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This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Constitutional Court’s authority in reviewing laws and regulations as a means of upholding constitutional supremacy in Indonesia. Employing both normative and empirical legal research methods, it examines the Constitutional Court’s rulings from 2019 to 2024 and assesses their broader implications for the national constitutional system. The findings reveal several structural weaknesses in the review mechanism, particularly related to the enforcement of decisions and the existence of dualism between the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court in conducting judicial reviews. These shortcomings have created inconsistencies and reduced the optimal impact of the Constitutional Court’s role. To address these issues, the research recommends comprehensive reforms, including the unification of judicial review authority, enhancement of the Constitutional Court’s executorial powers, and expansion of public access to constitutional review procedures. Such measures are expected to strengthen the Court’s role as the guardian of the constitution, improve legal certainty, and support the creation of a more coherent and harmonious legal system in Indonesia.

This research aims to analyze the behavior and function of speech acts used by Fadil Jaidi in reviewing products online, which encourages the interlocutor to take action. This research is based on persuasive language, which has a big role in influencing consumers. The methods used in this study are methodological approach and theoretical approach. The data sources used in this study are fragments of speech discourse included in directive speech acts in several videos uploaded by Fadil Jaidi on digital platforms. The results show that there are nine forms of directive speech acts in several online product review videos by influencer Fadil Jaidi, namely (1) suggestive speech, (2) ordering speech, (3) commanding speech, (4) forcing speech, (5) convincing speech, (6) inviting speech, (7) urging speech, (8) questioning speech, (9) requesting speech. With this research, readers are expected to be able to understand the forms of directive speech acts as well as the intentions of the speech performed by Fadil Jaidi through online product review videos.

The Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) is an integrated system designed to facilitate, accelerate, and simplify port administration processes through real-time data exchange among relevant agencies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of implementing the INSW system in synchronizing data between customs and other related agencies within the ship agency process at PT. Samudera Shipping Agency Dumai. The research method employed is qualitative, with data collected through library research and field studies. The field study was conducted through direct observation and interviews at PT. Samudera Shipping Agency Dumai, while the library research involved reviewing various related sources, including journals, books, and government regulations. The results of the study indicate that the INSW system makes a significant contribution to harmonizing data between agencies, which positively impacts administrative efficiency, information transparency, and the reduction of data errors, particularly in interactions with customs. The system also supports improved coordination among related parties, such as quarantine offices, harbor masters, and port authorities, thereby enabling more effective services. However, several challenges still hinder optimal performance, including human resource readiness, limited internet connectivity, and dependence on the stability of the central system. These obstacles may lead to technical issues such as system errors, delays in document verification, and even risks of power outages, which could potentially cause delays in data submission and result in sanctions from authorities. In conclusion, the INSW system has proven effective in expediting and simplifying ship agency processes at PT. Samudera Shipping Agency Dumai. Nevertheless, to achieve greater effectiveness, continuous training for human resources, improvement of digital infrastructure, and the development of a more modern, transparent, and internationally competitive system are required.

In order to maintain the integrity and dignity of their position, Notaries are required to comply with the Code of Ethics, including the prohibition on job promotions as stated in Article 4 paragraph (3) of the Notary Code of Ethics. However, violations of this rule are still frequently encountered. This study uses a doctrinal method by reviewing primary legal materials, such as the Notary Law, Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation Number 19 of 2019, and the Notary Code of Ethics, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of books, legal journals, and interviews with the Chairperson of the Regional Board, Former Regional Honorary Council, and Members of the Indonesian Notary Association. The purpose of the study is to determine and analyze the position of the Notary Code of Ethics as a public official regarding violations committed, as well as to examine the form of legal accountability for violations of the code of ethics related to job promotions. The results of the study indicate that although the Notary Code of Ethics is binding, many Notaries still violate it, especially through job promotion practices that are contrary to the principles of professionalism and reduce public trust. Existing forms of accountability are still limited to ethical, moral, and social aspects within the scope of professional organizations, thus not being effective enough to create a deterrent effect, especially for notaries who repeatedly seek promotions. This research also revealed that although the Notary Code of Ethics provides clear provisions regarding the prohibition of promotions.

