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Batang Bungo River faces severe pollution from domestic waste and illegal gold mining, which has led to an increase in skin diseases and diarrhea among residents of Tanjung Gedang, exacerbated by poor physical-chemical water quality, including low pH and high levels of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), all of which foster the growth of pathogenic microorganisme. This study aimed to identify bacteria and fungi present in Batang Bungo River water, characterizing their colony morphology and microscopic structures to understand the impact of pollution on microbial communities. The methodology involved serial dilution of water samples, followed by inoculation onto Nutrient Agar (NA) media using the pour plate technique, and incubation at 37°C for 24-48 hours. Macroscopic observations of colonies (color, shape, texture) were performed, and representative colonies were stained with crystal violet for microscopic observation at 1000x magnification to identify cellular and hyphal structures. The results indicated the presence of various microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria, filamentous fungi, and possibly protozoa, with colonies exhibiting characteristics such as off-white color, rough surfaces, and irregular edges. Microscopic examination after crystal violet staining revealed rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci) structures, and branched filamentous structures resembling hyphae, consistent with a mixture of bacteria and filamentous fungi. The identification of pathogens like Clostridium, Dermatophilus, and Escherichia coli in previous studies, coupled with the poor water quality, confirms significant microbiological and chemical contamination. Crystal violet proved effective as a stain for microscopic identification of microorganism structures. In conclusion, the water quality of Batang Bungo River is highly concerning and requires serious attention for monitoring and management to safeguard public health and the river ecosystem.  

This study aims to analyze the quality of domestic wastewater based on three main parameters: pH, ammonia, and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The wastewater samples were collected from an industrial area, chosen for its role as a primary source of domestic waste that can impact environmental quality. The pH was tested using potentiometry, while ammonia and COD concentrations were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, a precise method for analyzing these substances. The results showed that the pH values of the wastewater ranged from 6.68 to 10.28. This variation in pH reflects the acidity or alkalinity of the wastewater, with some samples being neutral to slightly alkaline. The ammonia levels detected ranged from 0.0654 to 0.3849 mg/L. While these levels are within the limits set by regulations, they indicate a significant presence of ammonia in the wastewater, which requires continued monitoring. However, the most striking finding was the COD levels, which ranged from 21.60 to 245.71 mg/L, with some samples showing very high values. High COD levels indicate a large presence of organic matter, which can lead to a decline in water quality. Some samples with COD values exceeding the threshold of domestic wastewater quality standards, as stated in Ministerial Regulation No. 68 of 2016, require additional treatment to reduce organic contamination. Overall, while the pH and ammonia values remain within safe limits, the high COD levels in some samples indicate that further treatment is necessary to reduce organic pollution. This study emphasizes the importance of routine monitoring of domestic wastewater to protect environmental quality and prevent broader negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.  

This community service activity was carried out in Dahu Village, Pandeglang Regency, with the main objective of introducing and implementing biopore infiltration hole technology as a simple and environmentally friendly solution to address waterlogging and organic waste management. Biopores are small-diameter vertical holes dug into the ground and then filled with organic waste, such as dry leaves, vegetable scraps, or food scraps. This organic waste will naturally decompose through a decomposition process, producing compost that is useful for fertilizing the soil. Furthermore, the presence of biopore holes can improve the groundwater absorption capacity, thereby reducing the risk of waterlogging and minor flooding around residential areas. During the implementation, we as students not only provided theoretical explanations through socialization sessions but also actively participated directly in the field. Together with residents, we practiced making biopore holes, starting from the stages of preparing tools and materials, the process of drilling the soil, and filling the holes with organic waste. This practical activity was designed to help the community understand the steps for making biopores independently and utilizing them sustainably. The results of the activity showed an increase in community understanding and awareness of the importance of easy, affordable, and beneficial waste management. The community is beginning to realize that waste processing does not always require large costs or complicated technology. Biopore holes have been proven effective in accelerating rainwater absorption, reducing household waste volume, and improving soil fertility. Beyond the environmental impact, this activity also strengthens relationships between students and villagers through the collaboration established during the biopore construction process. Thus, this program is expected to be the first step towards a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable village.

