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The rapid population growth and urbanization in Jakarta have led to various urban challenges, one of the most significant being traffic congestion, which incurs substantial economic losses. One proposed solution is the development of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas, particularly through the expansion of mass transit infrastructure such as the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. This study examines the potential for TOD development in the planned East–West MRT Corridor, with a case study focused on the Grogol MRT Station. This area is considered strategically significant due to its integration with multiple transportation modes, including TransJakarta, microtrans services, and a Type B bus terminal. This research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing both primary and secondary data. The assessment is conducted using a TOD Index method based on three core principles: density, diversity, and design. The analysis reveals that the Grogol MRT Station area has a population density of 19,953 people/km² and a building density of 2,741 units/km², both of which meet the criteria for an urban-scale TOD. The land use entropy index is 0.63, indicating a moderate level of land-use diversity. However, the availability of pedestrian paths (33.96%), bicycle lanes (1.67%), parking facilities (1.84%), and open green space (1.79%) remains significantly below the ideal TOD standards. Overall, the TOD Index score for this area is 0.417, placing it among the bottom five MRT stations in Jakarta. Despite this, the area fulfills the density requirements for urban TOD classification. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including insufficient pedestrian and bicycle infrastructure, limited green spaces, and low land-use diversity. Planning interventions are thus necessary, focusing on the provision of integrated pedestrian and cycling infrastructure, functional public spaces, and mixed-use zoning to promote sustainable urban mobility.

This study discusses the implementation of consumer law in the context of gold investment through PT X's digital application and the consumer protection guarantee mechanisms presented in the system. The research method used is normative juridical, namely a method that emphasizes the study of applicable positive legal norms, legal doctrine, and the application of relevant legal principles. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of consumer law in digital-based gold investment has been carried out in accordance with contractual principles as stipulated in civil law and in line with the provisions of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. In practice, gold investment transactions through the X application are carried out with a mixed agreement containing elements of sale and purchase, deposit, and pawn. This is an important basis because the legal relationship between consumers and companies is not only a single transaction, but a combination that requires guaranteed protection of consumer rights. The legal basis for this mechanism is reflected in the X Digital Application Operational Guidelines Number 28 of 2024, which detailed administrative procedures, application usage requirements, and the implementation of consumer protection principles as stipulated in Articles 4, 7, 18, and 45 of the Consumer Protection Law. Thus, the implemented system not only emphasizes commercial aspects but also ensures a balance between the rights and obligations of consumers and businesses. This study highlights how digital transformation in financial services requires a robust legal framework to protect consumers from potential risks. Therefore, internal company regulations and guidelines play a strategic role in ensuring fairness and providing a sense of security for people investing in gold through digital applications.  

This study aims to determine the implementation and evaluation results of the marketing strategy for bakery and pastry products sold in the lobby lounge of Hotel Fairfield By Marriott Surabaya. This study used a combined qualitative and quantitative approach to obtain a more comprehensive picture. Data collection techniques were conducted through direct observation at the research location and interviews with relevant parties. Furthermore, data analysis was also strengthened by distributing a Likert-based questionnaire to three main respondents: the F&B Manager, the Daily Worker Pastry, and the Marketing Team. This mixed-method approach allowed the researcher to capture both numerical evaluation and in-depth qualitative insights. The results showed that the product strategy has been running quite well, especially in terms of quality and implemented work procedures. However, there are still weaknesses in the innovation aspect, as the products do not yet have distinctive characteristics that can serve as a key differentiator from competitors. In other words, the bakery and pastry products still lack a unique selling point that could strengthen brand identity. In terms of pricing strategy, the hotel uses a premium pricing system, which is considered appropriate for the image of a four-star hotel. However, this approach is still not flexible enough to optimally reach consumers outside the hotel. The promotional strategy is considered to have been implemented quite well, especially through bundling packages and the use of social media. However, existing promotions have not been implemented consistently and tend to be unstructured. Consistent promotion is essential to maintaining customer engagement and building long-term brand awareness. Meanwhile, the location strategy is considered quite effective because products are displayed in areas easily accessible to hotel guests. However, opportunities through digital distribution channels, such as online bookings, have not been maximized. Expanding digital distribution channels could significantly increase market reach and sales performance.

