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Default is a violation of an agreement which can give rise to various legal problems. This research aims to carry out a comprehensive analysis of court decisions in cases of breach of contract PT PALEMBANG Court Decision Number 68/PDT/2016/PT PLG, it is hoped that this research can provide a deeper understanding of the court mechanism in influencing the assessment of the existence of elements of bad faith in the default case and the difference in legal treatment between total and partial default in the PT PALEMBANG decision Number 68/PDT/2016/PT PLG. Apart from that, it is also hoped that this research can provide recommendations for legal practitioners and parties involved in agreements to avoid default in the future.

This research is based on the development of photography not only as a service but also as a visual communication medium that can convey a message as well as the story in it. With the rapid development, types of photography have also developed further, one of which is prewedding photography. Govinda Rumi as one of the leading prewedding photographers in Indonesia managed to combine elements of a deep story with beautiful scenery in each of his prewedding photos. This research is intended to analyze the meaning of some of Govinda Rumi's prewedding photos. The approach used is Roland Barthes' Semiotics theory, which includes two stages of signification, namely denotative as the first stage and connotative as the second stage. This research was conducted with a qualitative method of descriptive type. Data collection was done through observation, interview, and documentation. The results showed that Govinda Rumi was able to present a story in each of his prewedding photos without putting aside other aspects.

Understanding the evolution of cells is very important, which means studying the development of living things. The smallest structural elements of living things are cells. These cells gradually change both their structure and function. It can be said that almost all biologists can accept the theory of biological evolution or the theory of evolution that continues to develop , even though the theory is based on circumstantial evidence . The principle of this evolutionary theory is that humans, animals, and plants all evolve continuously. This journal is based on the narrative review method and displays a narrative review design from research journals related to the theory of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and cell membrane-related evolution. The importance of cells continues to develop along with advances in technology and the discovery of sophisticated tools. Until now it is known that the structure and activities of cells are not as simple as previously thought. Cells that exist today are the result of evolution towards more refined cells. and There are many details in cell evolution that cannot yet be explained.

This literature study examines the influence of pedagogical competence on the learning outcomes of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) in Indonesia. The teacher's effort in carrying out a task well, a teacher or lecturer must have high pedagogical competence in order to achieve educational goals. Teaching and learning process activities can be designed well if there are already educational goals, learning content, learning methods, learning media, and other educational elements, as well as a good relationship between students and teachers. This research applies literature by deciphering from various aligned academic sources. Research results show that teachers or educators really need pedagogical competence to develop student learning experience and streamline the learning process at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah.

This literature study examines the influence of pedagogical competence on the learning outcomes of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) in Indonesia. The teacher's effort in carrying out a task well, a teacher or lecturer must have high pedagogical competence in order to achieve educational goals. Teaching and learning process activities can be designed well if there are already educational goals, learning content, learning methods, learning media, and other educational elements, as well as a good relationship between students and teachers. This research applies literature by deciphering from various aligned academic sources. Research results show that teachers or educators really need pedagogical competence to develop student learning experience and streamline the learning process at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah.

This article examines the influence of global legal systems on the formation of legislation in Indonesia. Historically, Indonesia adopted the Continental European legal system inherited from the Netherlands as the foundation of its national legal framework. Over time, Indonesia’s legal system has also been shaped by principles of common law, Islamic law, and customary law, deeply rooted in the nation's culture. This study aims to analyze how the interplay of these diverse legal systems has contributed to the development of a unique and complex national legal structure. Employing a literature review and normative analysis method, the research explores how elements from various global legal systems have enriched Indonesia’s legal framework. The findings reveal that, while this diversity enhances the national legal system, it also presents challenges in harmonizing and synchronizing existing regulations. This study offers valuable insights into the dynamics of cross-system legal influences in the Indonesian context and their implications for national legal reform.

