urban traffic conditions. Data were collected through field surveys, focusing on two main variables: average vehicle travel time and total traffic volume. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics, including normality testing and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to identify potential differences between the observed variables. The results show a difference in average values between travel duration and vehicle volume; however, this difference is not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (p = 0.180). These findings indicate that increases in traffic volume do not always lead to proportional increases in travel time, although they can still influence the stability and efficiency of traffic flow. The results are consistent with previous studies, such as Halim (2021), who reported that U-turn movements affect speed and traffic performance, and Handayani et al. (2024), who found that parking activities and vehicle maneuvers reduce road capacity. Other studies also highlight the impact of side friction and traffic flow variations on speed and saturation levels. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of managing vehicle flow and monitoring travel time in urban transportation planning and traffic management.

Overburden removal at Pit B did not meet the production targets for June and July 2025, which were set at 570,698.8 BCM and 400,986.56 BCM, respectively, while the actual production achieved was 507,071.66 BCM and 312,128.23 BCM. This study aims to determine the theoretical productivity of loading and hauling equipment and to identify the factors that hinder the achievement of production targets. The primary data used in this study include the cycle time of loading equipment, the cycle time of hauling equipment, bucket fill factor, and delay time. The secondary data required consist of swell factor, number of passes, bucket capacity, and available working time. The productivity of the loading equipment was 332.58 BCM/hour, while the hauling equipment achieved a productivity of 53.16 BCM/hour, with a match factor of 0.74. This indicates that the loading equipment experienced waiting time during loading operations due to the hauling equipment not operating optimally or at full capacity. The factors inhibiting the achievement of production targets include a narrow, waterlogged, and uneven working face; hard overburden material; a road grade of 16%, which exceeds the standard maximum of 12%; a curve road width of 15 m, which is less than the ideal minimum width of 19.95 m; undulating haul roads; narrow haul road width; and dusty road conditions.

This study aims to analyze the impact of business combinations through acquisition on the financial performance of PT Sarana Menara Nusantara Tbk. The research employs a descriptive quantitative approach, focusing on the acquiring firm in the Indonesian telecommunications infrastructure sector. The data used are secondary data obtained from the company’s annual financial statements for the period 2019–2023, sourced from the Indonesia Stock Exchange and the company’s official website. Financial performance is analyzed using Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Net Profit Margin (NPM), and Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) by comparing the periods before, during, and after the acquisition conducted in 2021. The results indicate that the acquisition exerted short-term pressure on asset efficiency and profitability, as reflected by the decline in ROA and NPM in the year of acquisition. However, in the post-acquisition period, the company demonstrated an improvement in operational performance, particularly in Net Profit Margin, suggesting that the economic benefits of the business combination gradually materialized. Meanwhile, fluctuations in ROE and DER reflect adjustments in the capital structure following the acquisition. These findings suggest that the success of an acquisition cannot be evaluated solely based on short-term financial performance but requires continuous assessment to capture its medium- and long-term effects. This study provides practical implications for management in formulating post-acquisition integration strategies and contributes empirically to the accounting and finance literature on business combinations in Indonesia.

Brake discs are one of the motorcycle spare parts that function to connect and reduce speed when the motorbike is moving, although very simple, this spare part is part of the braking system and has a very important role, without braking it will endanger the driver and other road users. To determine the hardness of the motorcycle brake disc on two original brake discs and variation brake discs on the Yamaha Vision sport motorbike by conducting Rockwell hardness tests on the original and variation brake discs with 10 test variable points. The results obtained for the average value at the level of hardness on the original disc sample are 55.1 HRC and the average value on the variation disc sample is 44.6 HRC, and the conversion hardness value from the Rockwell test. For Brinell testing and tensile testing from the results of Rockwell hardness testing, the average Brinell and tensile test values ​​were converted from the test site with the average Brinell conversion results for the original disc being 575 HBS, while the average variation disc value was 417.1 HBS, the conversion tensile test value with the results on the original disc was 1626 N/mm² and the variation disc was 1427 N/mm² with 10 variable point Rockwell testing and the conversion value of the Brinell hardness test and the original disc tensile test value was still greater than the variation disc tensile test value.