Flooding is a hydrometeorological disaster that frequently occurs in Jayapura City, especially in the catchment areas along the Acai River Basin. One of the main factors causing flooding is increased sedimentation triggered by massive land-use changes. This study aims to analyze the relationship between land conversion, increased sedimentation, and flooding in the catchment areas belonging to the Acai River during the period 2014–2024. The method used is a mixed-method approach that combines quantitative, qualitative, and spatial analysis. Data were collected through satellite image interpretation, field surveys, sedimentation measurements, and interviews with the community and related agencies. Spatial analysis was conducted to identify the dynamics of land-use changes and sedimentation zoning. Meanwhile, hydrological analysis was conducted using the Mononobe method and rational calculations to calculate the maximum flood discharge based on annual rainfall and runoff coefficient. The results of the study indicate that over the past decade there has been an increase in built-up land area of ​​more than 80%, which has resulted in an increase in runoff coefficients from 0.223 in 2014 to 0.370 in 2024. The maximum flood discharge has also increased significantly from 60.56 m³/s to 100.41 m³/s. Furthermore, river sedimentation has also increased drastically, especially in the middle and downstream parts of the watershed. The correlation map shows that areas experiencing significant land use conversion are also locations with high sedimentation levels and recurrent flooding. These findings indicate a strong link between land use conversion and increased flood risk through sedimentation mechanisms that provide river channel capacity. Therefore, an integrated watershed management strategy is needed, including controlling land use conversion and restoring riverbank vegetation to minimize the impact of future flooding.

Batam City, as an industrial hub in the Riau Islands Province, plays a vital role in the region’s economic growth. However, a surge in inflation can affect investment interest, as investors tend to avoid areas with economic uncertainty. One of the main contributors to inflation in Batam is the food component, which experiences high demand, especially during certain periods such as religious holidays and the arrival of international tourists. Batam, which is not a food-producing area, faces significant challenges in meeting agricultural needs and currently remains dependent on supplies from outside the region. Geographic constraints, such as inefficient logistics, weather disruptions, and institutional weaknesses in the food sector, further aggravate inflation control efforts. In addition, hilly terrain and less fertile land limit the types of crops that can be cultivated, making food price stability critically important. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Low-Cost Market Operation Team Program (Tim Operasi Pasar Murah) in Batam City in 2024. The method used is Sequential Explanatory Design with a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative findings indicate that the average success rate of the program is 85.93%, with a target achievement rate of 90.12% and a satisfaction level of 86.11%. Qualitative results suggest that the policy of conducting low-cost market operations has been appropriate and carried out by authorized institutions, with strong collaboration between the government and the private sector. The program has succeeded in maintaining price stability ahead of the fasting month and Eid al-Fitr, receiving positive responses from the community and demonstrating good internal coordination. In conclusion, the low-cost market operation program in Batam City has been effective in curbing inflation before the fasting month and Eid al-Fitr. However, for comprehensive inflation control, relying solely on this program is insufficient. Additional strategies are needed to ensure sustainable food price stability.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of online learning on student academic achievement using a mixed methods approach. Data were collected through questionnaires involving 25 students and in-depth interviews with lecturers and students from STMIK Pesat Nabire. Quantitative findings show that aspects such as interaction, learning motivation, assessment, and overall satisfaction were positively rated by most respondents (70%). However, the aspect of technological readiness and accessibility scored only 60%, indicating significant technical barriers. Qualitative findings supported these results, with major concerns related to limited learning platforms and distracting home environments. It is concluded that online learning is moderately effective but requires improvements in digital infrastructure and interactive teaching strategies. This research offers recommendations for higher education institutions to adapt teaching methods to be more responsive to current digital challenges.