This study investigates the differences in customer satisfaction levels toward the services of Bank Syariah Indonesia by employing a nonparametric statistical approach. Customer satisfaction is a critical benchmark in Islamic banking, as it not only reflects the quality of services but also the extent to which sharia compliance is embedded in financial practices. Given that satisfaction data are generally ordinal and may not fulfill the assumptions of normal distribution, nonparametric methods such as the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were selected as the primary analytical tools. This research adopts a qualitative library-based method by reviewing relevant literature, scientific articles, and previous empirical studies to construct a comprehensive understanding of customer satisfaction measurement within Islamic banking. The findings highlight that variations in satisfaction are influenced by multiple factors, including service speed, staff friendliness, accessibility of digital platforms, and clarity of sharia principles applied in daily operations. Results further suggest that demographic characteristics and service usage frequency significantly shape satisfaction differences across customer groups. Theoretically, this study enriches the body of knowledge on the application of nonparametric statistics in Islamic banking research, while practically, it provides actionable insights for Bank Syariah Indonesia in formulating adaptive service strategies. These contributions are expected to assist the bank in strengthening customer loyalty, enhancing competitiveness, and sustaining growth in the dynamic modern banking industry. Theoretically, this study enriches the body of knowledge on the application of nonparametric statistics in Islamic banking research, while practically, it provides actionable insights for Bank Syariah Indonesia in formulating adaptive service strategies. These contributions are expected to assist the bank in strengthening customer loyalty, enhancing competitiveness, and sustaining growth in the dynamic modern banking industry.  

Learning Indonesian for Foreign Speakers (BIPA) requires structured, communicative, and internationally standardized teaching materials. One widely used teaching material is Sahabatku Indonesia Level 4, which is intended for the intermediate level. The urgency of this research lies in the importance of ensuring that the teaching materials not only convey language formally, but also align with the needs of learners' communicative competence and recognized standards, such as the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) level B2 and the Indonesian Language Proficiency Test (UKBI). The purpose of this research is to evaluate the structure and linguistic aspects of the Sahabatku Indonesia Level 4 teaching materials by reviewing the integration of the material, clarity of discourse, vocabulary diversity, and grammatical accuracy used. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data were analyzed using an evaluation rubric based on CEFR B2 and UKBI components. The focus of the analysis includes the integration of presentation between units, the logical flow of learning, and the consistency of language use in supporting receptive and productive skills. The results show that the material presentation structure reflects a logical, progressive learning sequence and supports language skill mastery. The language elements used are generally appropriate for the intermediate level, although discrepancies were still found, such as the use of irrelevant illustrations and inconsistent language style. Furthermore, the syntactic complexity in some sections still needs to be adjusted to align with the abilities of B2 learners. 

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed the design industry by introducing innovative tools that enhance efficiency, creativity, and personalization in the design process. This article explores the impact of AI technologies on the practice of modern designers, from the early stages of idea generation to the final execution of projects. By analyzing case studies, conducting surveys, and reviewing recent literature, the study reveals that AI functions not only as a tool but also as a collaborator that expands the boundaries of human creativity. It allows designers to explore new possibilities and push the limits of traditional design processes. However, the integration of AI into design practices also raises important ethical and professional challenges, such as concerns about job displacement, data privacy, and the potential loss of human touch in the creative process. Despite these concerns, the findings highlight that embracing AI is crucial for designers to remain competitive and sustain their careers in the rapidly evolving digital era. Adapting to AI technologies, understanding their capabilities, and effectively incorporating them into creative workflows will enable designers to stay relevant and thrive in a landscape where technology continues to reshape the industry. This study provides insights into the evolving relationship between human designers and AI, offering recommendations for future research and practice in the field of design.