Pine soda is a natural fermented liquid from pine needles (Pinus merkusii) which has a distinctive aroma and contains bioactive compounds with potential as antimicrobial agents. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of pine soda against Staphylococcus aureus using the disc diffusion method and to compare its effectiveness with the antibiotic ampicillin as a positive control. The process of making pine soda is carried out through simple fermentation of Pinus merkusii pine needles under certain conditions to produce a fragrant liquid. Furthermore, qualitative tests are carried out to identify the content of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenols, and essential oils, which are known to have antibacterial properties. In the antibacterial activity test, paper discs that have been soaked in pine soda solutions with graded concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) are placed on agar media that have been inoculated with S. aureus. The results of the observation showed the presence of inhibition zones in each treatment with varying sizes. The largest inhibition zone was obtained at a concentration of 10% with a diameter of 10 mm, which is included in the medium inhibition category. As a comparison, ampicillin produced an inhibition zone of 26.3 mm, while distilled water, the negative control, showed no inhibition zone. These findings indicate that the antibacterial activity of pine soda is influenced by its bioactive compound content, although its effectiveness is still lower than that of standard antibiotics. This potential opens up opportunities for developing pine soda as a safe natural antibacterial agent, whether in the form of health products such as antiseptics, natural cleaners, or functional beverages that support body health. Further research is needed to optimize the fermentation process, increase the concentration of active compounds, and test its effectiveness against various types of pathogenic bacteria.

Limited sanitation facilities among street vendors, particularly those selling meatballs, chicken noodles, and porridge, often pose a problem that impacts food safety. One common practice is repeatedly washing bowls and spoons with just a bucket of water, followed by drying the utensils with a cloth. This contaminated water can transmit pathogenic microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses, increasing the risk of health problems for consumers. This problem requires a practical solution that street vendors can implement, taking into account limited space, mobility, and operational costs. This community service activity used a pre-experimental design method with a simple technological engineering approach to improve the sanitation of tableware. The innovation developed was a portable bowl washer made from used mineral water gallons, modified to be mobile, efficient, and water-efficient. The manufacturing process included design, assembly, testing, and evaluation with street vendors. Success was measured by observing the level of cleanliness of the tableware before and after use, as well as assessing the level of satisfaction and ease of use by the vendors. The results showed that the implementation of this portable sanitation device increased the effectiveness of tableware washing, reduced the repeated use of dirty water, and minimized the risk of cross-contamination. Partnering vendors stated that the device is practical, lightweight, and doesn't disrupt their sales activities. They hope this innovation will be replicated by other vendors and that local governments will consider implementing it as a standard for mobile food sanitation. This effort will not only improve the hygiene of eating utensils but also contribute to preventing foodborne illnesses in the community.

This study aims to examine the use of cattle waste as organic fertilizer to minimize agricultural operational costs in Mrawan Village, Tapen District, Bondowoso Regency. Cattle waste, particularly manure, is an abundant local resource that has not been optimally utilized by the local community. The majority of farmers in the village still rely on chemical fertilizers, which are relatively expensive and have a negative impact on long-term soil health. Therefore, this program is designed to provide a sustainable alternative solution through an educational approach and community empowerment. The methods used in this activity include outreach, technical training, and direct assistance in the process of making organic fertilizer from cow manure. Education focuses on simple fermentation techniques, the composition of natural additives, and appropriate fertilizer application methods. Farmers are actively involved in every stage of the activity, so they become not only beneficiaries but also agents of change in environmentally friendly agricultural practices. The results of the activity indicate that the use of organic fertilizer from cattle waste can reduce the cost of purchasing chemical fertilizers by up to 40% in a single planting season. In addition, organic fertilizer has been shown to increase soil fertility, improve soil structure, and support healthier plant growth. Environmental impacts are also reduced, as livestock waste management is more controlled and does not pollute water or air sources. Therefore, utilizing cattle waste as organic fertilizer not only reduces environmental pollution but also provides an economic and ecological solution that benefits local farmers. This program is expected to become a model for empowerment that can be replicated in other areas with similar characteristics.