This research investigates English language teachers' perceptions and practices concerning technology integration within the Indonesian educational landscape. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study involved 120 English teachers from diverse educational levels, including primary, junior high, senior high, and higher education institutions. Participants completed an online survey, and a subset of 15 teachers was selected for follow-up interviews and classroom observations to provide deeper qualitative insights. The findings indicate a significant discrepancy between teachers’ generally positive attitudes toward the use of technology (mean score = 4.21 on a 5-point Likert scale) and the extent to which they actually implement technology in their teaching practices (mean score = 3.15). This gap suggests that favorable perceptions alone are not sufficient to ensure effective classroom integration. Through statistical analysis, four primary factors were identified as influencing technology integration. These include teachers’ digital competence (β = 0.43, p < 0.01), institutional support (β = 0.38, p < 0.01), pedagogical beliefs (β = 0.35, p < 0.01), and access to adequate infrastructure (β = 0.32, p < 0.01). These results highlight the multifaceted nature of technology integration, where both individual competencies and systemic support play crucial roles. Qualitative data further enrich the findings by illustrating the lived experiences of teachers. While educators recognize that technology can enhance student engagement, foster interactive and authentic language learning environments, and provide access to diverse resources, they encounter several challenges. These include difficulties in aligning digital tools with curricular goals, managing student behavior in tech-enhanced classrooms, and assessing learning outcomes effectively in digital contexts.

Panoramic radiography is an imaging technique that plays a crucial role in dental practice, particularly in supporting the diagnosis and treatment planning process. Image quality that does not meet diagnostic standards can lead to the need for repeat imaging. The high rate of repeat panoramic imaging at the Radiology Unit of Dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito Air Force Base Hospital (RSPAU) is an indicator of the need for further study of the causal factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the causes of repeat panoramic radiography examinations, calculate the percentage contribution of each factor, assess radiographers' understanding of optimal image quality criteria, and explore appropriate strategies to reduce the frequency of repeat examinations. This study used a mixed methods approach with quantitative and qualitative descriptive approaches. Data were collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation during August–October 2024 at the Radiology Unit of Dr. Suhardi Hardjolukito Air Force Base Hospital. The sample included 15 radiographers for the questionnaire and 3 radiographers for the interviews. An analysis of 916 panoramic radiography examinations revealed 57 repeat cases, with a rate of 6.2%. The primary factors causing repeats were machine error (57.8%), followed by positioning errors (24.5%), artifacts (10.5%), human error (5.3%), and patient movement (1.8%). Radiographers' understanding of the criteria for good panoramic images was high, with 66.7% answering all questions correctly. The primary effort implemented to reduce repeat rates is the implementation of routine quality control of equipment. The high repeat rate, exceeding national tolerance limits, indicates the need for technical and procedural improvements. Routine quality control and material refresher courses are needed to reduce repeat rates and improve patient safety.  

Lip balm is a cosmetic product designed to protect and maintain the moisture of the lips, especially from environmental factors that can cause dry, cracked, or irritated lips, such as low temperatures and wind. Dry lips can interfere with comfort and appearance, making protection with lip balm essential. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a lip balm preparation made from a combination of natural and chemical ingredients, such as cera flava, oleum cacao, nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and the addition of powder dye. These ingredients were chosen because of their ability to maintain lip moisture, provide protection against external factors, and ensure long-term safety for use. The lip balm manufacturing process begins with heating the primary ingredients, cera flava and oleum cacao, which are melted first. After the primary ingredients have melted, additional ingredients such as nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and powder dye are added gradually. The mixture is stirred carefully to ensure that all ingredients are evenly blended. Once all the ingredients are well-mixed, the liquid mixture is poured into molds and allowed to cool and harden. This process is crucial for achieving the desired lip balm texture, which should not be too hard or too soft and should facilitate easy application to the lips. Based on the analysis results, the formulated lip balm demonstrates good physical stability, without significant changes in color, odor, or texture during testing. The lip balm also provides ease of use, with a smooth texture that is easy to apply to the lips. The results of this study show that the combination of ingredients used can produce an effective lip balm product that maintains lip moisture and provides optimal protection against harsh environmental conditions, such as low temperatures.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) in the development of waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies, which is of special relevance for the incineration plants in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Although previous studies have focused primarily on technological and infrastructural aspects, this paper investigates the contribution of intangible assets such as green human, structural, and relational capital towards the performance and sustainability of WtE systems. Adopting a mixed-method approach, the results show that Green Structural Capital has the first place in supporting operational efficiency, followed by Green Human Capital and Green Relational Capital. The statistical analysis based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) shows that all GIC dimensions are positively related to plant performance, with institutionalized knowledge and systems as the most significant enablers of innovation. Qualitative findings also highlight constraints such as lack of training, unhandy knowledge systems, and poor public-private interaction. The findings recommend policy suggestions for promoting GIC assimilation within environmental infrastructure and provide a region-based theoretical model connecting knowledge-based resources and sustainable waste management practices. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating intellectual capital into the strategic decision-making process of waste-to-energy plants to enhance their operational effectiveness and long-term sustainability. Additionally, the research underlines that fostering a knowledge-sharing culture and enhancing collaboration between various stakeholders, including governmental bodies, private firms, and research institutions, is critical for the success of green initiatives. Training programs aimed at developing green human capital and improving public-private partnerships are essential to overcoming the current barriers to innovation in the WtE sector. This study has practical and scholarly implications in unifying the focus from just technology to the facilitating role of human and intellectual capital in green transformation, further bridging the gap between environmental sustainability and technological advancements in waste management.

