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The issue of solid waste is becoming increasingly complex in line with population growth and the expansion of residential areas, while the capacity of final disposal sites remains very limited. The absence of waste segregation at the source leads to accumulation, contributing to environmental pollution, the spread of diseases, and flooding due to clogged drainage channels. This study aimed to analyze changes in students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices before and after a waste-sorting educational intervention at SD Negeri 119 Palembang in 2025. A pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach was employed, involving 104 fifth-grade students selected through total sampling. The intervention consisted of waste-sorting education using audio-visual media, accompanied by pretest and posttest assessments. The findings revealed significant improvements in students’ knowledge (67.40 to 91.15), attitudes (23.28 to 32.56), and practices (12.72 to 22.90). The Wilcoxon test confirmed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-intervention scores (p < 0.05). These results highlight that audio-visual media–based education is effective in enhancing students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding waste sorting. Continuous implementation of similar programs in schools is strongly recommended to foster environmentally responsible behavior from an early age.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of investment and firm growth on the improvement of firm value, with profitability serving as a mediating factor. This study employs a quantitative research design using secondary data obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The population includes infrastructure sector companies listed on the IDX from 2021 to 2023, and purposive sampling was applied to select 29 companies, yielding a total of 87 firm-year observations. Path analysis with SPSS software was used to test the hypotheses and examine both direct and indirect relationships among the variables. The findings reveal that investment has a significant positive impact on firm value, indicating that firms with higher levels of investment tend to enhance their market valuation. Similarly, firm growth contributes positively to firm value, suggesting that sustainable expansion fosters greater investor confidence. Moreover, profitability is proven to mediate the relationship between investment and firm value, showing that the benefits of investment are maximized when they lead to improved profitability. Profitability also significantly mediates the relationship between firm growth and firm value, underscoring its role as a key driver in translating growth strategies into shareholder value. These results highlight the importance of profitability as a strategic element in strengthening firm value. Practically, the study suggests that managers should prioritize profitable investments and sustainable growth strategies to maximize firm value, while investors may consider profitability as a central indicator when evaluating firm performance.

The footwear industry has experienced significant growth, particularly in the fashion segment, where shoes are no longer considered solely as functional items but also as lifestyle products that reflect personal identity and social expression. Among various global brands, Dr. Martens has become one of the premium footwear products with a distinctive image and loyal consumer base. This study aims to examine the influence of Product Quality, Brand Image, and Brand Awareness on Purchasing Decisions of Dr. Martens shoes in Jakarta. The research employed a quantitative method with non-probability sampling, using the accidental sampling technique. The population consisted of consumers who had purchased Dr. Martens shoes, and a total of 100 respondents were collected through questionnaires distributed among university students. The instrument used was a Likert scale questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS version 22. The findings show that Product Quality and Brand Awareness have a positive and significant influence on Purchasing Decisions, while Brand Image does not show a significant effect. These results indicate that consumers are more influenced by tangible product attributes and the level of brand recognition than by brand perception alone. This highlights the importance for premium footwear companies to maintain consistent product quality and strengthen brand awareness strategies, especially through digital marketing channels, to influence purchase behavior. The study contributes to the literature on consumer behavior and provides practical insights for fashion industry players to formulate effective marketing strategies in a competitive market.

The cosmetic and household goods industry in Indonesia continues to experience growth in line with increasing consumer demand and lifestyle changes. This sector plays an important role in supporting the national economy, but it is also vulnerable to fluctuations in market dynamics, global competition, and external challenges that may affect companies’ financial performance. The performance of these companies can be assessed through financial indicators, particularly profitability and solvency, which are often linked to firm value. This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability and solvency on firm value in the cosmetic and household goods subsector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2019–2023. The research population consists of 11 companies, with 6 companies selected as the sample using purposive sampling techniques based on specific criteria. The data used are secondary data derived from financial statements obtained from the official IDX website (www.idx.co.id). The analytical method applied is quantitative with several statistical tests, including classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, t-test, and F-test, assisted by SPSS version 22. The research findings indicate that profitability, proxied by Return on Assets (ROA), has a positive and significant partial effect on firm value (t-value 3.132 > t-table 2.04841). Solvency, proxied by the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), also shows a positive and significant partial effect on firm value (t-value 5.810 > t-table 2.04841). Moreover, both profitability and solvency simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on firm value (F-value 86.997 > F-table 3.35). These results suggest that maintaining profitability and managing solvency effectively are key strategies for companies in enhancing firm value in a competitive market environment.

