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This research analyzes the Indonesian government’s policy responses to combating Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing in the Arafura Sea during 2023-2024, focusing on the case of the Run Zeng 03 and Run Zeng 05 vessels. These foreign-flagged vessels, owned by a Chinese company but registered under the Russian flag, were involved in illegal fishing and human rights violations against Indonesian fishery crew members. Using a qualitative descriptive approach supported by literature studies and official government data, this research analyzes how Indonesia implemented its maritime sovereignty through legal enforcement, inter-agency coordination, and international maritime diplomacy. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s measures, such as vessel monitoring AIS/VMS technology, law enforcement through arrests and seizures, and diplomatic engagement with flag states reflect a progressive but still reactive approach. The study identifies key challenges, including limited foreign authorities. This research highlights the need for an integrated policy framework that combines hard power (law enforcement and patrols) with soft power (international cooperation, economic diplomacy, and labor protection). The study concludes that a comprehensive and collaborative approach is essential to strengthen maritime governance and ensure sustainable, equitable management of Indonesia’s marine resources.

The concept of force majeure is essential in business agreements in Indonesia, as it regulates the release of contractual obligations that cannot be fulfilled due to events beyond their control such as natural disasters, pandemics, conflicts, or government policies. This study examines force majeure clauses in business agreements in Indonesia from a normative juridical perspective, focusing on the legal framework, its application practices, and its legal implications for contractual certainty. Using normative juridical qualitative methods, data were analyzed from the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) Articles 1244–1245 and 1444–1445, legal doctrine, and literature. The results of the study underlined that the force majeure clause has a strong legal basis in the Civil Code, which exempts the affected party from the obligation of compensation if the failure to perform the obligation is caused by events beyond his control. The application of this clause in the contract allows for the revision, postponement, or termination of a temporary contract, thereby guaranteeing legal certainty and protecting the principles of good faith and contractual fairness. In addition, the formulation of detailed clauses in the contract is crucial to prevent potential legal disputes down the road and ensure fair protection for all parties involved in the business agreement.

The development of technology-based peer-to-peer financing services (LPBBTI) in Indonesia, including platforms like Shopee Paylater, has facilitated easier access to credit. However, this progress is accompanied by cybersecurity risks, such as unauthorized use and account breaches. This study aimed to (1) analyze the operation of LPBBTI under prevailing regulations, and (2) examine the legal liability of parties in cases of Shopee Paylater credit breaches.The study employed a normative legal approach with prescriptive characteristics, combining statutory, conceptual, and case-based analyses. Primary and secondary legal materials were obtained through literature review of Law No. 8 of 1999, POJK No. 10 of 2022, POJK No. 40 of 2024, and personal data protection regulations. The analysis was conducted descriptively and qualitatively. The findings indicate that, despite OJK regulations, Shopee Paylater’s electronic agreements still contain standard clauses that unilaterally shift all account security risks to users. This practice potentially violates Article 18(1)(a) of the Consumer Protection Law and is void under Article 18(3). Consequently, consumers remain liable for payments even if transactions are conducted illegally by third parties. In line with Article 19 of the Consumer Protection Law, service providers should assume liability, as system security is under their control.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly disrupted the global labor sector, including in Indonesia. The urgency of this study lies in the growing inequality in access to digital skills and the lack of legal protection for workers in the digital era. This research aims to analyze the impact of AI on employment in Indonesia and to assess the adequacy of labor regulations in addressing digital transformation. This study employs a normative legal method with a juridical-empirical approach, utilizing literature review, secondary data, and qualitative analysis of labor policies and relevant regulations. The findings reveal that while AI has the potential to create new types of employment, it also threatens conventional jobs, especially in labor-intensive sectors. Moreover, Indonesia's labor regulations have not yet adapted to new, flexible, and platform-based work models, resulting in legal uncertainty for informal and freelance workers. This study contributes to the discourse on the need for labor law reform that is inclusive and adaptive to technological developments. In conclusion, there is a pressing need for responsive labor regulation reform, increased digital literacy, and continuous reskilling systems to ensure that AI-driven transformation does not create new inequalities in the labor market. Future research is recommended to focus on formulating new legal protection models for digital workers in the AI era.