This study aims to extract and purify secondary metabolite compounds from Coffea arabica leaves using various separation techniques, such as maceration, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (KLT), and preparatory KLT, and followed by flavonoid content analysis using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The process begins with drying the arabica coffee leaves, then extraction is carried out using 96% ethanol for three days. After that, the solvent is evaporated with a rotary evaporator at 60°C to obtain a viscous extract. The extracts were further separated using column chromatography with a mixed solvent of n-hexane: ethyl acetate (3:1), resulting in 12 fractions that showed color differences, which was an indication of the diversity of the compounds in the extract. Advanced identification was carried out with KLT using methanol solvents: chloroform (9:1) at UV wavelengths of 254 nm and 366 nm, indicating the presence of compounds with medium to high polarity. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were further separated using the preparative KLT (KLTP) method. To determine the flavonoid content, UV-Vis spectrophotometry was performed at a wavelength of 431 nm, using quercetin as standard. The results of the analysis showed that Arabica coffee leaf extract had a yield of 7.35% and a total flavonoid content of 19.0605 mgQE/g. These findings show that arabica coffee leaves are a source of flavonoid compounds that have the potential for the development of herbal or phytopharmaceutical products. The flavonoid content found may provide health benefits, particularly in increasing antioxidant activity, which can be used in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. The results of this study also open up opportunities for the development of plant-based products, especially Arabica coffee, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as an efficacious natural active ingredient.

Land use changes in the watershed (DAS) area of Tebing Tinggi City have increased the risk of flooding and contributed to the development of slum settlements in vulnerable zones. Uncontrolled urbanization and economic pressures have driven residential expansion along riverbanks, forcing communities to live in substandard environmental conditions. This study aims to analyze the integration of watershed land use change management with slum rehabilitation strategies to enhance regional resilience against flood disasters. The research employed a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative phenomenological studies with quantitative descriptive statistical analysis. The findings indicate that collaboration among spatial planning, environmental policy, and community participation is crucial in creating a sustainable and disaster-responsive watershed management model. Strategic recommendations are centered on strengthening cross-sector coordination and implementing policies based on spatial and social data.

Innovation in the fashion industry is increasingly influenced by the integration of technology, which plays a crucial role in creating more efficient and sustainable design practices. This study explores the potential of combining fabric slashing techniques with artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize the design process, reduce textile waste, and support sustainability goals. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study involved experimentally developing an AI-based algorithm capable of automatically generating cutting patterns. Surveys and in-depth interviews with fashion designers provided qualitative insights into the acceptance, feasibility, and challenges of adopting this technology in a real-world design environment. The results indicate that integrating AI into cutting techniques reduced textile waste by up to 25%, while accelerating the design process and enabling the creation of more complex and innovative patterns compared to traditional manual methods. Furthermore, designers reported that the AI-based system not only increased efficiency but also expanded creative opportunities by presenting previously unimaginable design alternatives. The study also highlights the broader implications of AI applications in fashion innovation, particularly in adapting industry practices to global sustainability demands. By reducing waste and encouraging smarter production systems, AI has the potential to catalyze the transformation of the fashion industry towards an environmentally friendly and resource-efficient sector. The results of this study reinforce the importance of implementing cutting-edge technologies in response to growing environmental concerns and market demand for sustainable fashion. This research also makes a significant contribution to the development of modern design approaches by presenting empirical evidence of the synergistic benefits of traditional techniques and digital intelligence, while also offering practical recommendations for designers, researchers, and industry stakeholders to utilize AI as a strategy in building a sustainable fashion ecosystem that balances creativity, efficiency, and environmental responsibility.