Lobster is one of Indonesia's marine resources that has high economic value and is very important for the country's economy, but excessive lobster fishing and smuggling of lobster seeds have caused a decrease in the productivity of marine resources and significant state losses, so effective law enforcement efforts are needed to protect Indonesia's marine resources from these illegal acts. The problem in this study is how the law enforcement by the West Tanjung Jabung Police against the crime of smuggling lobster seeds (Study of Case Register Decision Number: 144 / Pid.Sus / 2023 / Pn Klt), and what factors are the causes. The research method used is normative juridical, a type of legal research that focuses on the analysis and interpretation of legal norms that apply in a legal system. The study shows that the three defendants in the crime of smuggling lobster seeds were sentenced to 2 years in prison and a fine of IDR 5,000,000 based on Article 27 number 26 Article 92 of Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation. The factors causing this crime include internal factors (economic and education) and external factors (politics, environment, and lack of security). Suggestions from the study are: Reviewing the lobster seed export policy. Improving coordination between law enforcement officers and community participation. Improving the capacity and competence of law enforcement personnel.

The Atur Dahar tradition is a ceremony to feed supernatural beings by leaving food overnight in a room, some are also drowned in the river. This tradition has become a hereditary custom by their ancestors. The existing actions are considered tabzir/wasteful and shirk. This study uses a normative empirical research type, the focus of this research is the views of religious leaders on the Atur Dahar tradition in Pait Village, Long Ikis District. The data analysis technique is carried out using a qualitative descriptive method, namely describing, explaining, and analyzing the results of the study by reviewing the study of 'urf. The procession of the Atur Dahar tradition in the celebration of the Banjar community in Pait village is divided into two implementations, namely dishes provided for ancestors, some are left overnight in the corner of the house and some are drowned in the river, but now the Atur Dahar tradition has been changed from food to which prayers are read and some have not changed, namely in the procession such as leftover food that becomes waste, and food that is less suitable or dirty is given to the community. Ten religious leaders agreed on the existence of the Atur Dahar tradition in celebrations if it complies with Islamic law. The Atur Dahar tradition is part of 'Urf Amali' because it is an act carried out by the community, especially the Banjar tribe in Pait village. This tradition is included in 'Urf Khash' because it is a custom of the Banjar tribe in Pait village. In terms of law, it is included in 'Urf Sahih', because some of the procession is in accordance with Islamic law, such as praying to Allah SWT and sharing food as alms with others. This tradition can also be included in 'Urf Fasid' because it is wasteful.

The phenomenon of charismatic pastors who simultaneously serve as merchants represents an increasingly common reality in contemporary Christian ministry, especially within urban contexts where economic and spiritual dynamics are closely intertwined. This dual role reflects both opportunities and challenges for the church, raising important theological, ethical, and practical debates concerning the integrity of pastoral calling in the midst of worldly interests, material pursuits, and potential temptations. On the one hand, the bivocational model may provide pastors with financial independence, reducing the burden on congregations and offering broader opportunities for engagement with society. On the other hand, it also carries the risk of blurring the boundaries between ministry and commerce, thereby creating possible conflicts of interest, diminishing spiritual authority, and weakening the congregation’s trust in pastoral leadership. This study aims to analyze the dual role of pastor-merchant in the light of New Testament theology by identifying potential tensions, examining the relevance of pastoral ethics in guiding decision-making, and evaluating the impact of this dual vocation on the life and witness of the church. Methodologically, this research employs a qualitative literature study, reviewing biblical, theological, and pastoral ethics sources to formulate a comprehensive understanding. The findings suggest that pastoral ethics serve as a vital compass for pastor-merchants, ensuring that ministry remains pure, Christ-centered, and untainted by financial motives. The Apostle Paul provides a theological and practical model for bivocational ministry, demonstrating how secular work and spiritual service can coexist without compromising the divine calling. Furthermore, a healthy, transparent, and accountable leadership framework is essential for sustaining integrity and strengthening congregational trust. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that the identity of the church as “a chosen people, a royal priesthood” (1 Pet. 2:9) must remain the guiding principle, ensuring that the integration of pastoral vocation and marketplace involvement contributes positively to the church’s witness and relevance in modern society.

