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Regular physical activity is known to play an important role in maintaining overall health, including improving immune system function and mental health. Lack of physical activity remains a public health issue, making it important to understand the impact of physical activity on the immune system and mental health. This study aimed to review the effect of regular physical activity on the immune system and mental health using a literature review method. The literature sources were obtained from publications within the last five years using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The articles were then screened and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in nine relevant articles for analysis. The selection results indicate that regular physical activity can increase the mobilization and activity of immune cells such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer cells, and also modify the adaptive immune system through changes in T cells and B cells. In addition, physical activity also improves mental health through neurobiological mechanisms such as increased endorphin, dopamine, and serotonin levels, which can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression, as well as improve sleep quality and psychological well-being. Therefore, regular physical activity has a positive effect on the immune system and mental health and can be used as a promotive and preventive strategy to maintain overall health.

Occupational accidents are unexpected events. Incident of occupational accident often happened to health officer especially nurse. Therefore, it is necessary efforts to foster the implementation of occupational safety and health (OHS) in order to avoid occupational accident. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of implementation occupational health and safety (OHS) (knowledge, attitude, training, promotion and supervision) of the incidence of occupational accidents for nurses at Hospital X in 2025.The research is quantitative analytic survey research using Cross-sectional Analitics. The Population is all nurses from Outpatient room and  Inpatient room at Hospital X. Its amounted to 164 people, using technique of total population. Data analysis with univariate analysis, bivariate analysis with chi square test, multivariate analysis with multiple logistic regression test. The results of the reaserch showed that effect occupational accidents are attitude p value 0,001, training p value 0,001, promotion p value 0,001 and the confounding is a knowledge variable to training variable. The conlusion of the research is to make the implementation of occupational health and safety become the most important for nurse. Recommended to the Hospital X along with occupational health and safety committee to improve the knowledge of nurses on occupational health and safety through socialization, training, and internal meeting of the periodic.  

Abstract. Nutritional problems and low levels of healthy food literacy remain significant challenges in rural communities. The utilization of functional foods derived from locally available ingredients represents a strategic approach to improving community health quality. This community engagement program aimed to enhance the knowledge and skills of residents—particularly housewives and adolescents—through education and hands-on training in the production of banana–sappan wood yogurt as a nutrient-dense functional food alternative. The program was conducted on January 10, 2026, in Pabuaran Village, Serang Regency, using an educational and participatory approach. Activities included the delivery of educational materials on functional foods and the health benefits of probiotics, as well as a practical demonstration of yogurt preparation. Program evaluation was carried out through observation of participant engagement and interactive discussions. The results indicated that participants were able to successfully follow all stages of yogurt production and demonstrated high enthusiasm for the use of local ingredients as healthy food alternatives. The resulting product exhibited acceptable sensory characteristics and an appealing appearance. This activity contributed to improved nutritional literacy and food processing skills and demonstrated potential to support household-level food self-reliance.  

The hospital laundry installation is a non-medical supporting unit with a high risk of occupational health and safety (OHS) hazards due to direct exposure to chemicals, machinery, and contaminated linen. Potential hazards in this unit include physical (heat, noise), chemical (detergents and disinfectants), biological (viruses and bacteria from linen), and ergonomic (improper working posture) risks. This study is a descriptive quantitative research with a semi-quantitative approach. The aim is to identify, assess, evaluate, and control OHS risks in the laundry unit. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and document review with seven laundry staff members. Risk assessment was conducted using a risk matrix based on the AS/NZS 4360:2004 standard. The results show that several risks ranged from low to very high levels, including infection from linen, chemical exposure, noise, and injury from machinery. Risk control measures implemented include applying the hierarchy of controls, starting from elimination, substitution, engineering controls, Administratif controls, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). It is concluded that improvements in supervision, staff training, and facility upgrades are necessary to minimize occupational accidents in the laundry installation.

This study aims to analyze the governance of health service policies in improving the quality of public services in Semarang City. Health services are one of the essential sectors in public service delivery that require policies which are effective, transparent, and responsive to community needs. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method to understand the processes of policy formulation, implementation, and coordination among actors in the governance of health service policies. Data were collected through literature review, policy documentation, and analysis of health service delivery practices at the local government level. The results indicate that the governance of health service policies in Semarang City has undergone several improvement efforts through the strengthening of regulations, enhanced inter-agency coordination, and the utilization of health service innovations. However, several challenges remain, such as limited resources, inequality in service access, and the need to improve the quality of human resources in the health sector. Therefore, strengthening policy governance that is more collaborative, accountable, and community-oriented is necessary to sustainably improve the quality of health services. This study is expected to contribute to the development of public policy, particularly in the field of regional health service delivery.