The number of school-age adolescent girls in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi, still faces serious challenges related to nutritional problems such as anemia and chronic energy deficiency (SEZ). Low nutritional literacy and unbalanced food consumption habits also worsen their nutritional status, especially during puberty when nutritional needs increase significantly. This service activity aims to increase the understanding and awareness of young women on the principles of balanced nutrition through a participatory educational approach. The implementation of the activity was carried out at SMP Negeri 2 Bunta, Simpang Raya District, involving 30 students in grades VII and VIII as well as UKS supervisory teachers. The intervention included providing material on "Fill My Plate", the 4 pillars of balanced nutrition, and the risk of nutritional disorders in adolescents. The material was delivered in the form of interactive counseling using leaflet media, accompanied by knowledge measurement through pre-test, post-test, and one-week post-activity evaluation. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in students' understanding of the principles of balanced nutrition, with the knowledge score of the good category increasing from 40% to 87%. Most of the participants were able to mention the composition of the meal portion, the importance of breakfast, restrictions on fast food consumption, and the need to drink enough water every day. This activity also has an impact on increasing the capacity of teachers in assisting and monitoring the health status of students through the UKS program. Teachers become more active in conducting periodic counseling and recording the nutritional development of female students on a regular basis. School-based balanced nutrition counseling has been proven to be effective in improving adolescent nutritional literacy. This educational model can be replicated in other regions with cross-sectoral support such as education offices, health centers, and village governments, to support the achievement of sustainable development goals in the health sector.

Environmental health risks, including air pollution, unsafe water, and climate-sensitive diseases, remain pressing global challenges that continue to threaten public well-being. Conventional monitoring systems are typically manual, costly, and geographically limited, making it difficult to provide timely and accurate data for intervention. This study explores how digital health technologies—specifically mobile health (mHealth), the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and remote sensing—are applied to strengthen the monitoring and management of environmental health risks. A structured literature review was carried out by synthesizing 87 peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2024, using an evaluation framework built on keyword clustering, metadata filtering, and multi-criteria scoring to assess usability, scalability, interoperability, and relevance to health outcomes. Findings show that mHealth platforms are highly accessible and user-friendly but often face limitations in integration with broader health systems. IoT and AI technologies offer strong scalability and predictive capability, particularly in real-time risk detection, though they are hindered by interoperability issues across platforms. Meanwhile, remote sensing is powerful for capturing large-scale environmental data but lacks direct connections to health-specific applications. The analysis identifies a critical gap in the integration of these technologies, emphasizing the need for cross-sector collaboration to build more robust, interoperable systems. Additionally, the findings highlight the importance of ethical considerations, validation processes, and interdisciplinary approaches to ensure sustainable and impactful implementation. Overall, this study provides not only a comparative synthesis of current practices but also a methodological roadmap to guide future digital innovations in environmental health. By bridging technological potential with practical application, it underscores the urgent need for integrated strategies that can better address the growing complexity of environmental health risks in the modern era.