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) immunization is a mandatory basic immunization that must be administered to infants before two months of age as a preventive measure against tuberculosis. Timely administration of the BCG vaccine is crucial to ensure optimal protection and to maintain continuity of subsequent immunization schedules. Maternal knowledge is one of the factors influencing the timeliness of immunization. The achievement of BCG immunization at Muara Fajar Community Health Center in 2025 was 76.1%, still below the annual target of 90%. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and the timely administration of BCG immunization among infants aged 0–2 months in the working area of Muara Fajar Public Health Center, Pekanbaru City. This study employed a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. A total of 59 mothers with infants aged 0–6 months were selected using accidental sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires assessing maternal knowledge of BCG immunization and the timeliness of BCG vaccine administration. Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-square test with a significance level of p<0.05. The results showed that most mothers were aged 26–35 years (59.3%), had a senior high school education (52.2%), and were housewives (71.2%). Nearly half of the respondents had low knowledge levels (47.5%), while 54.2% of infants received BCG immunization on time. The Chi-square test revealed a significant association between maternal knowledge and timely BCG immunization (p=0.001). This study concludes that maternal knowledge plays a crucial role in ensuring timely BCG immunization in infants.  

In article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 that in the process of termination of employment, employers and permanent workers must carry out their respective obligations, employers can carry out suspension actions and still pay wages and other rights, but in reality employers rarely apply article 157A. The purpose of the research is to analyze the Implementation, Obstacles and Efforts on Workers' Rights in Wage Payment During the Termination of Employment Process at Palm Oil Company in Siak Regency. This type of research is Sociological legal research. In this research, three approaches are used, namely the legislative approach and the data source case approach using primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique used is primary data through interviews and questionnaires. The conclusion of this study is the legal protection of workers' rights during the termination of employment by the company through the settlement of industrial relations disputes in which there are various interpretations regarding the wage process. Article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 states that the responsibility of employers and workers remains valid until the industrial relations dispute settlement agency makes a decision. The implementation in the process of termination of employment is that workers are no longer allowed to work by the company but do not carry out suspension actions, but there are many companies that do not carry out things regulated by law. With the existence of multi-interpretation regulations on wages, the process provides uncertainty for workers, as well as in the interim decision submitted by the worker/plaintiff which is rejected by the judge which is clear that the worker can prove that the employer does not carry out his obligations as it should.

This study aims to analyze the legal status of jointly managed social media accounts within the framework of marital property in Indonesia. The growth of the digital creative economy has transformed social media accounts into productive assets with economic value, yet Indonesian civil law has not provided legal certainty regarding their ownership status following divorce or death. The research method employed is normative legal research with a comparative legal approach. The results indicate a regulatory void in Law Number 1 of 1974, which remains oriented toward physical objects, while digital accounts are often regarded as personal rights tied to the registered individual. Conversely, digital regulations in the European Union, through the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the concept of digital estate, have begun to accommodate the continuity of access and management of digital assets for relevant parties. The discussion emphasizes the need for a redefinition of assets in Indonesian family law that synchronizes privacy rights with economic rights. In conclusion, productive social media accounts should be qualified as marital property through progressive interpretation or prenuptial agreements. This study recommends the synchronization of personal data protection regulations and marriage law to ensure distributive justice for couples in the digital economy era.

The illegal acquisition of land certificates is a serious problem in Indonesia's land law system because it has the potential to eliminate legal certainty regarding land rights. Certificates that are supposed to serve as strong proof of rights can still be obtained thru unauthorized possession, manipulation of legal data, or deviations from administrative procedures. This research aims to analyze the acquisition of illegal land certificates from a land law perspective and its legal implications for legal certainty. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, examining Law Number 5 of 1960, Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997, and Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021. The research results indicate that land certificates obtained illegally contain legal defects and can be revoked, and also have administrative, civil, and criminal legal implications that directly disrupt legal certainty regarding land rights. Therefore, consistent law enforcement and strengthening the land registration system are needed to ensure legal protection and certainty of land rights in Indonesia.