Digestive health in children plays a vital role in their overall growth and development. Diarrhea remains the most frequent illness occurring among children. The use of probiotics can both treat and prevent this condition. Kombucha is a fermented beverage that can function as a probiotic source. The objective of this activity was to educate members of the PKK (Family Welfare Movement) regarding probiotics and to practice making probiotics at home. The methodology employed a combination of counseling, demonstrations, and hands-on practice. The results of this activity showed an increase in knowledge among all participants concerning probiotics. Participants were enthusiastic and eager during the direct practice of brewing kombucha. Overall, this activity provided a positive impact on the PKK members, with the hope that it can be maintained sustainably to establish the home as the primary foundation for health.

The National Health Insurance Program (JKN) is a government policy aimed at providing health protection for all Indonesians through fair, equitable, and sustainable healthcare services. However, its implementation still faces various challenges and issues. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the JKN program in Indonesia using a systematic literature review and the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. Ten scientific articles published between 2021 and 2025 were selected and analyzed based on established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicate that in the context aspect, there are still problems, such as a large number of participants with inactive membership status and a low level of public understanding of their rights and obligations as JKN participants. In the input aspect, obstacles faced include limited health workers, uneven distribution, and inadequate facilities and infrastructure. Furthermore, in the process aspect, various obstacles were found, such as long service queues, complex administrative procedures, disruptions in the medical record system, and the suboptimal use of digital-based services. Meanwhile, in terms of products, the National Health Insurance (JKN) program has proven effective in improving public access to healthcare services, although service quality remains uneven, drug availability remains unstable, and the BPJS Kesehatan financing system still faces several challenges. Overall, the JKN program has had a positive impact on the community, but comprehensive improvements are still needed, particularly in strengthening governance, equitable access to services, and improving the quality of healthcare services.

The development of information technology has driven an increase in self-diagnosis behavior, especially among the productive-age population with broad access to the Internet. This phenomenon has the potential to result in inaccurate health assessments and influence health-related decision making. This study aimed to describe self-diagnosis behavior, motivations, patterns of seeking health information online, consequences after performing self-diagnosis, and the level of health literacy among people aged 18-44 in the Tataran 1 area. This research uses a quantitative descriptive design with a survey method through questionnaires given to 60 respondents in the company. The results show that the majority of respondents are female, aged 35-44, and have a high school level education. Some respondents were not motivated to perform self-diagnosis, and the level of seeking health information online was considered low to moderate. Nevertheless, nearly half of the respondents still took follow-up actions after performing self-diagnosis. The majority of respondents had a moderate level of health literacy, so the ability to understand and evaluate health information still needs to be improved. These findings underscore the importance of digital health literacy education so that the public can accurately sort medical information and reduce the risk of mistreatment due to self-diagnosis of the disease.

Bullying in the school environment is a social health problem that has a massive impact on children’s physical, mental, and social well-being. As the primary educational environment, schools need to implement a structured, safe, and child-friendly bullying reporting system. Objective: This conceptual study aims to design the implementation of a bullying reporting system based on school health administration using the functional management approach: planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling (POAC). The methods and components of the reporting system are designed through the four POAC pillars, namely the establishment of an Anti-Bullying Team, the preparation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), the provision of child-friendly reporting media both physical and digital through the School Health Unit (UKS), and the development of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms (controlling). School health administration is used as an initial screening tool to identify indications of victim trauma discreetly and safely. The implementation of this POAC-based system is expected to improve the early detection of bullying cases, accelerate case handling responses, and eliminate stigma and fear of reporting among children. Conclusion: The integration of health administration and POAC management has proven to be a strong framework for creating a safe, inclusive school environment that strongly supports students’ mental health recovery.

Gastric health problems such as gastritis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) remain common, particularly among children and adolescents, due to irregular eating patterns, excessive consumption of spicy and acidic foods, and a lack of understanding of healthy lifestyles and proper nutrition. The partner of this Community Service Program (PKM) was LKSA Santa Anna Orphanage in Bojonegoro, where limited knowledge regarding gastric health, differences between gastritis and GERD, and preventive efforts was identified among the residents. This PKM activity aimed to increase partners’ knowledge and awareness of gastric health maintenance through the application of healthy eating patterns, balanced nutrition, and appropriate lifestyle practices. The program included educational sessions, interactive discussions, and simple demonstrations to enhance participants’ understanding and engagement. Previous studies indicate that health education and regular eating habits are effective in preventing gastric disorders; therefore, this socialization activity is expected to encourage positive and sustainable healthy behavioral changes, improve daily dietary habits, and support long-term gastric health and overall well-being.