Hypertension is a condition characterized by elevated blood pressure, where the systolic pressure exceeds 140 mmHg and the diastolic pressure exceeds 90 mmHg. If not properly treated, hypertension can lead to severe complications, increased morbidity, and even mortality. This condition occurs when the heart works harder than usual to pump blood (systolic) and the blood flow returning to the heart (diastolic) also experiences increased pressure. One of the efforts to prevent the progression of hypertension from a primary to a secondary stage is through non-pharmacological treatments. One such treatment includes the use of natural remedies like celery leaves. Celery leaves contain active compounds such as flavonoids and potassium that are believed to help lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and increasing the excretion of sodium through urine.This community service activity was carried out in Purwodadi Village and aimed to increase public awareness, especially among families, regarding hypertension and its non-pharmacological management using natural ingredients that are easy to find and affordable. The method used involved health education through counseling and direct demonstrations of how to prepare and consume celery leaf boiled water. Participants were actively involved in learning how to select, clean, boil, and properly consume the celery leaf water as a herbal drink.The results of the activity showed a significant improvement in community knowledge and understanding related to hypertension and the benefits of using celery leaves as a traditional remedy. It is hoped that after this activity, the local community will be able to independently apply this knowledge and routinely use boiled celery water as a preventive measure to maintain normal blood pressure and reduce the risk of complications. This effort is part of promotive and preventive health services to improve the quality of life and promote a healthy lifestyle at the village level.

Drinking water is a basic human need that must meet health requirements to be suitable for direct consumption without causing health risks. Drinkable water must be free from various contaminants, both physical, chemical, and microbiological that can harm the human body. One of the sources of drinking water that is widely used by the community is refillable drinking water (DAMIU), which is now growing due to its affordable price and ease of access. However, the water quality from DAMIU is often a concern due to potential contamination due to sanitation that does not meet standards. This study aims to analyze the sanitary conditions of the refillable drinking water depot (DAMIU) and assess the quality of drinking water based on physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters in the working area of the Punti Kayu Health Center, Palembang. A total of 15 DAMIU are the object of research that are examined through laboratory tests and direct observation of the sanitary conditions and equipment of the depot. The results showed that all DAMIU (100%) had met the general sanitation requirements, such as room cleanliness, equipment, and workers. However, microbiological testing found that 33.4% of the water samples contained E. coli and Coliform bacteria, indicating the presence of contamination. In addition, all samples (100%) did not meet the ideal drinking water pH requirements, and as many as 40% of the samples had aluminum content that exceeded the threshold set by the Indonesian Minister of Health. From these findings, it can be concluded that although the sanitary conditions of DAMIU are relatively good, the quality of the drinking water produced still requires serious attention.

The provision of clean water is a basic necessity and a fundamental responsibility of the government as a form of public accountability. Clean water not only plays a crucial role in supporting daily life but also directly affects public health, education, and economic productivity. However, the condition in Tanjung Melagan Island, located in the hinterland area of Batam City, still shows serious issues regarding access to clean water. Limited infrastructure, remote geographical location, and the lack of policy intervention are the main obstacles faced by the local community. This study aims to analyze the responsibility of the Batam City Government in providing clean water using J. Spiro’s accountability theory, which highlights three main indicators: accountability, obligation, and causality. This research employs a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document studies. Informants in this study include officials from the Department of Human Settlements and Spatial Planning of Batam City, the Head of Galang Baru Subdistrict, and local residents of Tanjung Melagan Island. The results of the study indicate that the accountability of the Batam City Government in the provision of clean water has not been carried out substantively. Although formal forums such as Development Planning Meetings (Musrenbang) exist, their implementation remains procedural and does not fully absorb the aspirations and needs of the local population. The government's obligation to provide clean water is acknowledged normatively, but its realization often faces technical constraints, complex bureaucracy, and the delegation of responsibilities to non-governmental institutions. Furthermore, several underlying causes of this weak accountability were identified, including limited budgetary resources, poor inter-agency coordination, and low levels of community literacy and participation in planning and monitoring processes. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of strengthening the role and capacity of local governments in providing essential services such as clean water, especially in underdeveloped and remote regions, to ensure that the principle of social justice is truly realized.