Alternative materials are almost always found in the surrounding nature, therefore innovation in the development of concrete mixture composition must continue to be improved. Natural local materials that are prioritized as a substitute for cement have geopolymer material content and contain silica (Si) and alumina (Al) elements. Clam shells are a new phenomenon in several sea sand quarries in Fakfak Regency. If the shell shell waste is not utilized, it will only create useless piles, as is the case with chicken egg shells, even though this waste has the potential to replace lime in making cement. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the material (clam shell waste, chicken egg shells and sand), and to determine the compressive strength produced in variations in the use of 50% LCK + 50% LCTA, 80% LCK + 20% LCTA and 100% LCTA. The results obtained in this study indicate that clam shells can be used as a component of geopolymer concrete because they have basic elements found in geopolymer materials in the form of SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Al2O3, and MgO. Meanwhile, in chicken egg shells, the dominant element is only CaO. The dominant variation of shellfish shells using a combination of 80% LCK + 20% LCTA variations has the highest compressive strength value compared to other variations of 14.29 MPa at the age of 28 days, while the variation of 100% chicken egg shells only gets a compressive strength result of 2.20 MPa (age 28 days).

The Medan Grand Mosque is an example of a combination of colonial and Islamic architecture in North Sumatra. Built during the Dutch colonial rule, the mosque combines elements of distinctive Western architectural design and Islamic architectural styles, creating a unique and historic work. The existence of the Medan Grand Mosque makes it an architectural icon in the region which reflects the combination of strong colonial influences with the richness of local islamic culture. This article aims to explore the development of the architecture of this mosque as a symbol of religious and cultural identity in the midst of the colonization process, as well as its role in the history of urban development in Medan. Through this study, it is hoped that we can better understand how the Medan Grand Mosque not only functions as a place of worship, but also as a visual symbol that depicts the interaction between local traditions, Islam, and the influence of colonial architecture in North Sumatra.  

The Great Mosque of Demak is one of the most significant Islamic historical heritages on the island of Java. Built in the 15th century by Raden Fatah and Walisongo, this mosque symbolizes the beginning of the glory of Islam in the archipelago. Its distinctive architecture depicts the acculturation of Javanese and Islamic culture, with unique elements such as the three-tiered pyramid roof which symbolizes faith, Islam and ihsan, as well as the "Saka Guru," the four main pillars of the mosque which have deep symbolic value. Saka Guru, including Saka Tatal which was assembled from small pieces of wood by Sunan Kalijaga, reflects the values of unity, strength and creativity within limitations. This tradition shows the important role of the Walisongo in spreading Islam as well as introducing mosque architecture that integrates local traditional and religious values. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method, with data collection through expert interviews, literature studies and field surveys. The results of the analysis reveal that Saka Guru not only supports the physical structure of the mosque but also represents the spiritual and cultural values passed down to the people of Demak. In this way, the Great Mosque of Demak has become a symbol of the combination of culture, spirituality and architecture which continues to be relevant today.

This study aims to analyze the framing in Kompas.com's editorials on the 2024 Indonesian Presidential Election using Robert N. Entman’s framing model. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed to explore framing elements, including define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgment, and treatment recommendation. The findings reveal that Kompas.com framed the news by providing positive moral evaluations of certain candidates and highlighting critical issues, although the causes of problems and solutions were not always explicitly addressed. These results underscore the significant role of editorials as a media tool in shaping public perceptions of presidential candidates and political issues. Editorial framing not only constructs political realities but also influences public opinion, highlighting the importance of transparency and objectivity in political reporting.

This study aims to explore the ethnomathematics concepts embedded in the traditional musical instrument Gordang Sambilan from Mandailing culture and how these concepts can be integrated into mathematics education. Gordang Sambilan, which consists of nine drums of varying sizes, serves not only as a cultural symbol but also as a rich source of mathematical elements, including arithmetic sequences in drum sizes and geometric shapes such as cylinders and truncated cones. This research employs a literature study method to collect and analyze data from various relevant references. The results reveal that Gordang Sambilan offers contextual learning opportunities through geometric analysis, such as circumference, surface area, and volume of cylinders. Integrating Gordang Sambilan into mathematics learning not only helps students grasp mathematical concepts more concretely but also strengthens their appreciation of local culture. Hence, leveraging ethnomathematics from Gordang Sambilan can serve as an innovative strategy in mathematics education while preserving cultural heritage amidst globalization.

