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This community service activity aims to improve the community's understanding and skills in recognizing the authenticity of rupiah currency, especially among MSMEs. With a better understanding, it is hoped that MSMEs can avoid losses due to questionable currency and optimize their income. The community service method used was a focus group discussion to identify the problems, potential, and needs of MSMEs in Sirnabaya Village. The immediate impact of this activity is an increase in early detection skills for counterfeit money in the community. In the long term, it is hoped that this will reduce the rate of counterfeit money circulation in the target area.

Personal financial management is an essential skill that needs to be instilled from adolescence to foster healthy and responsible financial behavior. Teenagers are often faced with situations where they must make decisions regarding money, but a lack of understanding and education about finances often leads to consumptive behavior, wastefulness, and a lack of ability to save. However, poor financial habits developed early on can carry over into adulthood and impact a person's future financial situation. Through a Community Service activity conducted by lecturers from the Faculty of Economics and Business, Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya (FEB UWKS) at SMA Negeri 2 Mojokerto, students were provided with education on accounting-based personal financial management. The material presented covered basic accounting principles, the importance of recording income and expenses, and how to prepare a personal financial budget. The activity methods included counseling, financial recording simulations, budget preparation, and interactive discussions, designed to encourage active participation and practical understanding. The results of the activity showed that students experienced a significant increase in understanding of the importance of financial literacy. They were also able to prepare a simple budget based on needs and priorities using a basic accounting approach. Thus, this activity is expected to make a real contribution to shaping the character, responsibility, and financial independence of the younger generation. Furthermore, similar activities can be extended to other schools to raise financial literacy awareness among students more broadly and sustainably. Furthermore, the involvement of teachers and school administrators in supporting this financial literacy program is also a crucial factor in maintaining students' desire to understand. With synergy between academics, schools, and students, financial education can become an integral part of the learning process, focusing not only on theory but also on practical application in everyday life.

Nutritional status is an overview of the condition of the body that reflects the balance between nutrient intake and the body's nutritional needs. Breakfast habits and the amount of pocket money are factors that can affect the nutritional status of school-age children. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between breakfast habits and the amount of pocket money with the nutritional status of students at Karya Bakti Helvetia Private Elementary School. Methods: This research employed an analytic survey method with a cross-sectional design. Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between breakfast habits and students’ nutritional status (p-value = 0.002; p < 0.05) and a significant relationship between the amount of pocket money and students’ nutritional status (p-value = 0.002; p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that breakfast habits and the amount of pocket money are significantly associated with the nutritional status of students at Karya Bakti Helvetia Private Elementary School.

The development of the sharia financial system is marked by the establishment of various sharia institutions and the issuance of various sharia-based financial instruments. One of the most prominent institutions is sharia banks, which not only serve as financial intermediaries that collect and distribute funds to the community but also provide various services, including pawning. Bank Syariah Indonesia is one of the leading banks offering a gold pawn product, which has been considered successful due to its continuous growth every year. Sharia gold pawn financing is a product that channels funds in the form of loans, based on the qard principle, where gold serves as collateral for the customer’s money. The process involves several stages that must be followed by both the bank and the customer. Bank Syariah Indonesia has managed to set relatively low rental fees for its gold pawn products compared to other financial institutions, making it an attractive option for customers in need of short-term financing. In this community service activity, the aim is to provide a detailed explanation of the mechanism behind the gold pawning product at Bank Syariah Indonesia. By doing so, the public is expected to become more familiar with the services, operations, and benefits offered by sharia banks, particularly in the context of gold pawn financing. This initiative aims to increase the understanding and awareness of the public about the advantages of using sharia-based financial products, as well as highlight the role of such services in supporting the financial needs of individuals while adhering to Islamic principles. Through this outreach, it is hoped that more people will consider utilizing these financial services, thus contributing to the broader development of sharia finance

