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. Indonesia's role in the G20 has shown increasing significance, especially in fighting for the interests of developing countries and promoting an inclusive development agenda. This journal analyzes Indonesia's contribution to the G20, including policy initiatives, economic diplomacy, as well as efforts on global issues such as climate change, global health, and financial stability. This research found that Indonesia not only acts as an active member but also as a mediator capable of bridging the interests of developed and developing countries. In the context of climate change, Indonesia has actively promoted global commitments to reduce emissions and protect the environment, while in global health issues, Indonesia has contributed to efforts to overcome pandemics and improve the global health system. In the field of financial stability, Indonesia has participated in discussions regarding reform of the global financial architecture to create a fairer and more stable system. This indicates that Indonesia's role in the G20 not only contributes to strengthening Indonesia's position on the global stage, but also enriches the dynamics of multilateral cooperation in the forum.

Drug use is a serious problem that not only impacts individuals personally, but also disrupts social stability and the welfare of society at large. This does not only happen in certain circles, but reaches various levels of society, including teenagers and youth. Factors such as a lack of understanding of the risks, environmental stress, and a lack of social support contribute to worsening the situation. This research aims to analyze the background, causal factors, impacts, and efforts to prevent drug abuse using a theologically based contextual approach. In this research, a qualitative descriptive method was applied by analyzing various literature references. Findings show that drug abuse has a detrimental impact on individuals' physical and mental health, affects social stability, and threatens the future of young people. Prevention efforts involving the role of parents, educational institutions, society and religion are crucial in overcoming this problem. A theologically based contextual approach is also proposed as a strategy that can strengthen understanding of the dangers of drugs and encourage individuals to take a wiser attitude in dealing with them. Thus, this research contributes to increasing understanding of the complexity of drug abuse problems and assists in the development of more effective prevention strategies.

Corruption has become a serious problem that threatens national stability and progress. Transparency in identifying corruption is becoming increasingly important. This article explores the importance of ethics, religion and conscience as fundamental tools for citizens in efforts to fight corruption. With ethics, religion, and its implications for national and regional government. Ethics strengthens professional integrity, while religion provides moral guidance. Love for the profession, company, and community is also an important motivator for living a life of integrity. Through a combination of these factors, trust can become an effective agent of change in preventing corruption. Helping build a more just, transparent and integrity society by maintaining ethical, religious and loving values ​​in business and accounting practices. Thus, strengthening these values ​​in the accounting profession will have an important positive impact on the progress and prosperity of the nation and state.

The modern economy, with the household and corporate sectors as the main players, is involved in a complex structure. This research uses a qualitative approach to explore the interaction between the two in a dynamic economic context. Qualitative analysis reveals how the two interact in a changing environment. Researchers highlight the importance of verifying household income for purposes such as loans and evaluating financial condition, which involves examining documents such as pay slips and tax reports. Financial challenges include effective management of income and expenses, as well as developing long-term financial plans. Changes in the economic situation and rising prices of goods can pose other challenges in business management. The company faces ever-changing competition by implementing product diversification strategies, increasing operational efficiency, and developing new markets. They also focus on managing risk, maintaining healthy finances, and adapting to changing regulations and market conditions. This research highlights the linkages between the household and corporate sectors and their implications for overall economic stability. With a deeper understanding of the dynamics in these two sectors, this article provides insights for policy makers, business people and the general public in formulating more effective strategies to increase prosperity and economic growth.

This research discusses the dynamics of money as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account, as well as how the evolution of money has an impact on economic growth and global transactions. In addition, this paper investigates the challenges and risks facing financial institutions, such as market volatility, systemic risk, regulatory changes, and the impact of technological innovation. In this context, research using literature methods also examines the importance of financial stability and public trust in financial institutions, as well as strategies for maintaining the integrity of the financial system. Analyzing trends and changes occurring in the world of finance will provide readers with comprehensive insight into the latest developments in the financial sector, the important role of money in the economy, and how financial institutions can adapt to changes in the business and regulatory environment.  