Overburden stripping operations in the coal mining industry require optimal performance of loading and hauling equipment to achieve production efficiency. This study aims to evaluate the performance of loading and hauling equipment using the Match Factor method in overburden stripping operations at PT Bumi Artlantis Raya. The results indicate that the equipment combination achieved a Match Factor of 0.85, reflecting moderate compatibility with a potential efficiency improvement of 15%. The actual productivity of Excavator 4002 reached 137.02 bcm/hour (91.35% of the 150 bcm/hour target), while Excavator 4004 exceeded the target with a productivity of 195.73 bcm/hour (130.49% of the target). In contrast, dump truck productivity remained relatively low (Mercedes dump truck: 35.58 bcm/hour; Hino dump truck: 35.40 bcm/hour), primarily due to waiting time during loading and disposal activities. Statistical analysis reveals a strong negative correlation between cycle time and productivity (R² = 0.9929). The optimal cycle time to achieve a Match Factor of 0.80 is 969 seconds, corresponding to an optimal hauling distance of 5.38–6.725 km. Although mechanical availability and physical availability were high (94–100%), the use of availability and effective utilization were relatively low due to an imbalance between loading and hauling equipment. This study concludes that improving equipment coordination, increasing bucket fill factor, enhancing haul road conditions, and implementing preventive maintenance are essential to achieving more optimal operational efficiency in overburden stripping activities.

Increasing traffic activity at unsignalized intersections often results in congestion and delays. The intersection of Jl. Imam Bonjol and Jl. Daya Nasional experiences these conditions, making performance evaluation necessary. This research tends to scrutinize the intersection performance under existing conditions and five-year projected conditions and to identify appropriate improvement measures. The analysis was carried out using the 2023 Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2023) and PTV VISSIM microsimulation software. Data on intersection geometry, vehicle speed, and traffic volume were collected through CCTV observations on weekdays and weekends. The results show that under existing conditions, the degree of saturation reached 1.170 with an average delay of 33.75 seconds (LOS D). In the five-year projection, the degree of saturation increased to 1.239 with an average delay of 53.69 seconds (LOS E). These findings indicate a decline in intersection performance, highlighting the need for alternative traffic management measures to improve operational performance and service levels.    

This study examines the influence of foreign ownership, return on assets (ROA), and firm size on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) disclosure among energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during 2022–2024. The sample was selected through purposive sampling, including firms that consistently published annual and sustainability reports in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. ESG disclosure was measured as the proportion of disclosed GRI indicators to the total applicable indicators. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that foreign ownership and firm size significantly enhance ESG disclosure, while ROA has no significant effect. These results support legitimacy theory, suggesting that companies increase ESG transparency primarily to secure societal acceptance and maintain their social license to operate. In the energy sector, where environmental sensitivity and public scrutiny are high, ownership structure and firm scale emerge as stronger determinants of ESG disclosure than short-term profitability.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of Return on Assets (ROA), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), and Current Ratio on Firm Value, with Sales Growth as a moderator variable, in textile and garment companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period 2020-2024. The population of this study consisted of 21 companies, and purposive sampling was used to select 19 companies according to the established criteria. The analytical method used was panel data regression analysis with the help of Eviews version 12.0. The results of this study indicate that Return on Assets (ROA) has a negative and significant effect on firm value, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and Firm Size have a positive and significant effect on firm value, Current Ratio (CR) does not have a significant effect on firm value, and Sales Growth cannot moderate the effect of Return on Assets on firm value. The condition of ROA that has a negative effect on firm value can describe a situation where the greater the company's profit in the form of assets, the lower the company's value will be, or conversely, the higher the company's value, the lower the company's assets will be.

This research examines the influence of road infrastructure development on local economic growth in Medan City, emphasizing its role in improving accessibility and supporting economic activities. Road infrastructure is a vital component of regional development, as it facilitates the movement of goods and services, reduces transportation costs, and enhances connectivity between economic centers. Well-developed road networks can stimulate business expansion and encourage investment by creating a more efficient economic environment. The study employed a descriptive quantitative approach using field surveys involving 20 respondents, including business actors, local residents, and government representatives. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed descriptively to capture perceptions regarding the economic impact of road infrastructure development. The results indicate that improvements in road quality, capacity, and connectivity have a positive influence on local economic growth. Respondents reported increased trade activities, improved access to markets, higher investment opportunities, and rising community income levels as direct benefits of improved road infrastructure. However, the study also identified several challenges that may hinder long-term economic outcomes. Traffic congestion, uneven infrastructure development across areas, and inadequate routine maintenance were highlighted as significant issues. These problems can reduce efficiency and limit the sustainability of economic gains. Therefore, continuous government commitment, effective maintenance strategies, and equitable distribution of infrastructure development are essential. Strengthening coordination among stakeholders is also necessary to ensure that road infrastructure development supports inclusive and sustainable local economic growth in Medan City.

This study aims to examine the effect of investment in fixed assets, financial performance, and thin capitalization on tax avoidance in non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2023. The research utilizes 431 company samples and employsAmultiple linear regression analysis. A descriptive quantitative method with a purposive sampling technique is applied, ensuring that only companies meeting specific criteria are included in the study. The findings.indicate that, simultaneously, the three independent variables have a significant influence on tax avoidance. However, when tested individually, more detailed results emerge. The variable of.investment in fixed assets does not show a significant effect on tax avoidance, suggesting that the size of fixed assets does not necessarily determine a company’s level of tax avoidance. In contrast, financial performance demonstrates a positive effect, indicating that companies with.stronger performance tend to have a greater ability to engage in tax planning. Meanwhile, thin capitalization has a negative effect, meaning that a higher proportion of certain types of debt tends to reduce the level of tax avoidance. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing tax avoidance behavior in Indonesia.