This study aimed to isolate and culture bacteria from well water samples as a first step in identifying microorganisms found in domestic water environments. Well water was chosen because it is one of the main water sources for communities, especially in rural areas, but is highly susceptible to contamination due to human activities such as household waste, agricultural waste, and poor sanitation systems. The isolation process was carried out using the pour plate and scratch plate methods using Nutrient Agar (NA) and MacConkey Agar (MAC) media, which function to detect various types of bacteria, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Samples were incubated at 37°C for 24–48 hours to allow colony growth. After the incubation period, the growing colonies were observed morphologically based on the color, shape, and edge of the colonies. Next, the colonies were cultured to obtain pure cultures for further analysis. Preliminary results showed a diversity of colony shapes indicating the presence of several bacterial species, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., and possibly Enterobacter sp., which are indicators of air quality and the level of fecal contamination. This study provides a preliminary overview of the microbiological status of well water and the importance of regular testing of domestic water sources. Early identification through isolation and culture is crucial for mitigating public health risks and providing a basis for any necessary air treatment or sanitation interventions. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for the community and government in sustainably maintaining the quality and safety of well water. The recommended next step is to conduct antibiotic resistance testing to determine the potential hazards of the identified pathogenic bacteria.

This research aims to examine the contribution of PT. Seroja Jaya Agensi in the PHQC issuance mechanism, while also identifying obstacles and alternative solutions in the implementation of the INSW system in Bojonegara. The issuance of Port Health Quarantine Clearance (PHQC) based on the Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) system at the Bojonegara Health Quarantine Office is a vital aspect in efforts to control the health risks of foreign vessels entering Indonesian waters. The role of agencies, especially PT. Seroja Jaya Agensi Merak Branch, is crucial in ensuring the smoothness of the PHQC issuance procedure in accordance with applicable regulations. This agency activity includes coordination between the ship, health quarantine officers, and other authorized institutions to ensure that incoming vessels are free from the threat of infectious diseases. During the onshore practice, the author collected data using field research and literature study methods, by reviewing journals and other relevant sources that support the study theme. The results of the study show that the agency's role is quite crucial in supporting smooth administration, although there are still problems related to inter-agency coordination and technical understanding of INSW that need to be improved. This research is expected to contribute positively to improving the health surveillance system for foreign vessels, particularly to optimize the implementation of INSW for greater effectiveness.

Awareness of environmental health is an important factor in maintaining community welfare, especially in developing urban areas. The city of Medan, as one of the major cities in Indonesia, still faces various environmental problems such as poor sanitation, garbage accumulation, and water pollution, which have an impact on public health. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the level of public awareness of environmental health in the city of Medan. This study uses a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were collected from 100 randomly selected respondents using a structured questionnaire, which measures people's level of awareness of environmental health and various factors that influence it, such as education level, media exposure, and economic status. Data analysis was carried out univariately, bivariately with Chi-square test, and multivariate using logistic regression to determine the relationship between independent variables and the level of public awareness. The results of the study show that factors such as education level, media exposure, and economic status have a significant influence on the level of public awareness. People with higher levels of education, better media exposure, and better economic status tend to have higher awareness of environmental health issues. The implications of these findings suggest that improving environmental education and more effective dissemination of information can be an important effort in raising public awareness. Community-based programs that focus on education and strengthening environmental information can be a strategic step in overcoming environmental problems in urban areas. The results of this research are expected to be a reference for the formulation of more effective policies and programs in increasing environmental awareness in urban communities.