Pakistan and China have established cooperative relations in various fields for centuries. In the field of security, the two countries have formed military cooperation that has significantly impacted regional security stability and has been quite effective in addressing evolving security challenges and geopolitical tensions in South Asia. Using descriptive methods, researchers can describe the factors influencing military cooperation between Pakistan and China and examine its implications for regional stability in South Asia. The research findings indicate that Pakistan-China military cooperation is influenced by economic, political, and other military aspects, which subsequently provide a strong position for both countries to face various potential threats affecting the balance of power and stability in South Asia. This cooperation can create a balance of power that stabilizes the region and brings strategic benefits to both countries, though the risks of escalation and increased tensions are also consequences that must be managed carefully.

Economic diversification is crucial for Iraq to overcome the limitations imposed by its heavy reliance on oil. This study explores Iraq's economic history, current structure, and the urgent challenges it faces, emphasizing the need for structural transformation. It examines the vulnerabilities caused by fluctuating global oil prices, geopolitical instability, and internal demographic pressures for the period of 2004 to 2022. By analyzing government policies, sectoral developments, and international collaborations, this research highlights the efforts and obstacles in achieving economic diversification. The findings indicate that while Iraq has made strides toward diversifying its economy, it still faces significant challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiencies, political instability, and security concerns. International collaborations and foreign direct investment (FDI) emerge as crucial components, providing the financial support and technological expertise needed for economic transformation. Lastly, economic diversification is more than just an economic strategy for Iraq; it is a comprehensive approach to achieving long-term stability and growth. A diversified economy can help Iraq build resilience against external shocks, promote inclusive growth, and secure a sustainable and prosperous future. The imperative for economic diversification is clear: to create a stable, balanced, and resilient economy that can withstand global market fluctuations and geopolitical dynamics, ultimately improving the well-being of its population

This research examines the role of the Department of Trade and Industry (Disperdagin) in maintaining the stability of chili prices at the Bintan Center Market, Tanjungpinang City, using qualitative methods, collecting data sourced from official news sites, interviews with related parties, and from journal articles. Price instability and unsmooth distribution of chilies are problems that require evaluation of the role of Disperdagin in monitoring and maintaining price stability so that significant increases do not occur. The research results show that the Tanjungpinang City Disperdagin has a complex role in maintaining chili price stability. Apart from functioning as a supervisor and regulator of trade activities, Disperdagin is responsible for ensuring that the distribution mechanism runs smoothly and efficiently, and that the prices set remain affordable for the local community. However, implementing this role often faces obstacles, such as limited resources and unexpected price fluctuations. To overcome these challenges, Disperdagin collaborates with the Tanjungpinang City Government through various activities such as meetings, inspections, supervision, organizing cheap markets, and providing subsidies for transportation costs for sending chilies.

In order to realize public welfare in Indonesia, one of the government's top priorities is financial literacy.  The government considers that it will be easier to achieve inclusive development, community welfare and financial system stability through financial literacy. Several people in Kabufin Village, one of the communities in North Aru Sub-district, have lost their jobs due to the COVID-19 outbreak, and the selling price of seaweed has decreased. Therefore, education is needed to improve the community's financial literacy level. Kabufin villagers learned more about financial literacy through this socialization activity, so they can make better financial plans.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a network technology designed to support high-speed data transfer by utilizing small fixed-size data packets called cells. This study aims to analyze the implementation and performance of ATM in the context of the Canva application, a web-based graphic design platform. The study includes a theoretical review of ATM's working principles, advantages, and limitations, as well as the network performance analysis methods used.In this research, we examine how ATM can optimize data transmission in the Canva application, considering the importance of network speed and efficiency in ensuring an optimal user experience. The analysis results show that ATM can provide the high transfer speeds and stability required by the Canva application, especially in managing complex and large-sized graphic data.The conclusion of this study confirms that the implementation of ATM technology in web-based applications like Canva can significantly enhance network performance. This study also offers important insights for further development in integrating advanced network technologies for internet-based applications to support increasing data demands.