This study aims to analyze the business development strategy of Depot Kusen Rahmat by reviewing four main aspects, namely production, human resources (HR), finance, and marketing. The analytical approach used in this study is SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) and QSPM (Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix). Primary data was obtained through a survey of 16 respondents who are active consumers of Depot Kusen Rahmat. The results of the SWOT analysis identified that the company has four strengths, four weaknesses, four opportunities, and four threats. The most dominant internal strength is efficient and neat products, with the highest weighted score of 0.509, which indicates that the quality of production results is the main competitive advantage. On the other hand, the main weakness found is the absence of a product catalog, with a score of 0.158, which indicates a lack of visual information media as a means of product promotion and communication to consumers. From external factors, the biggest opportunity is the increasing consumer interest in custom products, with a score of 0.479, which indicates a positive trend towards product personalization. The most significant threat is the rapidly changing design trends, with a score of 0.186, which requires the company to be more adaptive to changing market tastes. Based on the results of the SWOT matrix analysis, the company's position is in Quadrant I with an IFAS value of 1.368 and EFAS of 1.206, which indicates that the company is in a position to support an aggressive growth strategy. The QSPM results recommend prioritizing strategies in the form of emphasizing quality and balanced prices, followed by improving customer service and developing high-quality custom products as strategic steps to win market competition and increase business competitiveness sustainably.

Civil servants play a crucial role in governance and development to achieve the national goals as stipulated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Civil servants (PNS) are the primary foundation for the implementation of the Indonesian government system, as they implement public policy and provide public services. Their integrity, competence, and legal status significantly determine the quality of government bureaucracy. This study aims to determine the role of the Regional Civil Service Agency (BKD) in handling cases involving civil servants using fake diplomas during recruitment or promotion. The approach used is normative juridical, reviewing existing regulations, such as Law Number 5 of 2014 concerning the State Civil Apparatus, Government Regulations, and other technical regulations. Data were also obtained through interviews with BKD officials and analysis of relevant case documentation. The results of the study indicate that in practice, there is still a discrepancy between established legal procedures and their implementation in the field. Several cases indicate that administrative sanctions or termination of civil servants found to have used fake diplomas have not been fully based on proper verification and sanction mechanisms. This raises doubts about the validity of decisions and has the potential to undermine public trust in government institutions. This study emphasizes the importance of enforcing administrative discipline and improving internal oversight systems, as well as the need for stricter and more coordinated regulations between central and regional agencies to ensure that every administrative action has a valid legal basis. Implementing the principles of accountability and transparency in personnel management must be a priority to create a clean and professional bureaucracy.

Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s richest countries in terms of biodiversity, including a wide variety of traditional medicinal plants. One of the lesser-known yet promising local species is matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst), whose leaves have been traditionally used by local communities to treat various ailments, including diarrhea and seizures. This study aims to investigate the pharmacological effects of matoa leaf extract, with a particular focus on its anticonvulsant activity, while also reviewing its potential chemical constituents as a basis for herbal medicine development. The research was conducted using a combination of literature review and experimental testing on mice (Mus musculus) induced with strychnine to trigger seizures. Key observed parameters included seizure onset time and survival duration (dead time) following the administration of either synthetic drugs or matoa leaf extract. The results demonstrated that the matoa leaf extract exhibited significant anticonvulsant effects, as indicated by prolonged seizure onset and increased survival time in test animals. These pharmacological effects are presumed to be related to the presence of active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which may contribute to the stabilization of the central nervous system. Compared to conventional synthetic anticonvulsants, matoa leaf extract may offer a safer, plant-based alternative with potentially fewer side effects. The findings of this study provide valuable scientific evidence supporting the potential of Pometia pinnata leaves in the development of Indonesian herbal phytopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of further research, including preclinical and clinical trials, to validate efficacy, determine optimal dosages, and ensure safety for human use.

This research was conducted from June to July 2025 in Binjai City, with the primary focus being analyzing the readiness of the Binjai City Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) to implement a flood early warning system utilizing artificial intelligence (AI). The data collection process was conducted through a literature review, which involved reviewing various theories and previous research results regarding the application of AI and Internet of Things (IoT) technology in the context of disaster mitigation. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the use of technologies such as ultrasonic sensors, microcontrollers, fuzzy logic, and automatic notification systems can provide real-time warnings with a high level of accuracy and a fast response. This system enables early detection of rising river levels through automatic measurements, intelligent data processing, and sending notifications to authorities and affected communities within seconds. By integrating historical data and machine learning-based predictions, this system is also able to depict potential flooding before it occurs, providing a longer response time for evacuation. However, the readiness of the Binjai City BPBD still faces various challenges, such as limited digital infrastructure, the need for human resource training in the technology field, and inadequate budget allocation. Therefore, cross-sector collaboration and ongoing policy support are needed for optimal implementation of this system. The use of AI and IoT in early warning systems is not only technically relevant but also urgent in the face of increasing climate change and flood risks. A strategy involving cross-sector collaboration between government, academia, and the private sector is needed to develop an adaptive and sustainable early warning system.