Introduction: The increase in life expectancy among the elderly has directly contributed to the rise in the global elderly population. According to global data, the number of elderly individuals is projected to reach 1.4 billion by 2030. This demographic growth is often accompanied by various health problems associated with aging, such as the decline in vital organ function and the emergence of degenerative diseases. One of the most common degenerative diseases among the elderly is hypertension. Hypertension is widely known as a “silent killer” because it can lead to serious complications, including stroke and heart disease, if not managed properly. A common complaint experienced by individuals with hypertension is headache, particularly in the posterior region, which significantly affects the patient’s quality of life. Management of hypertension can be carried out through pharmacological therapy with antihypertensive drugs as well as non-pharmacological interventions. One of the non-pharmacological approaches increasingly being applied is isometric handgrip exercise, which involves static muscle contractions performed at light to moderate intensity. Method:This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isometric handgrip exercise on pain reduction in patients with hypertension. The research design employed a descriptive case study involving one individual with hypertension who experienced pain complaints. The study was conducted on September 16–18, 2024, at Roujin Home X. The instruments used included observation, interview, and the provision of isometric handgrip exercise therapy. Pain measurement was carried out using a numerical rating scale before and after the intervention. Results:The three-day intervention demonstrated a significant reduction in pain levels. On the first day, the patient reported a pain score of 6, which decreased to 4 on the second day, and further declined to 2 on the third day after the intervention. Conclusion:The findings of this study indicate that isometric handgrip exercise is an effective non-pharmacological method for alleviating acute pain in patients with hypertension. This simple intervention has the potential to be applied as a complementary therapy in elderly care facilities to improve the quality of life of individuals living with hypertension.

Fermentation of seluang fish (Rasbora spp.) pekasam is a traditional method for extending shelf life and enhancing flavor, typically produced through spontaneous fermentation dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, uncontrolled production processes lead to significant variability in product quality. This research aims to optimize the fermentation process of seluang fish pekasam through a series of controlled microbiology-based experimental practicums. The experiments were designed to investigate the impact of two main parameters: (1) the use of a LAB starter culture isolated from high-quality pekasam, and (2) the control of incubation temperature (e.g., at 25°C and 30°C). During the fermentation period, samples were periodically analyzed to measure changes in physicochemical parameters, including pH, moisture content, and salt concentration. Microbiological analysis was performed to count the populations of LAB and other spoilage microbes. The results showed that the use of a LAB starter culture significantly accelerated the pH drop within the first 24 hours, reaching a critical pH below 4.5, which effectively inhibited the growth of pathogenic microbes. Furthermore, the optimal raw material ratio and controlled incubation temperature resulted in pekasam with a firmer texture and a more balanced sour-savory taste, differing significantly from spontaneously fermented products. Organoleptic tests confirmed panelists' preference for the product made with the optimal treatment. The conclusion of this study is that optimization through microbiology-based experimental practicums is key to the standardization and improvement of the quality and food safety of pekasam products.

This study aims to analyze land cover changes in Pariaman City in 2013, 2018, and 2024 using Landsat-8 imagery with the support of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and the Classification and Regression Trees (CART) algorithm. Land cover change is a critical issue in Pariaman City, as population growth, infrastructure development, and economic activities have driven significant land conversion. The classification generated eight land cover classes representing the general condition of the area. The analysis revealed that rice fields were the dominant land cover in all three periods; however, they experienced a substantial decline, indicating land conversion, particularly into settlements and road networks. In addition, the area of mangrove forests and water bodies in coastal regions decreased, while plantation areas in the eastern and southern parts of the city increased. Conversely, river land cover remained the smallest category, with annual fluctuations. The identified change patterns included urban sprawl (expansion of settlements into suburban areas), the conversion of productive land into infrastructure, and coastal degradation due to human activities and natural factors. The accuracy assessment produced overall accuracy and a Kappa index above 80%, while validation using the Mapping Accuracy method through Google Earth showed per-class accuracy rates above 75%, categorized as very good. These findings indicate that the use of satellite imagery and the CART algorithm in GEE is effective for monitoring land cover dynamics while providing valuable insights for local governments in formulating sustainable development policies and managing coastal environments such as those in Pariaman City.