Digital transformation in healthcare services is a strategic approach to improve access, efficiency, and service quality, particularly within Indonesia’s National Health Insurance (JKN) system. BPJS Kesehatan has introduced an online queue feature through the Mobile JKN application to minimize manual queuing and reduce waiting times in outpatient services. However, despite the widespread ownership of the application, its actual utilization for online queuing remains relatively low, including in a regional public hospital (RSUD) in West Bandung. This condition reflects a gap between the availability of digital health technology and patients’ actual usage behavior, highlighting the need to examine factors influencing adoption.This study aims to analyze the effects of perceived ease of use, social influence, and facilitating conditions on the actual use of the Mobile JKN online queue, with behavioral intention as an intervening variable among outpatients. A quantitative cross-sectional design was applied, involving 255 JKN outpatient participants selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS version 24, based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, validity and reliability testing, normality assessment, goodness-of-fit evaluation, Three Box Method, and hypothesis testing.

The practice of independent nursing by nurses is a form of professional health services that require assurance of certainty and legal protection, especially after the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health (Health Law) which integrates various health regulations. This study aims to analyze the form of legal protection for nurses in independent practice and identify the supporting and inhibiting factors for this legal protection. Problem formulation, 1) What is the form of legal protection for nurses who provide independent nursing practice services, 2) What are the supporting and inhibiting factors for legal protection for nurses who provide independent nursing practice. The research method used is normative legal research with a qualitative approach, sourced from secondary data in the form of laws and regulations and related legal literature. The results of the study show that the form of legal protection for nurses includes legality guarantees through STR and SIPP, compliance with professional standards and SPO, and the function of medical records as authentic evidence. The main supporting factors include the existence of a clear legal umbrella and nurses' compliance with regulations, while the inhibiting factors involve illegal practices (without permission), negligence in documentation, and ambiguity of authority. Conclusion: Legal protection for Nurse Practitioners in independent nursing practice is conditional and highly dependent on nurses' compliance with applicable legal norms and professional standards. Compliance with licensing, practice standards, and accurate documentation is the main key in optimizing the guarantee of legal protection.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of supervision conducted by the Environmental and Sanitation Agency (DLHK) of Karawang Regency regarding the mining activities of PT Mas Putih Belitung based on Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. The study also examines the obstacles faced in monitoring the impacts of mining activities on public health and the environment. The research used an empirical juridical method with legislative and empirical approaches. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and literature studies, then analyzed qualitatively using Soerjono Soekanto’s theory of legal effectiveness. The findings show that DLHK supervision has been implemented but has not yet operated effectively. Several factors contribute to this condition, including limited human resources, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, weak administrative law enforcement, low community participation, and insufficient compliance by the company in environmental management practices. Therefore, stronger supervision, improved law enforcement, and greater collaboration between government, companies, and communities are necessary to ensure environmental protection and public health sustainability.

: Family well being is strongly influenced by the ability to manage finances wisely and systematically. However, low levels of financial literacy among communities often lead to issues such as imbalance between income and expenditure and lack of proper financial planning. This community service program aimed to improve the understanding and skills of PKK women in Ngaresrejo Village, Sidoarjo, in managing household finances. The method used was a participatory approach consisting of socialization, educational sessions, group discussions, and hands-on assistance in simple financial record-keeping. A total of 25 participants were actively involved in all stages of the program. Evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test assessments, as well as participant feedback on the implementation process. The results showed an increase in participants’ understanding from 39% in the pre-test to 61% in the post-test. In addition, 63% of participants expressed satisfaction with the program, indicating that the activity was relevant and beneficial. Qualitatively, the program also encouraged positive behavioral changes in financial management, such as recording income and expenses, prioritizing needs, and improving saving habits. Furthermore, the emergence of active participants as local leaders indicates the potential sustainability of the program within the community. In conclusion, this community service program effectively enhances family financial literacy and contributes to improving community well-being in a sustainable manner.

Online gambling is a form of addictive behavior that often begins with simple experimentation. Early wins tend to encourage individuals to continue gambling with increasingly larger stakes, driven by the belief that higher bets will lead to greater profits. Along with the rapid advancement of digital technology, online gambling has become more accessible to various groups, including university students, through convenient and flexible online platforms. Although it is often perceived as a form of entertainment, online gambling has significant negative impacts. This study aims to analyze the effects of online gambling on students’ mental health. The research uses a qualitative approach, with data collected through observations and interviews involving respondents who engage in online gambling activities. The findings reveal that online gambling has detrimental effects on students’ psychological well-being, including increased levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Furthermore, it contributes to decreased concentration, reduced learning motivation, and declining academic performance. Therefore, stronger preventive measures and educational efforts are necessary to minimize the negative impacts of online gambling among university students.