This research aims to examine the contribution of PT. Seroja Jaya Agensi in the PHQC issuance mechanism, while also identifying obstacles and alternative solutions in the implementation of the INSW system in Bojonegara. The issuance of Port Health Quarantine Clearance (PHQC) based on the Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) system at the Bojonegara Health Quarantine Office is a vital aspect in efforts to control the health risks of foreign vessels entering Indonesian waters. The role of agencies, especially PT. Seroja Jaya Agensi Merak Branch, is crucial in ensuring the smoothness of the PHQC issuance procedure in accordance with applicable regulations. This agency activity includes coordination between the ship, health quarantine officers, and other authorized institutions to ensure that incoming vessels are free from the threat of infectious diseases. During the onshore practice, the author collected data using field research and literature study methods, by reviewing journals and other relevant sources that support the study theme. The results of the study show that the agency's role is quite crucial in supporting smooth administration, although there are still problems related to inter-agency coordination and technical understanding of INSW that need to be improved. This research is expected to contribute positively to improving the health surveillance system for foreign vessels, particularly to optimize the implementation of INSW for greater effectiveness.

The code of ethics is an essential instrument in maintaining professionalism, integrity, and accountability within an institution, including the Indonesian National Police (Polri). As part of the effort to enforce ethical standards within the police force, the Police Code of Ethics Commission (KKEP) plays a role in ensuring that each police officer performs their duties in accordance with applicable legal and moral norms. The role of the KKEP becomes highly relevant in the context of good governance, where the principles of transparency, accountability, and the supremacy of law must be the primary foundations of government administration, including within the police system. This study conducts a normative juridical analysis of the role of the Police Code of Ethics Commission in realizing good governance within Polri. A normative juridical approach is used to examine the legal aspects regulating the authority and working mechanisms of the KKEP, by reviewing various regulations, such as the Chief of Police Regulation on the Police Profession Code of Ethics, as well as other legal documents. Additionally, this research also refers to the concept of good governance developed in the study of administrative law and public policy. Through this research method, the study will discuss how the structure and authority of the KKEP are designed to uphold police ethics, as well as how the implementation of the code of ethics can contribute to increasing public trust in the police institution. Therefore, this study is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the position and strategic role of the KKEP in ensuring the professionalism and integrity of Polri members in supporting the principles of good governance in Indonesia.

This study aims to understand how learning about rainbows can improve elementary school students' understanding of basic science concepts, particularly regarding the refraction of light and the color spectrum. The concept of rainbows is an important part of Natural Science (IPA) lessons because it involves optical phenomena that can be directly observed and related to students' daily experiences. In this study, the method used is a literature study, namely by collecting, reviewing, and analyzing various relevant library sources, such as scientific articles, textbooks, and educational journals that discuss the topic of science learning and the rainbow phenomenon. The results of this study indicate that learning about rainbows can be done through various interactive and fun approaches, such as through practical experiments using prisms, water droplets, or other simple media that can demonstrate the process of refraction of white light into a color spectrum. In addition, the use of visual media such as images, animated videos, and digital simulations has also proven effective in helping students understand the process of rainbow formation more concretely. Creative activities such as drawing rainbows, making color models, or role-playing as light and water droplets can also increase active student participation and make learning more enjoyable. This study also emphasizes the importance of integrating rainbow learning into the elementary school science curriculum systematically and contextually. Rainbow materials not only introduce scientific concepts in a fun way, but also develop critical thinking, observation, and experimental skills in children. With the right approach, this learning can foster students' interest in science from an early age. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to contribute positively to the development of more effective, creative, and developmentally appropriate science learning methods for elementary school students.