This study aims to analyze the influence of work environment, salary, and career development on employee performance at Larissa Aesthetic Center through employee commitment as a mediating variable. The importance of optimizing employee performance in supporting business growth requires appropriate efforts and strategies to maximize existing resources in the work environment. Employees who value the work environment because it fosters a sense of well-being and enthusiasm at work. Salary is one of the factors that influences performance, in line with compensation that meets expectations as a form of responsibility in the workplace. Employee career development is seen as a call for progress, where competent workers facilitate the organization in becoming a solution for clients.The method used in this study employs an explanatory approach to uncover the relationships between variables and emphasizes causal numerical data. The study population consists of 65 employees, with the sampling technique using a census, where the entire population serves as the study sample. This research utilizes primary data obtained through questionnaire completion. Secondary data is derived from relevant documentation related to the research topic. Data analysis employs path analysis to test the relationships between research variables. The results of this study indicate that the work environment, salary, and career development have a significant influence on employee performance at Larissa Aesthetic Center, through the support of employee commitment as a mediating variable. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for business actors as a basis for consideration in actions related to human resources.

Stunting is a growth failure condition in toddlers caused by chronic malnutrition, particularly during the critical first 1,000 days of life. This condition is influenced by various factors, including maternal education and feeding practices. This study aims to analyze the relationship between maternal education level and feeding patterns with the incidence of stunting among toddlers in the working area of the Pekauman Community Health Center, Banjarmasin City. The research employed a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The population consisted of mothers with toddlers, with 66 respondents selected through accidental sampling. Data collection was carried out using structured questionnaires and documentation studies related to children’s nutritional status. Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate methods, with the Spearman Rho test applied at a 0.05 significance level. The findings revealed a significant relationship between maternal education level and stunting incidence (p = 0.009), suggesting that lower levels of maternal education were associated with higher stunting rates. Conversely, feeding patterns did not show a statistically significant relationship with stunting (p = 0.081), although descriptive data indicated that inappropriate feeding practices were common among respondents. The majority of mothers in this study had basic education (elementary to junior high school), and a considerable number of toddlers were found to be stunted. Based on these results, it can be concluded that maternal education level plays an essential role in influencing stunting, while feeding patterns require further investigation with larger samples. The study recommends strengthening nutrition education and counseling programs for mothers, particularly those with low educational backgrounds, alongside regular monitoring of child growth and development by health professionals. Additionally, government efforts to expand access to health and nutrition information through easily accessible media are expected to contribute to stunting prevention and reduction strategies.

The main objective of this study is to analyze business innovation implemented by Coffee Shops in Coblong District, Bandung City, considering the increasing number of similar businesses emerging, triggering fierce competition in this industry. In facing these conditions, business actors are required to continue to innovate to be able to survive and excel in the competition. This study uses a descriptive analysis method with an approach to calculating the average value of each variable measured using a Likert scale. The study population consisted of 38 Coffee Shop entrepreneurs who served as research samples. Based on the analysis results, business innovation was measured through four main indicators, namely relative advantage, compatibility, dissemination, and communicability. In general, Coffee Shops in this area have succeeded in innovating well, although there are variations in achievement for each indicator. The indicator with the highest score is communicability, which refers to the ability of staff, especially baristas and cashiers, to interact with customers in a friendly, polite, and effective manner. This is not only limited to greeting but also creating a comfortable atmosphere so that customers feel appreciated, which ultimately increases customer loyalty. Conversely, the indicator with the lowest score is dissemination, which indicates that most customers tend to only order a specific type of coffee without exploring other menu variations. This condition can be seen as an opportunity to strengthen superior products, but also signals that the product diversification strategy is not running optimally. Therefore, it is important for coffee shop businesses in Coblong to develop a menu diversification strategy, both in terms of beverage types and service variations, so that the business remains competitive, relevant to diverse consumer preferences, and able to increase competitiveness amidst the increasingly rapid growth of the coffee shop industry.