This research discusses the role of the community in the formation of Regional Regulation (PERDA) Number 5 of 2021 in Takalar Regency from the perspective of siyasah dusturiyah. The aim of this research is to analyze: (1) the participation of fishermen in the formation of the PERDA, (2) the government's efforts in the protection and empowerment of fishermen, and (3) the dusturiyah perspective on the formation of the PERDA. The study uses a qualitative approach with field research methods, relying on interviews and observations as data collection techniques. Data processing is carried out through reduction and categorization, and its validity is tested through transferability, dependability, and credibility. The research findings show that fishermen have actively participated in activities organized by the local government. Protection and empowerment of fishermen are carried out in accordance with the mandate of PERDA No. 5 of 2021. The process of forming the PERDA is also in line with the principles of siyasah dusturiyah, such as alignment with the 1945 Constitution and national law, strengthening regional autonomy and decentralization, principles of welfare and social justice, as well as respect for human rights (HAM). Furthermore, it supports public participation, accountability, and the balance of economic development.

The rapid development of digital technology has increased the risk of song copyright infringement, thereby requiring effective and adaptive law enforcement mechanisms. Song copyright, as part of intellectual property rights, is protected under Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright, with certain infringements classified as complaint-based criminal offenses. This study aims to analyze the handling of criminal cases of song copyright infringement by Civil Servant Investigators at the Regional Office of the Ministry of Law in West Java and to evaluate the effectiveness of their enforcement practices. The research employs a normative-empirical method with a descriptive-analytical approach, combining statutory analysis with empirical data obtained through interviews and field observations. The findings reveal that case handling is conducted through structured stages, including complaint submission, preliminary examination, mediation, and follow-up actions. Mediation constitutes the primary mechanism for dispute resolution, reflecting the application of the ultimum remedium principle and a restorative justice approach. Although the procedural framework has been implemented in accordance with applicable regulations, enforcement effectiveness remains constrained by limited human resources, budgetary limitations, insufficient technical capacity, low public legal awareness, and inadequate inter-agency coordination. These results underscore the importance of strengthening institutional capacity and enhancing enforcement effectiveness to ensure sustainable protection of song copyright.

This study examines the role of the private sector in collaborative politics to strengthen human security in preventing human trafficking in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara Province. Human trafficking is an extraordinary crime that poses serious threats to human security, particularly for Indonesian Migrant Worker Candidates (CPMI) who are highly vulnerable to exploitation and illegal recruitment. The complexity of this issue requires the involvement of multiple actors, including not only the government but also the private sector. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method, with data collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The research sites include BP3MI East Nusa Tenggara as a government representative and two private companies, PT Bakti Unggul Sejahtera (PT BUS) and PT AKKA AL-MATAR. The analysis is based on the collaborative governance framework proposed by Ansell and Gash, which emphasizes face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding, and intermediate outcomes. The findings indicate that collaboration between the government and the private sector plays a significant role in preventing human trafficking through legal recruitment processes, pre-departure training, capacity building, and supervision of labor placement procedures. Although challenges remain in coordination and policy consistency, these collaborative practices contribute positively to strengthening the protection of migrant workers’ rights and security. This study concludes that collaborative politics between the government and the private sector is a crucial strategy in developing a human security–oriented human trafficking prevention system

Rapid advances in digital technology bring various benefits and risks, including the threat of cybercrime, which can particularly affect Generation Alpha. The purpose of this seminar was to raise awareness and understanding among students at SMK Bina Patriot of the importance of protecting personal data on digital platforms. The seminar was attended by 62 participants who are active internet users in their daily lives. The seminar was conducted interactively through lectures, case studies, and training on steps to protect personal data, such as creating secure passwords and managing privacy on social media. The evaluation of the results showed a significant increase in participants' understanding, reaching an average of 97%. It is hoped that this will become a strong foundation of digital literacy for the younger generation in facing the challenges of the cyber world wisely and safely. This increased understanding is expected to be a strong foundation for Bina Patriot Vocational School students to develop their digital literacy, which in turn will help them to be able to face the challenges of the digital world wisely, safely, and responsibly.