Bekasam is a traditional fermented fish-based food popular in various regions in Indonesia, including Batanghari, Jambi. This product is produced through a spontaneous fermentation process that utilizes the activity of microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which play an important role in the formation of distinctive flavors, food safety, and potential health benefits. One type of fish used is lambak fish (Labiobarbus ocellatus), which is commonly found in local waters. Given the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease associated with cholesterol levels, exploring the probiotic potential of local fermented foods presents a strategic opportunity to support public health. This study aims to isolate and identify LAB from bekasam lambak fish from Mersam, Batanghari, and evaluate its initial potential as a candidate for cholesterol-lowering probiotics. The research method was carried out in the laboratory through a series of dilutions (10⁻¹–10⁻⁶) of bekasam samples, followed by cultivation on Nutrient Agar (NA) media using the pour and streak method. Incubation was carried out at 37°C for 24–48 hours. The growing colonies were then observed morphologically and tested using Gram staining. Observations revealed spherical, milky-white colonies with Gram-positive rod-shaped characteristics, indicating they likely belonged to the Lactobacillus genus. This genus is known to lower cholesterol through bile acid binding and free cholesterol assimilation mechanisms in the digestive tract. These findings reinforce the notion that bekasam lambak fish contains local LAB isolates that have the potential to be developed as a natural probiotic raw material. This potential can be utilized in the development of functional fermented food products or nutraceuticals that not only maintain the traditional value of bekasam but also provide preventative health benefits, particularly in controlling cholesterol levels.

Diarrhea remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among infants in Indonesia, especially in areas with limited access to clean water and sanitation. This community service activity aims to improve mothers' understanding of the signs and symptoms of diarrhea in children, raise mothers' awareness of maintaining their children's hygiene and health to prevent diarrhea, and provide practical training on the initial treatment of diarrhea. The methods used include interactive lectures, group discussions, demonstrations on making oral rehydration solution (ORS), handwashing practice, and distribution of leaflets. The participants consisted of 30 mothers of young children in Bangun Rejo Village, Tanjung Morawa Subdistrict. Evaluation was conducted using pre-test and post-test knowledge assessments. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in mothers' knowledge regarding the prevention and management of diarrhea. Participants were able to identify diarrhea symptoms, practice making ORS, and were more prepared to take their children to healthcare facilities if dehydration signs were present. This activity demonstrated that community-based health education is effective in enhancing mothers' knowledge and preparedness in preventing diarrhea.

Background: Stunting remains a serious public health issue in Indonesia, particularly in rural areas such as Ambasea Village, Laeya Sub-district, South Konawe Regency. Stunting, or chronic growth failure in children due to prolonged malnutrition, generally occurs during the first 1,000 days of life. In Ambasea Village, this problem is exacerbated by irregular eating patterns among toddlers, consumption of low-nutrient foods, and poor hygiene behaviors. Toddlers frequently consume unhealthy snacks, reject main meals such as rice and side dishes, and rarely wash their hands with soap before eating or after using the toilet. Furthermore, limited access to basic sanitation—such as the lack of proper latrines and adequate wastewater disposal systems (SPAL)—also contributes to the high risk of infections that disrupt nutrient absorption, increasing the likelihood of stunting in children. Objective: This study aims to describe the environmental health conditions contributing to the incidence of stunting among children aged 0–2 years in Ambasea Village. Methods: The research used an observational analytic method with a quantitative cross-sectional design. The study involved 54 toddlers identified as stunted. Data were collected through structured interviews with parents or caregivers and direct observation of the household and surrounding environmental conditions. Results: The results showed that 66.5% of households did not have access to proper latrines, and 70% lacked adequate wastewater disposal systems. However, 87% had access to clean water, and 85% of respondents demonstrated good handwashing behavior. Conclusion: The environmental health conditions in Ambasea Village reveal ongoing challenges related to latrine ownership and wastewater management. Although clean water access is relatively good and hygiene practices among residents are fairly positive, improving sanitation infrastructure remains crucial. Enhancing these conditions is expected to significantly reduce the risk of stunting among toddlers in the area. Collaborative efforts involving local government, health workers, and the community are essential to create a healthier environment for early childhood development.