This study examines the phenomenon of the religious jargon “Go Berkah No Riba” (Go Blessed, No Interest) as a digital marketing communication strategy employed by entrepreneurs on social media, particularly Facebook. Using a descriptive qualitative approach and visual discourse analysis, this research seeks to understand how the jargon is interpreted, constructed, and widely disseminated in the context of product marketing and business opportunities. The findings indicate that “Go Berkah No Riba” functions not only as a marker of religious identity but also as a rhetorical device that combines spiritual values with aspirations for material success. Visual analysis of promotional materials, such as flyers and Facebook posts, reveals the use of hyperbolic language, symbolic imagery—such as the Kaaba and piles of money—and religious narratives designed to build credibility and persuade potential consumers. The integration of religious elements with economic appeal creates a sharia-compliant business image that simultaneously promises profitability. However, the study also uncovers ambiguity in the use of this jargon. On the one hand, it can strengthen the image of a business operating ethically according to Islamic principles. On the other hand, it risks being exploited merely as a marketing gimmick without a strong foundation in ethical business practices. This creates the potential for a gap between the religious message communicated and the actual business conduct. The findings underscore the importance of critical literacy in understanding religious communication strategies within the digital business sphere. Consistency between religious messaging and real-world business practices is crucial for maintaining consumer trust and avoiding the excessive commodification of religious values. Therefore, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of religion-based marketing communication in the era of digital transformation.

The digital economy has significantly transformed economic growth by introducing innovations in payment systems and financial services. The modernization of payment instruments through monetary policy has enhanced the ability to control inflation and ensure financial system stability. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of monetary policy and the utilization of the digital economy in maintaining financial stability in Indonesia. Using time series data from 2010 to 2024 obtained from the World Bank, this research applies the Vector Autoregression (VAR) method to examine both short-term and long-term relationships among variables, including e-money, money supply, inflation, exchange rate, interest rate, and credit card usage. The results show that e-money has a significant reciprocal influence on the money supply, while inflation is also affected by e-money and interest rates. The impulse response function demonstrates that the interactions among these variables tend to converge towards equilibrium over time. Variance decomposition analysis indicates that in the short term, e-money primarily drives financial stability, whereas in the medium and long term, the money supply plays a dominant role. Overall, the findings suggest that monetary policy, supported by digital economic systems, effectively enhances financial system stability in Indonesia. This research contributes to understanding the dual effect of digital payment innovations and provides recommendations for policymakers to strengthen financial inclusion, economic resilience, and macro-financial stability in the digital era.

This study aims to analyze the influence of pocket money and Islamic financial literacy on student consumption behavior at SMAS AL-KAHFI Islamic Boarding School. The research background is based on the importance of students' understanding of personal financial management, especially in the context of pesantren based education that integrates sharia values. The research method used was quantitative with a multiple linear regression approach to test the relationship between free variables (sharia allowance and financial literacy) and bound variables (consumption behavior). The population in this study is all students of SMAS AL-KAHFI which is 675 people. A sample of 60 students was selected using the Hair et al. formula, with data collection techniques through questionnaires as primary data sources and literature studies as secondary data. Data analysis is carried out with the help of statistical software to test the validity, reliability, and significance of relationships between variables. The results of the study show that simultaneously, pocket money and Islamic financial literacy have a significant influence on students' consumption behavior. Partially, allowances have a positive and significant effect, showing that the larger the allowance received, the higher the tendency of students to consume. Meanwhile, Islamic financial literacy has a positive but insignificant effect, which indicates that understanding of Islamic finance principles has not fully affected students' consumption patterns in real terms. A determination coefficient of 85.5% indicates that both independent variables are able to explain most of the variation in students' consumption behavior, while the rest are influenced by other factors outside the model. This research contributes to the development of Islamic finance education in the pesantren based school environment and becomes the basis for wiser management of pocket money among students.