Rapid advances in digital technology bring various benefits and risks, including the threat of cybercrime, which can particularly affect Generation Alpha. The purpose of this seminar was to raise awareness and understanding among students at SMK Bina Patriot of the importance of protecting personal data on digital platforms. The seminar was attended by 62 participants who are active internet users in their daily lives. The seminar was conducted interactively through lectures, case studies, and training on steps to protect personal data, such as creating secure passwords and managing privacy on social media. The evaluation of the results showed a significant increase in participants' understanding, reaching an average of 97%. It is hoped that this will become a strong foundation of digital literacy for the younger generation in facing the challenges of the cyber world wisely and safely. This increased understanding is expected to be a strong foundation for Bina Patriot Vocational School students to develop their digital literacy, which in turn will help them to be able to face the challenges of the digital world wisely, safely, and responsibly.

This research aims to design and build a client service website and pre-registration of cases at the KOFIPINDO Law Office as a solution to administrative problems that are still carried out manually. The system is developed using the waterfall method through the stages of needs analysis, system design, coding, testing, and maintenance. The website that was built provides features for account registration, filling in case data, uploading supporting documents, and verification by the admin so that the file is ready to be submitted to the e-Court system. In addition, the system is equipped with a case status monitoring dashboard, automatic notifications to clients, and submission history that can be accessed at any time. The results of the study show that this platform is able to improve service efficiency, minimize administrative errors, and speed up the pre-registration process of cases. The implementation of this system also helps to increase the transparency of communication between law firms and clients. Furthermore, the use of this website has the potential to reduce the administrative workload of staff, optimize the management of case data, and improve the accuracy of legal documentation. The system is also designed with the client's data security and privacy aspects in mind in accordance with the principles of digital information protection. Thus, this system can be an effective, structured, and integrated digital means to support the modernization of legal services at KOFIPINDO, improve service professionalism, and strengthen the competitiveness of law offices in the digital ecosystem.

Gender based violence against women and children in Lampung Province represents a multidimensional issue that poses serious challenges to human development and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Although various regulations and programs have been implemented such as Gender Mainstreaming (PUG), Gender Responsive Budgeting (ARG), and local innovations like TAPIS Village and space together with Indonesia (RBI) their implementation remains largely sectoral and lacks systemic coordination. This policy paper employs a descriptive qualitative approach combined with public policy analysis to identify the root cause, namely the absence of an integrated policy framework that ensures cross-sectoral synergy in addressing gender based violence. Data were collected through interviews with key stakeholders and document studies of regional and national planning instruments, including the RPJMD, RENSTRA, and relevant regulations. The analysis reveals that weak inter-agency coordination, limited use of gender-disaggregated data, low human resource capacity, and the absence of an incentive sanction mechanism are the main obstacles to effective policy implementation. Three policy alternatives were formulated: the development of a gender responsive complaint platform for violence against women and children, the integration of gender-disaggregated data systems, and the adoption of a reward punishment system for government agencies. Based on Dunn’s six evaluation criteria, the establishment of a gender-responsive complaint platform is considered the most effective and is recommended as a strategic solution. This policy is expected to strengthen institutional synergy, enhance intervention effectiveness, and foster an inclusive and sustainable protection system for women and children in Lampung Province.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of market governance and the implementation of affirmative policies for Indigenous Papuan traders (OAP) at the Sorong City Central Market in 2026. Using a mixed methods approach with a sequential explanatory design, quantitative data were collected through a survey of 90 OAP trader respondents, followed by in-depth interviews with key informants from government elements and community leaders. The study results show a high level of trader dissatisfaction (58.7%), particularly regarding trade zoning and price protection. Qualitative findings reveal that affirmative policies remain administrative in nature and fail to address spatial marginalization, placing OAP traders in low-accessibility areas. This study recommends restructuring market zoning to be more equitable, standardizing local commodity prices, and digitizing trader data to ensure that Special Autonomy policies are on target. By addressing these core issues, it is hoped that the market environment in Sorong City will be more inclusive and supportive of OAP traders, fostering economic empowerment in line with the goals of Special Autonomy.