The rapid advancement of quantum computing has significantly impacted data security, as classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC are increasingly vulnerable to quantum attacks. This study aims to evaluate the performance of classical and post-quantum cryptographic algorithms in a quantum simulation environment, focusing on stability, efficiency, and computational time. The research method employed experimental simulations using Qiskit, where cryptographic algorithms were modeled into quantum circuits and tested across varying qubit sizes of 128, 256, 512, and 1024. The simulation results indicate that classical algorithms face substantial limitations, with exponentially increasing computational time and drastically reduced stability beyond 512 qubits. In contrast, post-quantum algorithms demonstrated superior performance, maintaining high stability up to 1024 qubits, achieving greater quantum efficiency, and showing resilience against quantum attacks such as Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms. These findings highlight the urgent need to transition toward post-quantum cryptography as a more adaptive and reliable approach to safeguarding data in the quantum era. Although post-quantum algorithms still face certain challenges, such as larger key sizes and slightly higher computational costs at smaller scales, their overall benefits are far more significant in ensuring sustainable information security. Therefore, adopting post-quantum cryptography represents a strategic step that must be prioritized to address the evolving risks posed by quantum computing technologies.

This research investigates the pivotal role of Emotional Intelligence (EI) in mitigating employee turnover from a psychological perspective. Emotional Intelligence—encompassing self-awareness, empathy, and stress management—is identified as a crucial factor in enhancing job satisfaction and organizational commitment, thus influencing employee retention. Employing a library research methodology, the study reviews existing literature on EI's impact on reducing turnover and highlights how high EI levels contribute to lower turnover rates by improving job satisfaction and fostering a stronger commitment to the organization. The study finds that employees with elevated EI are adept at managing workplace stress, fostering positive relationships, and aligning with organizational values. This alignment enhances their job satisfaction and commitment, leading to reduced turnover rates. The findings have practical implications for organizations, suggesting that integrating EI assessments into recruitment processes, developing EI training programs, and creating supportive work environments can significantly improve employee retention. Prioritizing EI development helps in building a more resilient and engaged workforce, thereby contributing to organizational stability and performance.

Solar energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources to support the transition toward clean energy, yet conventional solar cell technology still faces efficiency limitations. Perovskite materials offer a potential solution due to their superior optoelectronic properties, although challenges related to stability and toxicity remain. This study aims to analyze the interaction of electromagnetic waves with perovskite materials and to evaluate the effect of nano-scale anti-reflective coatings on improving energy conversion efficiency. The research employed a combination of electromagnetic simulations using specialized software and laboratory experiments with miniature perovskite solar cell prototypes. Simulation results demonstrated higher electromagnetic field intensity within the active layer after the addition of anti-reflective coatings, with photon absorption increased by 15–18%. Experimental validation revealed that the energy conversion efficiency improved from 16.8–17.5% without anti-reflective layers to 20.5–21.3% with TiO₂- and SiO₂-based coatings. Optical characterization using a spectrophotometer confirmed enhanced light absorption up to 90% at specific wavelengths, while SEM analysis showed that smoother and more uniform SiO₂ coatings contributed to superior performance compared to TiO₂. Minor discrepancies between simulation and experimental results were attributed to fabrication variations, yet both approaches exhibited consistent improvement trends. These findings highlight that integrating perovskite materials with nano-scale anti-reflective coatings is a key strategy for enhancing the efficiency of next-generation solar cells while supporting future clean energy sustainability.

This study examines the impact of trading costs and related factors on the unobserved performance of hedge funds through a qualitative literature review approach. The review covers recent studies on explicit and implicit costs, liquidity risk, portfolio complexity, hedge fund size, and risk management strategies. The findings reveal that trading costs significantly affect the net returns of hedge funds, while liquidity risk and portfolio complexity hinder asset management efficiency. Large hedge funds benefit from economies of scale but face challenges in risk management and transparency. The study also highlights that data-driven risk management strategies can enhance long-term return stability. This research underscores the need for a holistic evaluation to understand hedge fund performance and discusses limitations associated with the qualitative approach.

This study aims to analyze the role of private equity in resolving failed banks following the 2008 financial crisis and its impact on financial stability. Using a qualitative literature review method, this research examines 30 related studies covering restructuring efficiency, capital stability, operational innovation, and market concentration risks. The findings indicate that private equity can expedite the resolution of failed banks through effective restructuring and improved operational efficiency. However, challenges such as moral hazard risks and market concentration require strict regulatory oversight. The contribution of private equity to financial stability is contextual, depending on market structures and local regulations. This research provides strategic insights for policymakers to optimize the benefits of private equity in the financial sector.