The rapid population growth and urbanization in Jakarta have led to various urban challenges, one of the most significant being traffic congestion, which incurs substantial economic losses. One proposed solution is the development of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas, particularly through the expansion of mass transit infrastructure such as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. This study examines the potential for TOD development in the planned East–West MRT Corridor, with a case study focused on the Grogol MRT Station. This area is considered strategically significant due to its integration with multiple transportation modes, including TransJakarta, microtrans services, and a Type B bus terminal. This research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing both primary and secondary data. The assessment is conducted using a TOD Index method based on three core principles: density, diversity, and design. The analysis reveals that the Grogol MRT Station area has a population density of 19,953 people/km² and a building density of 2,741 units/km², both of which meet the criteria for an urban-scale TOD. The land use entropy index is 0.63, indicating a moderate level of land-use diversity. However, the availability of pedestrian paths (33.96%), bicycle lanes (1.67%), parking facilities (1.84%), and open green space (1.79%) remains significantly below the ideal TOD standards. Overall, the TOD Index score for this area is 0.417, placing it among the bottom five MRT stations in Jakarta. Despite this, the area fulfills the density requirements for urban TOD classification. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including insufficient pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, limited green spaces, and low land-use diversity. Planning interventions are thus necessary, focusing on the provision of integrated pedestrian and cycling infrastructure, functional public spaces, and mixed-use zoning to promote sustainable urban mobility.

This systematic literature review examines the philosophy of science approaches to user security in distributed devices, such as IoT and Federated Learning. The review was conducted in response to the exponential growth of connected devices and the increasing security threats, including cyberattacks, data breaches, and unauthorized access. As distributed systems become more complex, traditional security approaches, such as cryptography and differential privacy, are often insufficient to address the ethical, philosophical, and contextual challenges that arise in these ecosystems. Distributed devices, especially in IoT and Federated Learning contexts, rely on vast amounts of personal data. This data, often stored or processed in decentralized environments, creates significant risks to user privacy and system integrity. As the number of connected devices grows, security risks multiply, creating challenges in maintaining user trust, privacy, and overall system resilience. Conventional techniques, such as encryption, only focus on technical aspects, often neglecting the deeper philosophical dimensions, such as the nature of knowledge, privacy, and fairness in these systems. These gaps highlight the need for a more nuanced approach that incorporates philosophical perspectives into security frameworks. This study uses a systematic literature review method based on the PICOC (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Context) framework to analyze the relevance of epistemology, ontology, and ethics in strengthening system security. By examining the foundational principles of how knowledge is constructed (epistemology), what entities exist in the system (ontology), and the ethical considerations around data and user privacy (ethics), the review provides a comprehensive understanding of how philosophical concepts can be integrated into the design and implementation of security systems in distributed environments. The results reveal that epistemological principles, such as the verification and validation of data sources and models, can significantly improve the reliability and trustworthiness of distributed systems.  

Badung Market, as one of the largest traditional markets in Denpasar City, serves as a central hub of economic activity and sustains the livelihood of a substantial number of women traders. The presence of women in this sector is not only a reflection of their economic role but also of their contribution to household welfare and community development. This study aims to analyze the influence of education, income, dependents, and age on women’s decisions to work as traders in Pasar Badung. Employing a quantitative approach with an associative design, the research involved 88 respondents selected through purposive sampling from a total population of 768 female traders. Data collection methods included questionnaires, direct observation, and interviews, while data analysis utilized multiple linear regression preceded by validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests to ensure robustness. The results indicate that, simultaneously, all independent variables significantly affect women’s decision to engage in trading activities. Partially, education, dependents, and age show a significant positive effect, suggesting that higher educational attainment, greater family responsibilities, and maturity increase women’s participation in trading. In contrast, husband’s income exerts a significant negative effect, implying that higher spousal earnings reduce the economic pressure for women to seek income through market trading. These findings highlight that economic necessity, household responsibilities, and social roles remain the primary motivators for women’s active involvement in traditional market activities. The implications of this study are relevant for policymakers and local governments, particularly in designing targeted empowerment programs, skills training, and economic support mechanisms to enhance women’s entrepreneurial capacity in traditional markets. Strengthening women’s roles in this sector is crucial not only for family welfare but also for broader community resilience and local economic growth.