Wise financial management from adolescence is an important skill that needs to be instilled early. However, low levels of financial literacy among students often make it difficult for them to manage their pocket money effectively. This community service activity aims to provide financial literacy education to students of SMA Negeri 3 Medan to improve their understanding and skills in managing their pocket money wisely and responsibly. The activity implementation methods included interactive counseling, group discussions, and simple financial planning simulations. The results of the activity showed an increase in students' understanding of basic financial literacy concepts, such as the importance of saving, budgeting, and distinguishing between needs and wants. Furthermore, students also showed high enthusiasm in participating in the activity and were able to independently develop personal financial plans. This education is expected to provide initial provisions for adolescents in developing healthy financial habits and encourage the creation of a more financially literate young generation

White-collar crime has evolved to a transnational scale, transcending national boundaries. The crimes are increasingly sophisticated and well-organized, making them difficult to detect and eradicate effectively. Criminals continually seek to secure their proceeds through various means, including complex schemes of money laundering involving international financial networks. To enforce the law on money laundering, proof of the occurrence of money laundering is necessary. Therefore, prior to carrying out the investigation, several key elements must be understood, including the basic concepts of money laundering, the methods of money laundering, and indirect methods of evidence. The crime of money laundering is based on Law No. 15 of 2002 and has been carried out in accordance with the applicable provisions, namely Law No. 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), and the Procedural Law contained in Law No. 15 of 2002 concerning the Crime of Money Laundering as amended by Law No. 25 of 2003 concerning Amendments to Law No. 15 of 2002 concerning the Crime of Money Laundering. Obstacles that arise in investigating money laundering crimes can be categorized into two categories: legal and non-legal. Legal obstacles include provisions on bank secrecy, investigators' obligations to protect reporters and witnesses, investigators' incomplete perceptions of money laundering, and incomplete information from the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK). Non-legal obstacles include reporters not necessarily being victims, limited human resource capacity of investigators, lack of adequate facilities, minimal public awareness, insufficient institutional coordination, and technological gaps that hinder optimal enforcement efforts.

In order to determine who has the right to take business assets implicated in money laundering offenses, this paper examines the legal loophole in Law Number 8 of 2010 about the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering offenses (UU TPPU). The efficacy of law enforcement may be weakened and the process of recovering assets from crimes may be hampered by the ambiguous authority and lack of regulatory synchronization. Combining a statutory and conceptual approach with a normative legal technique, this study examines the implications of legal uncertainty on the mechanism of asset confiscation in eradicating TPPU. This research result indicates that the lack of authority in implementing asset forfeiture consequences results in inconsistent legal procedures, overlapping institutional roles, and slows down the recovery of state assets. Therefore, legal reform is needed through amendments to Article 9 of the TPPU Law and alignment with the Criminal Code (KUHP) and other related regulations so that the mechanism of asset confiscation is more precise, more effective, and coordinated. In addition, synergy between investigators, prosecutors, The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), and the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK) are essential for improving the efficiency of state asset recovery. Regulations and an integrated system make it possible to swiftly and publicly seize assets resulting from criminal activity, which deters criminals, enhances public trust in law enforcement, and ensures that assets obtained illegally can be returned for the benefit of the state and society, while reinforcing the integrity of the justice system.

This study examines the practice of reciprocity within the persatuan barang (goods-sharing) group during the implementation of the rewang tradition in Desa Banglas, Kecamatan Tebing Tinggi, Kabupaten Kepulauan Meranti. The main focus of the research is to identify the various forms of exchange that occur, whether in the form of money, goods, or labor. A narrative qualitative approach was used, with data collected through in-depth interviews, non-participant observation, archival review, and documentation of bookkeeping records. The subjects of this research are members of the persatuan barang group who actively participate in social and cultural events in the village. The findings reveal three types of reciprocity: generalized, balanced, and negative. Generalized reciprocity is evident in voluntary contributions without expecting immediate return, often practiced among close kin or neighbors. Balanced reciprocity is demonstrated through exchanges of equal value with a certain expectation of timely return, particularly during communal events like weddings or funerals. Negative reciprocity, although rare, involves unequal exchanges that may lead to social tensions or perceptions of unfairness. These findings indicate that the persatuan barang group functions not only as an informal economic mechanism but also as a cultural institution that fosters mutual assistance, reinforces social cohesion, and preserves traditional values. The exchange systems operate within an implicit moral economy that prioritizes collective welfare over individual gain. Additionally, the tradition of rewang and the organizational role of persatuan barang highlight the resilience and adaptability of indigenous practices in supporting rural livelihoods amid changing socioeconomic conditions. The study suggests that such local systems of reciprocity play a vital role in sustaining social capital, strengthening community identity, and ensuring social security in the absence of formal welfare structures. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term impact of these practices on community resilience and rural development.  

