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Lubricating oil is a type of fluid needed by a machine to carry out work steps. Significant changes in the temperature of the lubricating oil viscosity until it is too low makes the engine components less lubricated, which causes the engine components to heat up quickly because the friction between the metals that occurs becomes greater. Lubricant that is of poor quality can cause deposits to appear in the engine room which results in the engine working harder. The aim can be achieved in this research by varying the lubricating oil with a mixture of Estolide and Diglyceride surfactant percentages of (2.5%, 5% and 7.5%). This test was carried out on a petrol motorbike with a combustion chamber volume of 125cc with standard conditions. The data that will be taken in this research includes engine temperature and power. The power testing method using a dynamometer and lubricant with cooking oil mixed with 7.5% estolide surfactant after heating produces an average value of 6.52 HP which has a higher average value than oil with a value of 5.37 HP

Access to justice is a fundamental right of every citizen, yet the poor often face barriers in obtaining legal aid. This study aims to analyze the implementation and effectiveness of free legal aid in the jurisdiction of the Gresik District Court. This study uses a mixed methods approach, with data collection methods including interviews, surveys, observations, and document studies. The results show that most of the poor in Gresik do not understand the procedures and requirements for obtaining free legal aid. In addition, the effectiveness of free legal aid is also influenced by factors such as service quality, availability of information, and coordination between institutions. This study provides recommendations to improve the effectiveness of free legal aid, including through increased socialization, simplification of procedures, improvement of service quality, and strengthening coordination between relevant institutions. This study is expected to contribute to improving access to justice for the poor in Indonesia.

This research aims to provide deeper insight into the historical dynamics and impact on the region. In analyzing the data, the authors used qualitative methods to understand more deeply the events and motivations behind the exodus of the Yemeni Hadrami Arab Community to Makassar. Primary data from historical documents and trade letters are analyzed narratively and interpreted to identify important patterns and events. Apart from that, secondary data is used to provide a broader picture of the role of the Arab Hadrami Community in Makassar at that time. The exodus of the Arab Hadrami Community to Makassar is an important event in Indonesian history. In the 17th century, they migrated from Hadramaut, Yemen, to Indonesia, especially South Sulawesi. Their goals included trade, the spread of Islam, education, and the formation of mixed families. Hadrami Arab traders brought various trade goods, such as silk cloth and spices, to trade with the local population. This trade had a significant impact on the local economy and helped make Makassar an important trading center.

Hypertension is a chronic disease characterized by increased arterial blood pressure. Hypertension cannot be avoided, including in vulnerable groups such as the elderly because as age increases, the risk of hypertension increases so appropriate treatment is needed. Hypertension treatment can be done pharmacologically or non-pharmacologically. Non-pharmacological therapy in this case is foot soak therapy in warm water mixed with salt and lemongrass. The aim of the research is to implement warm water foot soak therapy with salt mixed with lemongrass for hypertensive patients into nursing care. The method used was descriptive with a killing process approach in 3 patients with a one group pretest posttest research design. The results of the warm water foot soak therapy mixed with salt and lemongrass showed a reduction in blood pressure, namely Mrs. N from 148/72mmHg to 138/64mmHg, Mrs. /85mmHg. In conclusion, there was a decrease in blood pressure after the foot soak therapy in warm water mixed with salt and lemongrass.

Posyandu is a basic health activity organized by, by and for the community assisted by health workers in a Puskesmas work area. The aim of this research was to determine the determinants of mothers' participation in bringing toddlers to posyandu in the Sakti Community Health Center Working Area, Sakti District, Pidie Regency. The research design uses a mixed method with an explanatory approach. Quantitative designs use cross sectional, qualitative designs use a narrative approach. The population in this study was 459 mothers who had toddlers aged 12-59 months in the Sakti Community Health Center Working Area, Sakti District, Pidie Regency, with a quantitative sample of 82 mothers, for the qualitative sample 3 mothers who had toddlers, 1 midwife, 1 religious figure/ or ustad. Quantitative data analysis uses univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis, qualitative analysis uses familiarization analysis, Identifying athematic framework, indexing, charting, imapping and interpretation. The results of this study show that there is an influence on the variables of the role of health workers (p=0.025), religion (p=0.000), infrastructure (p=0.000), culture (p=0.002), AEFI (p=0.004). Multivariate research results show that there is an influence of religion (p=0.002), culture (0.011), AEFI (0.005). The results of mixed method research show that the most influential factor is religion. The conclusion of this research is that there is no determining influence on the role of health workers, infrastructure, and there is an influence of religion, culture, KIPI on the participation of mothers in bringing toddlers to posyandu in the Sakti Community Health Center Working Area, Sakti District, Pidie Regency. It is recommended to the sub-district head of Pidie sub-district to send an outstanding midwife to school in each village in order to meet the needs of midwives who live in the village..