The role and function of Bank Indonesia as the central bank is crucial to revitalize the goal of maintaining and preserving the value of the rupiah, which is an important part of sustainable economic growth that will improve people's welfare. This goal is part of the economic recovery and reform policy that will help Indonesia get out of the middle economic crisis. The purpose of this study is to determine the development of the status, position, and duties of the central bank. This research uses the literature method. In 1968, Bank Indonesia's functions and responsibilities as the central bank began to diminish. In 1999, it was again responsible for safeguarding and maintaining the value of the rupiah. Its central bank work consists of three main pillars: setting and implementing monetary policy, maintaining a smooth payment system, and maintaining the stability of the national financial system. To improve people's quality of life, Bank Indonesia is also responsible for acting as a development agent.    

Traditional markets in Sidoarjo, like in many places in Indonesia, play an important role in the local economy and community life. However, the challenges of modernization and competition with modern markets have threatened the sustainability of these traditional markets. The role of entrepreneurs and market managers is key in developing traditional markets in Sidoarjo. This research aims to analyze the role of entrepreneurs and market managers in developing traditional markets in Sidoarjo. The research method used is a qualitative study with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and direct observation in the field. The research results show that entrepreneurs have a strategic role in increasing the competitiveness of traditional markets through product innovation, promotion and improving service quality. Meanwhile, market managers play an important role in organizing market governance, ensuring cleanliness, safety and comfort of visitors, as well as facilitating cooperation between sellers. By actively involving entrepreneurs and market managers in the development process, traditional markets in Sidoarjo can face the challenges of modernization and increase their attractiveness for local communities and tourists. In conclusion, close collaboration between entrepreneurs and market managers is needed to ensure the sustainability and progress of traditional markets in Sidoarjo.

SMES (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) often face significant challenges, especially related to financial and workforce risk management. This research aims to analyze Lela Florist's financial risk management. In this research, a descriptive qualitative approach with interviews was used to collect data from business owners and female employees. The analysis is carried out with a focus on financial risk management strategies, such as product and service diversification, creative promotions, cash flow management, separation of company assets and access to capital. Lela Florist has implemented various strategies to manage financial risks effectively. Diversification of products and services, creative promotions, and utilization of online delivery and ordering services help reduce financial risks and maintain revenue stability. Meanwhile, efficient management of employee costs, employee development and effective performance management increases productivity and maintains service quality. This research shows that Lela Florist's financial risk management has effectively played an important role in the operational success of SMES.  

This study focuses on the effectiveness of supervision and regulation conducted by Bank Indonesia (BI), the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and the Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) in maintaining financial system stability in Indonesia. (LPS) in maintaining financial system stability in Indonesia. Through a qualitative qualitative approach with a literature review method, this research explores the role of each institution and identifies potential overlaps in each institution and identifies potential overlapping regulations that could affect national financial stability. can affect national financial stability. The results show that BI, through consolidated supervision and macroprudential policies, plays a significant role in maintaining monetary and financial stability. OJK, with its overarching mandate over the financial services sector, has implemented various regulations to ensure the integrity and stability of the financial system. to ensure the integrity and stability of the financial system. LPS contributes by guaranteeing customer deposits and handling failed banks, as well as coordinating with BI and OJK to maintain banking stability. with BI and OJK to maintain banking stability. To improve effectiveness, it is recommended to strengthen inter-agency coordination, regulatory harmonization, supervisory capacity, macroprudential policy, education and transparency, and international collaboration to maintain financial system stability, support sustainable economic growth, and improve public welfare.

Various factors, including changes in commodity prices, domestic production, trade policies, and geopolitical considerations, can impact the value of oil and gas imports and exports. In addition to technological innovation, economic fluctuations can also be influenced by changes in global demand, domestic production, and trade policies. The value of oil and gas imports and exports may experience fluctuations over time and between nations. The Perdag No. 21 of 2019 and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2001 pertaining to oil and natural gas govern export and import regulations, respectively. These documents provide a clear framework for the management of oil and natural gas resources in Indonesia and aim to harmonize regulations in the oil and gas sector. Natural gas, in addition to enhancing industry oversight and transparency, should be subject to scrutiny, as economic development can be influenced by export and import revenues. The government can subsequently manipulate this information to curb inflation, thereby contributing to the preservation of the nation's economic stability.