This research is motivated by the rise of online sales fraud cases on the island of Bali that are detrimental to consumers, the purpose of this research is to analyze it from the aspect of juridical studies and the basis of judges' decisions in deciding cases, this research uses a normative method with a library approach, the results of the study show that online fraud crimes utilize digital technology to manipulate data, here the defendant uses fake transfer evidence as a tool to deceive the store that meets the elements in Article 378 of the Criminal Code, namely the intention to benefit oneself unlawfully, and Article 35 of the ITE Law concerning manipulation of electronic information with the aim of making the data considered authentic, the basis for the judge's consideration to pass a verdict because the existence of photos of transfer evidence and the victim's account balance is sufficient to convince the judge that the defendant is guilty. Legal protection for victims of online fraud has been regulated in the Consumer Protection Law, the ITE Law and government regulations related to electronic transactions, but to strengthen preventive and systemic efforts, public education and increased capacity of law enforcement officers are needed, With the latest regulations such as Law No. 1 of 2024 concerning the second amendment to the ITE Law, Presidential Decree No. Law No. 49 of 2024 concerning the National Strategy for Consumer Protection and Minister of Trade Regulation No. 17 of 2024 concerning the National Action Plan for Consumer Protection have implications for strengthening legal protection for victims of online fraud, which is expected to provide a sense of security in digital transactions.

Digital transformation in the public sector has encouraged the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a strategic instrument to enhance the effectiveness and quality of public service delivery. In Indonesia, the implementation of AI within the public administrative system remains at an early stage and faces various structural, regulatory, and ethical challenges. This study aims to analyze the opportunities, challenges, and ethical implications of AI implementation in Indonesia’s public administration. The research employs a qualitative approach through literature review and policy analysis of governmental digital transformation regulations. The findings indicate that AI holds significant potential to improve bureaucratic efficiency, service transparency, and data-driven decision-making processes. However, regulatory gaps, limited digital literacy among public officials, the risk of algorithmic bias, and data protection concerns constitute major obstacles to its effective implementation. The novelty of this study lies in integrating public administration management analysis with a public service ethics framework grounded in good governance principles within the context of AI implementation in Indonesia. This study recommends strengthening regulatory frameworks for AI in the public sector, enhancing human resource capacity, and developing ethical guidelines for AI utilization to ensure that public services remain accountable, equitable, and oriented toward the public interest.

The rapid growth of Indonesia’s banking industry has encouraged various corporate actions, such as mergers, to enhance efficiency and competitiveness. However, post-merger system integration often creates issues for customers, particularly the increase in credit collectability caused by data migration errors. This study aims to analyze the legal protection and liability of banks toward customers adversely affected by the merger process. The research employs a normative juridical approach through legislation review and case study analysis. The findings indicate that customer legal protection operates both preventively and repressively. Preventive protection is regulated under the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) No. 6/POJK.07/2022, emphasizing transparency, education, and data security principles. Meanwhile, repressive protection is carried out through internal bank complaint mechanisms, the Financial Services Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution (LAPS SJK), and civil lawsuits under Articles 1365 and 1243 of the Indonesian Civil Code. The study concludes that banks are legally responsible for restoring customers’ rights by correcting SLIK data, issuing clarification letters, and providing material and immaterial compensation. Upholding prudential principles and consumer protection is essential to maintaining public trust in the post-merger banking system.

Gender-based and age-based violence targeting women and children continues to pose a serious challenge to human rights protection in Indonesia. As the principal duty bearer, the state bears the obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill victims' rights through effective protection mechanisms, one of which is the Regional Technical Implementation Unit for the Protection of Women and Children (UPTD PPA). This research analyzes the contribution of UPTD PPA Bandung City in fulfilling the human rights of victims of violence against women and children and maps the obstacles encountered in operational service delivery. The study utilizes a juridical-empirical method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Primary data were gathered through in-depth interviews with UPTD PPA Bandung City representatives in November 2025, whereas secondary data were derived from the examination of legal regulations and relevant scholarly literature. Research findings reveal that UPTD PPA Bandung City managed 382 cases in 2025 by providing complaint mechanisms, assessment procedures, legal and psychological support, counseling services, and shelter facilities. These services demonstrate normative compliance with national legislation and human rights principles, particularly concerning protection, rehabilitation, and access to justice. Nevertheless, service delivery encounters several challenges, including insufficient human resources and facilities, underreporting by victims, and suboptimal cross-institutional coordination. Consequently, strengthening institutional capacity, ensuring adequate infrastructure, developing integrated standard operating procedures, and establishing regional regulatory frameworks are essential to guarantee effective and sustained fulfillment of victims' rights.