International trade plays a vital role in strengthening Indonesia’s economic growth, particularly through the export of fishery products which are among the country’s leading commodities. Fresh fish exports are highly influenced by external demand factors in destination countries as well as Indonesia’s own production capacity. This study aims to analyze the determinants affecting Indonesia’s fresh fish exports to its main trading partners, namely China, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, over the period 2012–2023. The research utilizes secondary data sourced from the World Bank and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Several independent variables are considered, including the fish production levels in the importing country, the real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the importing country, and the total population of the importing country. Panel data analysis was employed to capture the variations across time and countries, with the Random Effect Model (REM) chosen based on the results of the model specification tests. The findings of the analysis indicate that fish production in the importing country exerts a negative and statistically significant effect on Indonesia’s fresh fish exports, suggesting that higher domestic fish production in these countries reduces the need for imports. Conversely, the real GDP per capita of the importing country and its population size were found to have positive and significant impacts on Indonesia’s export volumes. These results highlight that wealthier and more populous nations demonstrate stronger demand for imported fresh fish, including from Indonesia. The implications of this study underscore the importance for Indonesia to continuously improve the quality, safety, and competitiveness of its fresh fish products while also adopting effective marketing and trade strategies targeting countries with high purchasing power and large consumer bases.

This study aims to determine the effect of pricing, sales promotions, and stock availability on sales volume at H&G Collection. In an era of increasingly fierce business competition, companies need to manage marketing strategies effectively to maintain and increase sales. Appropriate pricing can influence product appeal to consumers, planned sales promotions can increase purchasing interest, while maintained stock availability ensures that consumer demand is met without interruption. This study used a quantitative approach with primary data sources obtained through questionnaires. The population in this study was all H&G Collection employees in the marketing, finance, and general administration divisions. The sampling technique used a saturated or census sampling method, where all members of the population were sampled. The number of respondents involved in this study was 37. The research instruments were tested for validity and reliability before being used in data collection. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 19 software. The analysis methods included classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t-tests, and F-tests to determine partial and simultaneous effects between variables. The results of the study indicate that the three independent variables, namely pricing (X₁), sales promotion (X₂), and stock availability (X₃), have a significant effect on the dependent variable, namely sales volume (Y). This proves that the right pricing strategy, effective promotions, and optimal inventory management can significantly increase sales volume. This finding implies that H&G Collection management needs to maintain and even improve the quality of the implementation of these three variables in an integrated manner to support sales growth and the company's competitiveness in the market.

Economic growth is a factor that influences the level of poverty, considering the increasing population which means that economic needs will also increase, so additional income is needed every year. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the effect of poverty and poverty on economic growth in Jambi Province in 2019-2023. The analysis method used is the Panel Data Regression Method. The results of the study obtained that poverty has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in Jambi Province in 2019-2023, so that the hypothesis (H1) proposed by the researcher is accepted with a significance value of 0.0308 <0.05 with a t-statistic value of 2.220545. Unemployment has a positive but not significant effect on economic growth in Jambi Province in 2019-2023 in Jambi Province, so that the hypothesis (H2) proposed by the researcher is rejected with a significance value of 0.4054> 0.05 with a t-statistic value of 0.838862. Poverty (X1) and Unemployment (X2) together influence economic growth in Jambi Province in 2019-2023 in Jambi Province (Y) with a calculated F value of 2.562611 and a significant value of 0.04680 <0.05 then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. For this reason, the government must increase employment opportunities and the government must pay more attention to the level of poverty as well as increase economic growth. Islam hates poverty and poverty because according to Islam, economic growth, wealth is a blessing and gift from Allah SWT that must be grateful for by mankind. Poverty, poverty and economic stagnation must be eliminated so as not to endanger faith, morals and morals, even divisions in society. Increasing quality employment opportunities and reducing poverty levels are important priorities to improve the quality of life of the community and create social stability.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of dividend policy, capital structure, and investment opportunity set on firm value in the technology sector industry (A Study of Technology Sector Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2022). This study uses a quantitative approach with secondary data. The population of this study consists of companies operating in the technology industry that have gone public and are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018 to 2022. The data collection method used is secondary data. The secondary data collection method was obtained from data available at the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The data processing techniques used in this study involved secondary data analysis conducted by the researcher with the assistance of E-Views 9 software. The results of this study indicate that dividend policy has a positive and significant effect on firm value, suggesting that investors in the technology sector still view dividends as a signal of financial stability. Capital structure has a positive and significant effect on firm value, indicating that optimal debt usage can enhance competitiveness and growth in the technology sector. Investment opportunities also have a positive and significant impact on firm value, as companies with high investment prospects are more attractive to investors and experience increased stock prices. Dividend policy, capital structure, and investment opportunities simultaneously have a significant impact on firm value, with firm size and profit growth as control variables that also strengthen this relationship.