Voter education is an important instrument in realizing a quality and sustainable democracy. Through the process of voter education socialization, it is hoped that the public can understand in depth their rights and obligations in the implementation of elections, as well as encourage active and responsible participation in the democratic process. Citizen participation in democratic social life must be based on adequate knowledge, critical reflection, and awareness of the rights and responsibilities as voters. A good understanding of the effectiveness of voter education socialization can shape a critical, rational, and independent attitude in exercising the right to vote, thereby strengthening the foundations of a clean and integrity-based democracy. This community service was carried out in the Selogiri District, Wonogiri Regency, with the aim of providing political education to the public regarding the importance of participation in the 2024 simultaneous regional head elections. Through a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, the community was actively involved as subjects in the activity process, not just as objects receiving information. Community service activities are carried out by integrating outreach into various village events, aimed at attracting residents to attend, interact, and directly discuss local political issues and forms of participation in the regional elections. Through these activities, it is hoped that the community will have a more comprehensive understanding of the importance of their role in determining the direction of regional policy through the regional elections. This education is also expected to raise awareness to vote based on conscience, without intervention or negative influences such as money politics, which has been a major challenge in every election at both the central and regional levels.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the money supply (M2), the BI Rate, and the COVID-19 pandemic on the demand for bank credit in Indonesia. Credit demand is an important indicator in describing economic activity and financial system stability. This study uses monthly secondary data from January 2017 to December 2023. The analysis method used is Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), which allows for quantitative estimation of the linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results show that the money supply (M2) has a positive and significant effect on credit demand. This suggests that increased liquidity in the economy encourages increased lending activity by the household and corporate sectors. Conversely, the BI Rate shows a negative and significant effect on credit demand, indicating that an increase in the benchmark interest rate has reduced public interest in accessing financing through banks. This finding is in line with conventional monetary theory, which states that interest rates play a crucial role in controlling aggregate demand, including credit demand. The dummy variable for the COVID-19 pandemic shows a negative but insignificant effect on credit demand. This implies that although the pandemic has had a broad social and economic impact, its impact on credit demand is relatively small when monetary variables such as M2 and the BI Rate are taken into account. Overall, the research findings confirm that monetary policy instruments, particularly controlling the money supply and interest rates, play a significant role in influencing the dynamics of credit demand in Indonesia. Meanwhile, external shocks such as the pandemic tend to be more effectively responded to through medium- and long-term fiscal and structural policies.

Money laundering is a serious crime that has a significant impact on economic and social stability, as well as the integrity of the financial system. This crime is often associated with serious crimes such as corruption, narcotics, and terrorism. Money laundering poses a major threat to national security, conceals the origin of illicit funds, and undermines a healthy economic system. To combat this crime, Indonesia has imposed criminal sanctions based on Law Number 8 of 2010, which aims to provide a deterrent effect on perpetrators and prevent similar crimes from occurring in the future. However, the effectiveness of these criminal sanctions remains a critical challenge, given the various difficulties in their enforcement, such as the complexity of tracking the flow of funds, limited law enforcement resources, and the increasingly sophisticated modus operandi of perpetrators who often work together with international networks. This study seeks to examine the effectiveness of criminal sanctions in combating money laundering and identify obstacles in their implementation. The research method used is juridical-normative research with a legal regulatory framework. Primary data was obtained through literature review and examination of legal documents, while secondary data came from relevant literature, reports, and academic studies. The urgency of this research stems from the importance of evaluating and strengthening the application of criminal sanctions to protect the national financial system from the risk of money laundering. Without concrete steps to increase the effectiveness of sanctions, money laundering crimes will continue to proliferate and pose a threat to the national economy, weaken the legal system, and erode public trust in efforts to combat economic crime.