Mursala Island is one of the potential coastal tourism areas in Central Tapanuli Regency, known for its natural uniqueness and rich local culture. However, tourism development in this area re-mains unstructured and unsustainable. This study aims to analyze the current conditions, infrastructure readiness, accessibility, community participation, and the level of local socio-cultural resilience toward tourism in order to formulate strategies for sustainable coastal tourism development. A mixed-methods approach was employed, with primary data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and a questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents.The results show that local socio-cultural resilience is the most strategic variable in supporting tourism interest (mean = 4.06), followed by community participation (3.82), infrastructure readiness (3.61), and accessibility (3.26). Qualitative findings reinforce these results, revealing that while the community actively maintains cultural traditions, they face access barriers and lack participatory institutions. A SWOT analysis led to realistic strategies such as establishing a Local Customary Tourism Unit, developing permanent piers and sea transportation, and drafting a village regulation (Perdes) on culture-based tourism.This study concludes that sustainable coastal tourism development in Mursala Island must be grounded in the strength of local social capital, cultural preservation, and improvements in accessibility and infrastructure. The findings contribute theoretically to strengthening the concept of Community-Based Tourism (CBT) and practically to informing policy direction for locally-based coastal tourism area development.

Slums are one of the biggest challenges in sustainable urban development. In the midst of the government's efforts to run a program to handle slum organizations, the issue of miscarriage after physical intervention often goes unnoticed. This study aims to stop the slum management program in Tegal Sari Mandala II Village, with a Mixed Methods approach that combines linear multiple quantitative regression analysis and a qualitative descriptive approach.The results show that community participation has a significant effect on poverty programs, while infra-structure quality has not shown a statistically strong relationship. Qualitative findings support these results, where residents feel more attached to the programs they have followed in the past. Meanwhile, a number of infrastructures that are not in accordance with needs are considered less effective in supporting sustainability. This study concludes that the desire of the program is not only determined by technical aspects, but also by social, institutional, and cultural factors that are intertwined. Strategic recommendations include strengthening participation, improving design based on local needs, and integration with spatial policies.

The Aek Sijorni Natural Bath in South Tapanuli Regency holds great potential as a regional tourism icon, with its tiered waterfalls and unique natural atmosphere. This study aims to formulate a model for optimizing tourism development based on sustainability, technology, and local community participation. A mixed methods approach was employed. The findings indicate that development of the area should focus on improving basic infrastructure, enhancing cleanliness, and providing additional facilities such as dining areas and recreational zones. Furthermore, strengthening digital promotion and actively involving the local community are proven to be key factors in creating a competitive and sustainable destination. Strategic recommendations are centered on multi-stakeholder collaboration and the use of information technology to generate broader economic and social impacts for the surrounding communities.

Lau Kawar Lake, a natural tourism area located on the slopes of Mount Sinabung in Karo Regency, North Sumatra, holds significant potential for the development of nature and culture-based tourism. However, the growth in tourist visits has not yet met expectations due to limited accessibility across various dimensions. This study aims to formulate strategies for improving physical, informational, and institutional accessibility in support of sustainable regional development.The research adopts a mixed methods approach, emphasizing primary data collection through field observations, interviews with key stakeholders and village officials, as well as surveys of 60 tourist respondents. Findings reveal that, overall, the three dimensions of accessibility are still rated as "fair," with average scores ranging from 3.28 to 3.36. The main barriers identified include inadequate road infra-structure within the area, lack of dedicated public transportation for tourists, limited official digital promotional content, and weak institutional coordination in area management. A synthesis of the quantitative and qualitative results indicates that the development of Lau Kawar Lake requires an integrative approach that combines spatial planning, community-based governance, and local policy interventions.Based on these findings, several strategic recommendations are proposed: (1) improvement of access roads and landslide-prone areas through Special Allocation Fund (DAK) for infrastructure; (2) provision of dedicated public transportation for tourists with fixed routes and schedules from the nearest city center; (3) installation of directional signs and visual information boards in aesthetically pleasing formats and bilingual language; (4) establishment of a Digital Promotion Team involving local actors and institutions; (5) capacity-building programs for the community in tourism services, home stay management, and culinary entrepreneurship; and (6) formation of a Cross-Sectoral Accessibility Coordination Forum for Lau Kawar Tourism as a medium-term planning and monitoring platform.This study contributes contextually to strengthening the accessibility dimension as a key prerequisite for advancing local tourism destinations towards sustainable, inclusive, and locally grounded development.