Indonesia’s Islamic capital market has experienced remarkable growth in recent years, evidenced by the increasing number of investors and the rising market capitalization of Sharia-compliant stocks. This article aims to analyze the performance and management strategies of Sharia stock portfolios by reviewing academic literature published in Indonesia between 2019 and 2024. Utilizing a literature review methodology, the study compares the return and risk characteristics of Sharia stocks with those of conventional stocks. It also evaluates the applicability and effectiveness of classical portfolio theories—namely, the Markowitz Model and the Single Index Model—in managing Sharia-compliant investments. The findings reveal that Sharia stock portfolios often perform competitively and tend to exhibit greater resilience and stability during financial crises. This resilience is attributed in part to the rigorous stock screening mechanisms that comply with Islamic principles, excluding sectors and companies that do not meet Sharia criteria. Additionally, various macroeconomic factors such as inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, and global economic fluctuations are found to impact the performance of Islamic stock portfolios. The article highlights that while Sharia investments align with ethical and religious values, they also offer practical advantages in risk management and diversification. Furthermore, digital technology and fintech innovation are seen as essential tools to enhance transparency, accessibility, and investor engagement in the Islamic capital market. The study concludes that the development of Sharia-compliant stock investments in Indonesia holds promising potential, especially if accompanied by improved financial literacy, inclusive investor education, and stronger technological infrastructure. This paper offers valuable insights for policymakers, market regulators, and investors interested in promoting sustainable and faith-based financial practices within Indonesia’s rapidly evolving capital market ecosystem.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the lifestyle of credit relationship managers (RMs) and the potential for fraud on the occurrence of non-performing loans in the banking sector. Relationship managers are the spearheads of credit distribution, interacting directly with customers, so their behavior, lifestyle, and integrity have a significant impact on the quality of a bank's credit portfolio. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a systematic literature review approach, reviewing various recent studies related to bank employee lifestyles, factors driving fraud, and their correlation with non-performing loans. The results indicate that a consumptive lifestyle disproportionate to income can increase the risk of fraudulent behavior, such as manipulation of credit analysis or collusion with customers, which ultimately results in an increase in non-performing loans. Furthermore, weak internal control systems, pressure to achieve credit targets, and moral hazard exacerbate this risk. A lifestyle that prioritizes social symbols and self-image can also encourage employees to engage in deviant behavior to maintain this lifestyle. Several studies have shown that RMs trapped in a hedonistic lifestyle are more vulnerable to conflicts of interest and violations of professional ethics. Meanwhile, the potential for fraud in banking practices is also influenced by employees' weak personal financial literacy, as well as limited training in risk management and ongoing work ethics. In an organizational context, a work culture oriented toward achieving targets without regard for the quality of credit analysis has the potential to create a work climate that is permissive of irregularities. This study recommends strengthening a culture of integrity through the establishment of a firm code of ethics, technology-based supervision (such as an AI-based fraud detection system), and regular training on a healthy financial lifestyle and risk management for RMs.

This study aims to examine one of the disciplines of Islamic law, namely the pricing mechanism from the perspective of Imam Al-Ghazali, in order to create a healthy market environment free from monopolistic practices and manipulation, and aligned with Sharia principles. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature study method by reviewing various relevant books, classical texts, articles, and academic journals related to Islamic economics and Imam Al-Ghazali’s thought. The findings indicate that the concept of fair pricing is not solely dependent on the interaction between supply and demand, but must also consider moral and social dimensions, such as justice, honesty, and public welfare. Imam Al-Ghazali strongly emphasized that economic transactions should uphold ethical standards and social responsibility to prevent exploitation and inequality. He argued that pricing must reflect not only market dynamics but also the broader ethical framework rooted in Islamic values. Furthermore, the study explores the concept of economic equilibrium in relation to pricing mechanisms, where prices should ideally balance individual interests with communal welfare. The research also discusses the correlation between economic balance and price-setting policies, including the views of other classical and contemporary Islamic scholars. It is found that state intervention is permissible in certain conditions—particularly when market mechanisms fail to ensure fairness—thus justifying government roles in market supervision and price stabilization. One of the key concepts in Islamic economics is the notion of a just price (al-thaman al-‘adl), as emphasized by Imam Al-Ghazali.. This study concludes that understanding pricing from Al-Ghazali’s perspective offers valuable insights for building ethical and socially responsible economic systems aligned with Islamic teachings.