This study aims to examine the legal gaps and regulatory challenges in enforcing criminal liability against perpetrators of crimes within Indonesia’s crypto ecosystem, particularly in the context of Decentralized Finance (DeFi), smart contracts, and decentralized digital asset trading platforms. The research employs a normative juridical approach using statutory and conceptual methods. The findings indicate that current criminal law instruments, such as Article 378 of the Criminal Code, Article 28 paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, Law No. 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering (TPPU), and Law No. 10 of 1998 on Banking, are inadequate to address the unique and complex characteristics of crypto-related crimes. These crimes are anonymous, cross-jurisdictional, and difficult to trace due to the absence of centralized authority. As a result, the existing legal framework fails to provide sufficient victim protection and leads to weak law enforcement effectiveness. This legal vacuum also hampers the state's ability to respond to the growing digital threats and creates legal uncertainty in the expanding crypto space. Therefore, this study recommends the formulation of specific criminal regulations that comprehensively define digital assets, legal subjects within decentralized systems, and new criminal offenses relevant to crypto-related conduct. It also calls for the establishment of specialized institutions dedicated to investigating and prosecuting such crimes. These proposed regulations are expected to strengthen the national criminal justice system, making it more adaptive, fair, and effective in addressing the challenges posed by digital transformation.

This study aims to examine the practice of money politics in the 2024 Legislative Elections in Alor Regency and its impact on the quality of democracy in the region. Money politics is a crucial issue in the democratic process because it can undermine election integrity, reduce the quality of public political participation, and create injustice in political representation. This practice has the potential to shift voter orientation, from initially choosing based on the vision, mission, and competence of legislative candidates to being more influenced by material offers. The approach used in this study was qualitative, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, direct field observations, and review of relevant documents. In this study, the main participants consisted of voters, legislative candidates, and local political observers. The results of the study indicate that the practice of money politics is still widespread, especially in the run-up to election day. This practice involves giving cash or goods to voters in exchange for votes. The research findings indicate that giving money or goods as compensation leads to a decline in the quality of public political participation. Many voters vote based on the material benefits they receive, rather than the competence or track record of legislative candidates. This has resulted in a decline in public political awareness, with those prioritizing short-term gains over the long-term contributions of legislative candidates to the progress of their regions. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that money politics in the 2024 Legislative Election in Alor Regency negatively impacts local democracy. This practice undermines public trust in the political process, creates dependency between voters and political elites, and undermines democratic values that should be upheld. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening political education in the community and stricter law enforcement against perpetrators of money politics.

The principle of popular sovereignty is a fundamental foundation of the Indonesian democratic system, as stated in Article 1, Paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution. Popular sovereignty emphasizes the importance of the people's right to choose and be chosen in general elections (Pemilu) and regional elections (Pilkada), which serve as the source of legitimacy for a legitimate government. This sovereignty should reflect democratic values that are just and equal. However, in practice, the implementation of popular sovereignty through elections is often tarnished by money politics, which threatens the integrity of democracy itself. This phenomenon indicates a profound distortion of democratic principles, where the election process is more driven by material interests than by political aspirations and ideologies. Money politics not only undermines the quality of elections but also diminishes public trust in the democratic process. This practice allows voters to sell their votes in exchange for money or goods, leading to electoral injustice. It transforms general elections and regional elections from an ideal democratic process into a contest reliant on financial resources, rather than on the quality of the leaders chosen. This article aims to analyze the contradiction between the constitutional ideal of popular sovereignty and the reality of money politics in the administration of general elections and regional elections. This study employs a normative juridical approach with qualitative analysis techniques to explore how current laws have guaranteed the implementation of popular sovereignty. The findings indicate that although the legal framework provides protection for the principle of popular sovereignty, weak law enforcement and the persistent transactional political culture hinder its substantial realization. As a solution, this article recommends several strategic steps, including strengthening regulations to limit money politics, reforming the party system to reduce the dominance of practical politics, and enhancing political education based on democratic values and integrity. With these measures, the principle of popular sovereignty can be more purely and consistently upheld, ultimately strengthening Indonesia’s democratic system to be fair and sustainable.