This study aims to analyze The Responsibility of the Regional General Hospital (RSUD) TC. Hilers Maumere regarding the practice of burning medical waste and to examine its conformity with the provisions of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and other regulations related to hazardous waste management. Medical waste management is an important issue because improper handling may cause environmental pollution and pose serious risks to public health. This research employs an empirical legal research method with a descriptive approach, examining how the law operates in society through field data collection and analysis of relevant legal regulations.The results show that RSUD TC. Hilers Maumere implements a waste management system that includes the separation of household waste, liquid waste, and hazardous and toxic waste (B3). Medical waste is categorized and packaged according to its type, weighed, temporarily stored in medical waste storage facilities, and then destroyed using an incinerator or transported by authorized third parties. However, the practice of burning medical waste must be strictly supervised to prevent environmental impacts and potential legal violations. Therefore, stronger supervision, compliance with medical waste management standards, and the implementation of firm legal responsibility are necessary to protect public health and environmental sustainability.

Occupational Safety and Health (K3) is an important aspect in protecting workers from potential accidents and health problems arising from work activities, including in the administrative sector, which is often considered low-risk. However, the Human Resources (HR) Department at PT Micro Madani Institute (MMI) Solo Branch still found several potential hazards and work risks that have not been optimally identified. This study aims to apply the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOPS) and Job Safety Analysis (JSA) methods to identify and mitigate hazards and work accident risks in the HR Department's activities at PT Micro Madani Institute (MMI) Solo Branch. The research method is a qualitative study with a descriptive approach through observation and interviews. Risk analysis used the JSA and HAZOPS methods. The results of the study show that the application of the HAZOPS method in five sections of the HR Department successfully identified 53 potential hazards and risks, consisting of 12 extreme risks, 23 high risks, 15 moderate risks, and 3 low risks with the Employee Training and Development section as the section with the largest number of risks. Meanwhile, the application of the JSA method also identified 53 potential hazards and risks from 19 work activities. The dominant risks stem from non-ergonomic work postures, prolonged sitting, intensive computer use, and high workloads. This study concludes that the JSA and HAZOPS methods are effective in identifying potential occupational hazards and risks and can serve as the basis for control efforts to minimize workplace accidents and improve OHS implementation in the HR Department.

The consumption of snacks among school-aged children has become a serious concern in public health due to the widespread use of hazardous food additives such as formalin, borax, Rhodamine B, and excessive artificial sweeteners. These substances are commonly found in food sold around schools and have the potential to cause metabolic disorders, organ damage, and an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. The low level of knowledge among students, teachers, and canteen managers regarding food safety and balanced nutrition exacerbates this condition. This community service activity aims to increase students' knowledge about healthy snacks and encourage early detection through simple health checks. This program was conducted at SMP/SMA Al-Husna Kemiling, Bandar Lampung, involving 20 students, 4 teachers, and 1 canteen manager. The results of the activity show an increase in knowledge among 95% of participants after the education, based on the posttest results. Most participants experienced an increase in scores of 10–50 points from the pretest. The lecture method supported by teaching aids proved effective in helping students understand the material provided.

Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health (the 2023 Health Law) serves as a fundamental regulation governing various aspects of health services in Indonesia, including the operations of private hospitals. For private hospitals whose shares are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), the implementation of the 2023 Health Law has brought significant changes in both legal and operational dimensions. This study aims to examine the legal aspects of implementing the 2023 Health Law on the operations of IDX-listed private hospitals. Employing a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes relevant regulations and doctrines. The results indicate that the 2023 Health Law expands the scope of hospitals' legal liability, comprehensively regulates the obligations and rights of both hospitals and patients, and imposes stricter sanctions for violations. Furthermore, the implementation of this regulation impacts the business and financial aspects of listed private hospitals, including expansion opportunities, shifts in cost structures, and stock market responses. However, challenges remain in its application, such as diverse interpretations of certain provisions and hospitals' readiness to comply with the established requirements.

Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARI) is a global health problem that significantly contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates. The goal of this activity is to educate residents about preventing ARI, so that they have a good understanding of the disease and are able to take preventive measures independently. The program included information on ARI, simple inhalation therapy, and proper waste disposal. Prior to the health promotion on ARI prevention, 70% of residents had poor knowledge about the disease. After the activity, there was a significant increase in knowledge, with 90% of residents demonstrating a good level of understanding. This improvement indicates a positive shift in public awareness regarding ARI prevention. The activity successfully emphasized the importance of prevention efforts for ARI, focusing on promoting Clean and Healthy Living Behaviors (PHBS). Educating the community about ARI prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of the disease. Regular health promotion activities, particularly those targeting community participation and practical steps for prevention, are vital for enhancing public health and preventing ARI, which remains a major cause of illness and death worldwide. The results highlight the effectiveness of health education in raising awareness and improving knowledge on preventing ARI.