β-lactam antibiotics are a very important group of drugs and are most frequently used in the treatment of bacterial infections, both in healthcare facilities and for self-medication. The advantages of β-lactams lie in their effectiveness and broad spectrum of action. However, the development of pharmaceutical preparations containing β-lactams still faces significant challenges, particularly related to the physicochemical stability of these compounds. The reactive ring structure of β-lactams makes them highly susceptible to degradation, particularly through hydrolysis. This degradation process can be accelerated by various environmental factors such as high temperature, changes in pH, humidity, and the presence of certain excipients and solvents in drug formulations. This article comprehensively reviews the various factors that influence the stability of β-lactams, both in solid and liquid pharmaceutical dosage forms, as well as in microbiological media. Furthermore, it also examines various innovative formulation approaches that have been developed to improve the stability of these compounds. These approaches include film coating technology, encapsulation, and crystal engineering, which have been shown to reduce the rate of degradation and extend product shelf life. Literature studies have shown that solid dosage forms are generally more stable than liquid dosage forms, primarily because exposure to water and solvents can accelerate hydrolysis. Distribution and storage of these preparations are also important aspects to consider in maintaining the quality and effectiveness of β-lactam antibiotic therapy. Therefore, β-lactam product development requires a holistic approach, encompassing not only formulation and production technology but also optimal distribution and storage strategies. The use of appropriate analytical methods is also necessary to monitor degradation products and ensure product safety and effectiveness throughout the shelf life.

Diarrhea remains a major health problem, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality rates in children, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. This disease is often linked to poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and a lack of public understanding of proper hygiene practices. Toddlers are the most vulnerable group to diarrhea because their immune systems are not yet fully developed. Current diarrhea management efforts rely heavily on providing oral rehydration salts (ORS) and, in some cases, the use of antibiotics. However, pharmacological approaches are not always available or appropriate in all situations. Therefore, alternative treatments are needed that are safe, readily available, and scientifically proven to be effective. One natural ingredient with significant potential for treating diarrhea is honey. Honey is known to contain various active substances such as enzymes, antioxidants, and antimicrobial compounds that can fight various pathogens that cause diarrhea. Furthermore, honey is also known to help repair the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, and accelerate the healing process. Although the health benefits of honey are well-known, public knowledge—especially among mothers—about its use as an adjunct therapy for diarrhea remains limited. Recognizing the importance of mothers' role in caring for sick children, especially during diarrhea, educational interventions are needed to improve their understanding. This educational activity aims to equip mothers with accurate, easy-to-understand information that can be applied in their daily lives. In this case, the counseling was conducted at PMB Andina Palembang using communicative media such as leaflets and accompanied by live demonstrations to increase information absorption. To measure the effectiveness of this activity, evaluations were conducted through pretests and posttests using structured questionnaires. The results obtained showed a significant increase in mothers' knowledge scores after participating in the counseling.

Hypertension is a condition in which Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) is greater than 140 mm Hg and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) is greater than 90 mm Hg. This disease is one of the most common chronic diseases and can affect anyone, both young and old. Hypertension is often called a silent killer because it has no major symptoms, so sufferers are often unaware that they have high blood pressure until serious complications occur. This study aims to determine the relationship between medication adherence and the use of complementary therapies in hypertensive patients at Mitra Medika Amplas Hospital. The research design used an analytical survey method with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study were all hypertensive patients who received treatment at the internal polyclinic of Mitra Medika Amplas Hospital, with a total population of 1,398 people. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with the Slovin formula, resulting in 94 respondents. Based on the results of the analysis using the chi-square statistical test, the P-Value was obtained at 0.685 or P-Value > 0.005, which indicates that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is rejected and the null hypothesis (Ho) is accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between medication adherence and the use of complementary therapy in hypertensive patients at Mitra Medika Amplas Hospital. The conclusion of this study shows statistically that there is no relationship between medication adherence and the use of complementary therapy at Mitra Medika Amplas Hospital this year, which indicates the need for more attention in improving patient adherence to recommended treatment. The conclusion of this study statistically shows that there is no relationship of medication adherence in the use of complementary therapy at Mitra Medika Amplas Hospital.