This study analyzes the opportunities and challenges in implementing digital payment systems to enhance the productivity of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). In the era of growing digital transformation, the adoption of cashless transactions has become a crucial innovation to improve efficiency and competitiveness among MSME players. The findings indicate that the use of digital payment platforms such as QRIS, bank transfers, e-wallets, and card-based e-money offers several advantages, including faster payment processing, reduced risk of calculation errors, and the minimization of counterfeit money usage, which remains an issue in some regions. However, the implementation of digital payments still faces various obstacles on the ground. Certain sectors of MSMEs continue to rely heavily on cash transactions, especially in remote areas where internet connectivity is limited. Furthermore, many business owners still prefer conventional payment methods due to concerns over trust, security, and deeply rooted habits. Demographic factors also influence the level of digital payment adoption. Younger generations tend to be more adaptive to digital technologies, whereas older business owners are generally less familiar and comfortable with using digital devices. These findings suggest that in order to fully leverage the benefits of payment digitalization among MSMEs, strategic efforts are needed. These should include the improvement of digital infrastructure, widespread education and awareness programs, and the development of applications tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of each business sector. Collaboration between the government, financial institutions, and digital service providers is essential in creating an inclusive and user-friendly digital payment ecosystem. By addressing technical barriers and bridging digital literacy gaps, the implementation of digital payments holds significant potential to drive operational efficiency and sustainably boost the productivity of MSMEs.

This community service initiative aims to educate and assist in the implementation of an Internal Control System ICS at Minimarket Malika as a strategic effort to safeguard assets and enhance operational effectiveness and efficiency. The ICS applied includes a systematic recording process for inventory, purchase prices, and selling prices. These records are intended to ensure that all transactions are properly documented and accountable.Internal evaluations are conducted regularly through annual stock-taking activities, which involve verifying and matching inventory data recorded in the system with the actual physical stock in the store or warehouse. This activity serves as a critical benchmark for assessing business stability, the accuracy of inventory records, and the overall effectiveness of inventory management. Any transactional errors identified during sales operations are corrected immediately in real-time to prevent error accumulation and potential financial losses. The role of management is essential, particularly in maintaining business continuity through improved service quality and the timely fulfillment of customer needs. In response to intense competition and dynamic market changes, Minimarket Malika adopts adaptive strategies such as price adjustments, excellent customer service, and a broader product assortment to meet diverse consumer demands. To prevent fraud, the minimarket has installed CCTV cameras at strategic locations and provides training for employees on how to detect counterfeit money and suspicious behavior. The ICS also supports risk management in inventory by monitoring the movement of goods in real-time, allowing management to make accurate decisions about which products need to be stocked in accordance with current consumer demand trends.Through the consistent and comprehensive application of an internal control system, Minimarket Malika is expected to improve its competitiveness while maintaining the integrity and sustainability of its business operations amid ongoing economic challenges. Furthermore, this approach serves as a practical model for other small and medium enterprises (SMEs) aiming to strengthen their internal governance and adapt to an increasingly complex retail environment.

This study investigates the monetary transmission mechanisms influencing inflation and exchange rates across seven Southeast Asian countries (Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) over the period 2010–2023, with special focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research addresses the problem of macroeconomic instability, particularly the volatility in inflation and currency values during crisis periods, and aims to identify the dominant monetary factors affecting these indicators. The study employs a mixed quantitative approach using Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR), Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), and Paired Sample t-Test to analyze the short-term and long-term relationships among key variables: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), investment, money supply (M2), interest rates, inflation, and exchange rates. Findings reveal that GDP is the most influential factor impacting both inflation and exchange rates, followed by money supply and interest rates. The variance decomposition analysis confirms that these monetary variables significantly explain macroeconomic fluctuations in both pre- and post-pandemic contexts. The t-Test further indicates statistically significant changes in inflation and exchange rates before and after the pandemic, highlighting the disruptive effect of COVID-19 on economic stability. The results demonstrate that inflation declined significantly in most countries during the pandemic, while exchange rate behavior varied depending on economic resilience and policy responsiveness. The study concludes that maintaining macroeconomic stability requires not only monetary policy coordination but also effective public health crisis management. This research contributes to the regional policy discourse by offering empirical insights and evidence-based recommendations to strengthen economic resilience in Southeast Asia.