The goal of this research is to explore the relationship between stock prices, liquidity, profitability, and leverage. This study focuses on transportation and logistics companies that were registered in the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2021 to 2023. A quantitative approach was taken, utilizing secondary data derived from the annual financial statements of companies that were active during this time frame. The sample comprised 45 data points, selected using a purposive sampling technique. The independent variables include leverage, measured with the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), profitability, assessed through Return on Assets (ROA), and liquidity, evaluated via the Current Ratio (CR). The dependent variable for this research is the stock price. The findings from this partial analysis reveal that liquidity significantly and negatively impacts stock price, with a t-count of -2.264 and a significance level of 0.029. However, the correlation between stock price and profitability was found to be insignificant, indicated by a significance value of 0.071 and a t-count of -1.853. Similarly, leverage does not significantly affect stock price, as evidenced by a t-count of -0.657 and a significance level of 0.515. Nonetheless, when considered collectively, the three factors of leverage, profitability, and liquidity do influence stock prices. According to the coefficient of determination (R2) test, these three variables account for 13.9% of the volatility in stock prices, leaving the remaining 86.1% to be attributed to external factors not examined in this study.

The digital era has transformed the financial sector through the integration of FinTech, making it more susceptible to increasingly complex cyber threats. As these risks rise, there has been a significant increase in academic research to better understand the cybersecurity challenges within the financial sector. This study aims to explore the development of cybersecurity research globally within this field. By utilizing bibliometrics, the research analyzes literature data collected from the Scopus database over the last five years. The analysis was conducted using VOSviewer and RStudio to identify dominant clusters, with cybersecurity and network security as the central themes linking various sub-fields, including artificial intelligence, cyberattacks, and phishing. The findings reveal areas of extensive research and highlight gaps that require further exploration. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and professionals in the cybersecurity field, offering a roadmap for future investigations and the identification of underexplored areas that need attention. Ultimately, this research contributes to advancing knowledge in the financial sector’s cybersecurity landscape and assists in shaping future research directions.

Digital entrepreneurship has become a transformative phenomenon in the modern economy, changing the way businesses are developed and run through digital technology. Although the literature on digital entrepreneurship is growing rapidly, comprehensive mapping of the evolution of knowledge and research patterns is still limited. This study analysis the development of digital entrepreneurship in academic literature through bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database to identify research trends, knowledge structures, and future directions. The analysis was conducted on 1,815 publications from 681 sources (1988-2025) written by 8,023 researchers, using R Studio (bibliometrix) and VOSviewer. The results show exponential growth with an annual growth rate of 17.22%, as well as five main theme clusters: digital business models, digital innovation, social entrepreneurship, e-commerce, and fintech. Thematic evolution shifted from traditional entrepreneurship (1988–2010) to digital transformation (2011-2018) to new technology integration (2019-2025). The level of international collaboration reached 26.39%, with the United States, China, and the United Kingdom as the main contributors. These findings provide a research roadmap for identifying research gaps, collaboration opportunities, and trending topics in digital entrepreneurship.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased public interest in investing, especially in the banking sector, which is known for its stability. However, many investors still lack an understanding of fundamental analysis. This study aims to examine the effect of Return on Asset (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Net Profit Margin (NPM) on stock prices of banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2011–2023 period. The research used a quantitative approach with purposive sampling and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS. The results show that ROA has no significant effect on stock prices. In contrast, ROE has a significant negative effect, while NPM has a significant positive effect on stock prices. These findings indicate that investors tend to consider net profit margins more than asset efficiency, and that high ROE may be perceived as a signal of high leverage risk. This research is expected to provide insights for investors in assessing banking performance before making investment decisions.

This study examines the factors that cause fraud in financial reporting. The study analyzed 195 data points from 39 financial institutions listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2019 to 2023 using a purposive sampling technique. The research applied multiple linear regression analysis to analyze the impact of governance independence and performance variables on the likelihood of fraudulent financial reporting. The independent variables include financial targets assessed by profitability (return on assets [ROA]), financial stability measured by changes in assets, external pressure measured by the debt-to-equity ratio (DER), and the proportion of independent commissioners as a measure of good corporate governance. The study proves that financial targets affect fraudulent financial reporting, while financial stability, external pressure, and independent commissioners do not influence fraudulent financial reporting. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for regulators, investors, and management to enhance oversight and reduce the risk of fraud in the banking sector.