This study aims to identify, describe, analyze, know and understand the impact and fulfillment of the rights of prisoners against overcapacity in Class II A Samarinda Penitentiary based on the Penology perspective. By using a social legal research approach and a normative legal approach. The data source collection technique uses primary legal data, secondary legal data and tertiary legal data related to the problems studied. The results of the study indicate that first, the impact of overcapacity of Class II A Samarinda Penitentiary on the rights of prisoners reviewed from the Penology concept is the increasing risk of violations containing criminal elements, causing new suffering, sanitation and unhealthy lifestyles. Second, the ideal effort to fulfill the rights of prisoners against overcapacity in Class II A Samarinda Penitentiary is to take preventive measures, namely by approaching inmates in the dormitory and repressive measures, namely imposing disciplinary penalties according to the type of violation committed.

Poetry, as a form of literary work, contains intrinsic elements that are interrelated and shape its meaning. In the poems Hujan Bulan Juni and Tentang Matahari by Sapardi Djoko Damono (1994; 1996), intrinsic elements such as physical and spiritual aspects play a significant role in conveying the message and meaning. Using the theories of Ivor Armstrong Richards (1947) and J.A. Richards (1929), this study examines elements such as line, stanza, rhyme, rhythm, figures of speech, and typography (physical elements), as well as theme, message, tone, and feeling (spiritual elements). This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the role of these intrinsic elements in shaping the overall meaning of the poem. The research method used is descriptive analysis of the two poems. The findings suggest that these elements work together in delivering deep meaning through the structure and language used by the poet. Readers are encouraged to consider the relationship between form and meaning in understanding the message of the poems.

This research aims to analyze the intrinsic elements contained in Gurindam Dua Belas Article 1 by Raja Ali Haji. Intrinsic elements consist of physical elements and mental elements. The background to the creation of Gurindam Dua Belas was Raja Ali Haji's concern about the living conditions of the Malay people at that time, so he created a literary work as a moral responsibility to defend and maintain religion and customs. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with text content analysis techniques, researchers collect data by analyzing the text content contained in Gurindam Dua Belas Article 1. The results of this research conclude that the intrinsic elements of Gurindam Dua Belas article 1 contain religious advice, namely the importance of religion as a basis. life. The obligation to hold religion as one's main identity, without religion humans lose the meaning of life. The importance of knowing God, oneself, the world and the afterlife in order to understand life correctly and wisely. Carry out all of Allah's commands and stay away from His prohibitions, because life in this world is only temporary and eternal life is in the afterlife. Gurindam is not only a literary work, but also a guide to human life. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide benefits for the development of literary studies in Indonesia, especially understanding the intrinsic elements in the analysis of Gurindam literary works.

The purpose of this study is to determine the extrinsic elements of the short story entitled “Kado istimewa” karya Jujur Prananto. Short stories or often called short stories are material from the course of appreciation and study of prose. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method in the form of words. The data obtained in this study are in the form of extrinsic elements sourced from the short story by Dinda Yuni Sari. The results of the analysis are based on the background of society, the background of the author, and the values ​​contained in the short story.

Poetry is one of the most popular literary works in the world of literature, both in Indonesia and level in the world. Many people find it difficult to understand the poem correctly and correctly. Because, to understand poetry is not as easy to understand scientific writing. In poetry, not using language as in scientific writing, but many use words  that contain  multiple meanings.  Translating poetry,  between someone  with another,  may result differently. This, depending on the point of view of each. In fact, to be able to understand and interpret poetry  well,  at least  must understand  the two  elements that  build poetry,  namely intrinsic  elements, and extrinsic works of literature. This review attempts to look at: (1). Is there an atmosphere of past memories in Chairil Anwar’s poetry? (2). Is there any benefit to Chairil Anwar’s poems for education and teaching? The results of this study shows that the poems of Chairil have various memories of the past, and the poems of Chairil  have benefits  for  education and  teaching.  To  prove  the results  of  this study,  the reviewers  used qualitative  analysis,  an analysis  using  thinking  logic, and  socio-cultural  approach  in  interpreting literary works.