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the optimization of green open space (GOS)-based tourism object development at Panatapan Panyabungan Park, Mandailing Natal Regency. This area possesses high ecological and visual potential, yet its management remains suboptimal in terms of facilities, community participation, and institutional support. The study employs a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative methods using multiple linear regression analysis on 150 respondents, and qualitative methods through in-depth interviews with key informants. The results show that simul-taneously, the four independent variables—GOS quality (X1), tourism facilities and infrastructure (X2), community participation (X3), and local government support (X4)—significantly influence the optimization of tourism development (Y). However, partially, only X2 has a significant positive effect, while X1 and X3 have significant negative effects, and X4 has no significant effect. Qualitative findings reveal that the community is not involved in decision-making, and the local government has not demonstrated concrete intervention in managing the area. These findings suggest that the strategy for developing GOS-based tourism objects should emphasize improving basic facilities, establishing participatory governance, and strengthening the structural role of local governments. A collaborative and community-based approach is key to realizing a sustainable tourism area in environmental, social, and economic aspects.

In the accounting discipline, the choice of data collection method is crucial because it directly impacts the validity and reliability of research results. This study aims to compare data collection methods used in qualitative and quantitative approaches and examine their relevance in the context of contemporary accounting studies. Qualitative approaches emphasize in-depth exploration of accounting phenomena, particularly those related to human behavior, perception, and decision-making processes. Common techniques used in this approach include in-depth interviews, participant observation, and case studies, which enable researchers to understand the social and organizational context behind accounting practices. In contrast, quantitative approaches prioritize collecting numerical data that can be analyzed statistically. These methods typically use instruments such as questionnaires, surveys, and experiments to objectively test pre-formulated hypotheses. Results from quantitative approaches often provide broader generalizations, but can lose the nuances of social context gained from qualitative approaches. A comparison of these two methods reveals that each has its own advantages and limitations. Qualitative approaches excel in understanding processes and meanings, while quantitative approaches are strong in producing generalizable data. Therefore, in practice, accounting researchers often adopt a mixed methods approach to gain a more comprehensive understanding. This study concludes that a thorough understanding of the characteristics of both approaches is crucial for researchers to select appropriate data collection strategies. Thus, research can make a significant contribution to the development of accounting theory and practice in a more comprehensive and meaningful way.

Changes in building functions in urban areas have become an inevitable phenomenon, especially in developing cities such as Binjai City. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing building function changes in the area, using a Mixed Methods approach that combines quantitative analysis through multiple linear regression and qualitative documentation based on field observations. Four independent variables were examined: inconsistency with the Spatial Plan (RTRW), accessibility, economic motivation, and law enforcement.The results show that economic motivation and accessibility have a significant influence on building function changes. Meanwhile, the variables of RTRW inconsistency and weak law enforcement did not show statistically significant effects. These findings are supported by visual field evidence indicating a massive conversion of building functions without effective spatial planning control. Photographic documentation reveals a tendency among the community to adapt building functions for economic activities in strategically accessible areas.The study concludes that building function changes in Binjai City are driven by economic needs and urban spatial dynamics that are not matched by supervision and enforcement of spatial planning regulations. Recommendations include strengthening spatial supervision, providing socio-economic-based incentives, simplifying permit processes, and implementing community-based public education. This research offers valuable contributions to adaptive urban planning while upholding the principles of spatial order and community aspirations.