This study aims to analyze the effect of communication (X1), work environment (X2), and workload (X3) on job satisfaction (Y) among employees at PT Indomarco Prismatama. Job satisfaction is a crucial factor influencing employee performance and productivity; therefore, understanding the factors that affect it is essential for the company’s sustainability and growth. This research employs a quantitative approach with a saturated sampling technique, in which the entire population is used as the sample. The total number of respondents in this study was 30 employees. The analytical method used was path analysis with the assistance of SPSS version 22 software. The results show that the communication variable (X1) has a significant effect on job satisfaction (Y), with a significance value of 0.000. This indicates that effective, clear, and open communication between management and employees can enhance employees’ satisfaction with their jobs. Furthermore, the work environment variable (X2) also has a significant effect on job satisfaction (Y), with a significance value of 0.000. This finding suggests that a safe, comfortable, and supportive work environment, both physically and non-physically, plays a vital role in shaping employees’ positive perceptions of their work. In addition, the workload variable (X3) has a significant effect on job satisfaction (Y), with a significance value of 0.009. This means that a proportional workload, in accordance with employees’ capabilities, can improve job satisfaction, whereas excessive workloads may reduce it. Overall, this study concludes that communication, work environment, and workload have a significant effect on job satisfaction among employees at PT Indomarco Prismatama. The implication of this study is that management should continuously improve the quality of communication, create a conducive work environment, and establish a balanced workload to maintain and enhance employee job satisfaction.

This study aims to analyze the influence of business capital, product pricing, and the utilization of e-commerce on the income of micro culinary business actors in Denpasar City. The background of this research is based on the crucial role of micro enterprises in economic development, particularly in the culinary sector, which is one of the largest contributors to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Denpasar City. Despite the sector's significant growth, increasing competition and uneven adoption of technology remain key challenges in improving business income. This study employs a quantitative approach with an associative research design. The population includes micro culinary business actors spread across the four districts of Denpasar City. The sample was determined proportionally using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique, and respondents were selected using accidental sampling to ensure broad representation. Primary data were collected through direct observation and structured questionnaires, while secondary data were obtained from relevant government institutions such as the Department of Cooperatives and MSMEs and the Central Statistics Agency. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression, supported by classical assumption tests (normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity), the F-test to determine the simultaneous influence of the variables, and the t-test to analyze the partial influence of each independent variable on income. The findings indicate that simultaneously, business capital, pricing, and e-commerce significantly influence the income of micro business actors. Partially, each of these variables also shows a positive and significant effect. Business capital provides the foundation for operational activities, pricing affects consumer demand and competitiveness, while e-commerce broadens market reach and improves efficiency. These results highlight the importance of strategic financial management, appropriate pricing strategies, and the adoption of digital platforms to support income growth and sustainability of micro culinary enterprises in Denpasar City.

This study aims to examine the influence of pricing, promotion, and service quality improvement on the sales level in the telecommunications services of PT Sinergi Inti Andalan Prima, Tbk, located in Meruya Ilir, West Jakarta. The research adopts a quantitative approach using primary data obtained through the distribution of structured questionnaires. The population in this study consists of all permanent employees of the company, totaling 35 individuals. Given the relatively small population, a saturated sampling technique was applied, making all members of the population the research sample. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. The analysis process involved validity and reliability testing, classical assumption testing, and hypothesis testing through multiple linear regression analysis to determine the effect of each independent variable—pricing, promotion, and service quality improvement—on the dependent variable, sales level. The findings reveal that pricing has a significant positive effect on the sales level, indicating that appropriate and competitive pricing strategies can enhance sales performance. Similarly, service quality improvement also shows a significant positive influence on sales level, suggesting that better service delivery directly contributes to increased customer satisfaction and sales outcomes. Conversely, the study finds that promotion does not have a significant effect on sales level in this case. This may be due to promotional activities not being optimally targeted, lacking sufficient frequency, or failing to deliver persuasive messages to the intended market segment. Overall, the results highlight the importance of focusing on competitive pricing strategies and continuous improvement in service quality as key drivers of sales growth in the telecommunications sector. The study recommends that PT Sinergi Inti Andalan Prima, Tbk prioritize these two aspects while reevaluating its promotional strategies to ensure better alignment with customer needs and market conditions.