The meeting of foreign elements resulted from a relationship between foreign citizens (WNA) and Indonesian citizens (WNI) which resulted in the occurrence of International Private Law. Until now, the problem that can occur due to the existence of these two elements is regarding the status of children from extramarital relationships between foreigners and Indonesian citizens. This will happen because there are many considerations regarding the child's status, such as the laws of the country where the child was born and the laws of the country where both parents come from. There are a number of countries that adopt the jus soli principle, which means that the child will be considered a citizen of the country where he was born. This is different from other countries that apply the jus sanguinis principle, which means that the child will obtain citizenship status from one or both parents, regardless of where the child was born. Seeing this problem, this research discusses the status of the child if this occurs because a relationship is not registered as a marriage relationship. Then there is another discussion regarding the distribution of inheritance if the marriage relationship is not recorded. In this research, the method applied is the normative juridical method by looking at existing data and presenting it descriptively. It is hoped that with this research readers will be able to understand and add information related to the research.  

Raja Ali Haji wrote Gurindam 12 with the aim of providing life guidance to the Malay community in order to lead a good life, have noble character, and obey God. Gurindam 12, including Chapter 7, not only contains universal moral values, but also messages that were relevant to the Malay society at that time and prioritized status and honor in social life. Through the work, Raja Ali Haji tries to convey the importance of learning, science and wisdom in building a better civilization and urges people to always maintain good morals and avoid bad deeds. The purpose of this research is to reveal the intrinsic elements of gurindam so that it can be read, and is useful for the community. Theoretically, the benefit of this research is to provide input for learning Old Malay Literature to provide teaching materials regarding the elements of literary works, especially in the old poetry genre

Sundanese culture is one of Indonesia's rich and unique cultures. Sundanese culture is known as a culture that upholds high manners. Sundanese has very diverse arts, for example pupuh, pupuh can be categorized as one of the Sundanese arts. Pupuh is an inseparable part of Sundanese tradition and culture, so preserving it means preserving cultural heritage. Pupuh is also a traditional poetic work in Sundanese literature that has characteristics that have certain rules such as the number of syllables (guru wilangan), the final sound of the word (guru lagu), and the number of lines (pada lisan) in each stanza. In addition, pupuh also has its own character or characteristics that distinguish it from one another. However, pupuh is not just written poetry. Pupuh is also often combined with music and dance. So that it becomes a complete art performance. Pupuh production involves creativity in word choice, rhyme and rhythm to convey a message. The themes raised in pupuh are very diverse, ranging from love, affection, life, daily life, to advice and moral teachings. Through pupuh, we can understand more about the history, customs and noble values of the Sundanese people.Pupuh kinanti and pupuh balakbak are pupuh in Sundanese literature. Pupuh kinanti is a pupuh known for its expression of affection. The characteristic of pupuh kinanti lies in its guru wilangan and guru lagunya. While pupuh balakbak is a pupuh that is more inclined to the theme of humor, satire, and even social criticism. The language used is more relaxed and straightforward, has a different guru song and guru wilangan from kinanti. The basic difference between pupuh kinanti and balakbak lies in the theme, atmosphere, and social function. Pupuh kinanti is more introspective and explores inner feelings while pupuh balakbak is more extroverted and functions as a means of entertainment.Besides being a form of self-expression, pupuh also has social functions such as education, entertainment, and cultural preservation. Pupuh has developed over time, both in terms of form and content. Pupuh is not only present in literary works, but also in the daily life of the Sundanese community, for example in folk songs or rhymes.

Figurative speech is inseparable with literary works, particularly to express intrinsic elements in the works. Practically, authors often insert figurative speech to narrate a story. This study is aimed at analyzing figurative speeches in novel Senja, Hujan, dan Cerita Yang Telah Usai, written by Boy Candra. The researcher employed literary study to finish the study which initiated by (i) reading the research object, (ii) collecting the data by marking, identifying, and transcribing. The data were analyzed by using interactive model of analysis. The result showed that the author used 6 types of f igurative speeches to describe both the setting and character, as follows; (1) allegory, (2) (2) alusio, (3) antitesis, (4) asindenton, (5)Klimaks, (6)interupsi. The result of the study strongly suggested that the use of figurative speech is clearly necessary to improve the quality of literary works.