Education plays an important role in the progress of a nation, the high number of Islamic communities in Indonesia, including in Deli Serdang Regency, can be ensured that Muslims in Indonesia have an important role in the progress of a nation. Professor Toshiko Kinosita stated that Indonesia's human resources are still very weak to support industrial and economic development, the reason is because the government has never placed education as the most important priority, there are still various education problems that have not been resolved, such as limited education funds. , shortage of teaching materials, low number of skilled teaching staff, and inadequate facilities. To advance the nation's education, development is needed both in terms of physical and learning methods. Therefore, one effective solution is to build a Tahfidz Islamic Boarding School based on General Education. The development of science requires society to choose between focusing on knowledge in the field of religion or academics in general. Often people dream of mastering balanced knowledge, but many schools only focus education on one scientific field and reduce the quota in other fields so that knowledge becomes unbalanced. Tahfidz Islamic Boarding School is designed to provide knowledge and comfort in the learning process, equipped with adequate facilities and infrastructure as well as a more aesthetic building shape. This research aims to analyze the challenges and obstacles in developing the Tahfidz Islamic Boarding School based on General Education, and develop an inclusive and friendly solution environment. The focus is on meeting the needs of varying user capabilities, while ensuring good accessibility and sustainability. In the design, building design innovations are also proposed to achieve this goal, taking into account aesthetics and Islamic values ​​in accordance with the function of the building. The methods used include mixed qualitative methods with observation, comparative studies, case studies, interviews and document analysis. The building which applies Islamic architectural concepts in the design of the Tahfidz Islamic Boarding School will also consider Islamic aesthetics and values ​​in its application.  

This research was carried out with the aim of finding out  the Batu Bolah Dance works at the Miss Tahto Art Studio, Kampar Regency, Riau Province. The method used in this research is a descriptive method using qualitative data. The data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation techniques. In this research, the author conducted direct interviews at the Miss Tahto art studio with 3 people involved, namely, Misselia Nofitri as choreographer, Riska Juliani as dancer, and Gilang Ramadhan as musician. Based on Soedarsono's theory, the Batu Bolah dance has several movements, namely, the opening movement, the movement to pick flowers, the movement to take the shawl, the movement to stab, the movement to propose to the protected princess, the movement side by side, the movement facing each other, the movement to play with the scarf, the commander's arrival, the movement to look for puti protected, movement of resistance, movement of citizen unrest, movement of anger, and split stone movement. The musical instruments used are calempong oguong, katepak, gong, flute, djembe, drum and accordion. The floor designs used are straight line and curved line floor designs. The dynamics in this dance are changing levels, changing tempo, and changing energy. The theme of this dance tells about the legend of the split stone. The costumes used by female dancers are plain red clothes with borkat decorations on the shoulders, yellow mixed with red editing using a bun, a yellow scarf wrapped around a green belt, earrings and necklace accessories. The costumes used by male dancers are red bolos shirts, yellow tanjaks, yellow songkets and green belts. The make-up for female dancers uses beautiful make-up. The make-up for male dancers uses character make-up as a king. The stage used is a proscenium stage. The property used is a shawl. The lighting used is white light.

This paper discusses democracy in Islamic education, this paper aims to understand in depth the nature of educational democracy, namely educational democracy is a view that prioritizes obligations and rights, feelings and treatment by educational staff towards students in the educational process which includes 3 things, namely: respect for the dignity of fellow human beings, every human being has a change towards a healthy mind, and is related to common interests and welfare. Islamic educational democracy is the principle of implementing Islamic democracy in Islamic education. The democratic form of Islamic education is as follows: freedom for educators and students. Freedom here includes: (1) freedom to work; (2) freedom to develop potential; (3) freedom of opinion, equality for students in Islamic education, and respect for individual dignity in Islamic education. Next, to find out the democratic implementation of Islamic education through Integralistic education, Humanistic education, Pragmatic education, education that is abolished in Culture. The problem of democracy in Islamic education. The fundamental problem of Islamic education is the lack of clarity in the Islamic education paradigm. The ideological paradigm and the scientific paradigm are mixed in such a complex way that the scientific ideological paradigm develops. As a result, the tradition of creative, dynamic and open scientific thinking in the Islamic tradition, as well as the essence of revelation, is really difficult to develop. Democratic solutions in Islamic education: Changes that need to be made in Islamic education, namely emphasizing that Islamic educational institutions must design alternative, more democratic educational models that are in line with current development needs. The research method used is a basic theory method that uses data from materials that are library research, where the author reads and studies books or literature related to the problem being studied.      

Digital technology has completely changed how students access and interact with instructional information in today's schools. Digital tools are becoming more commonplace in the learning environment, which calls for a critical analysis of how students view and use these resources. This article seeks to explore how learners view the application of digital technologies to learning. Investigate the advantages that students feel they receive from using digital devices in the classroom and Determine the issues and worries students have with the inclusion of digital tools. A mixed-methods strategy was used to complete the study's goals, using quantitative and qualitative research techniques, there are survey, interview and literature review. The following are some of the major findings: Learners appreciate the advantages of digital technologies, including improved engagement, easy access to a plethora of knowledge, and individualized learning experiences. Effective educational practices have a favourable effect on students' experiences, and educators play a crucial role in influencing students' attitudes towards technology. The significance of a balanced strategy that takes advantage of technology's benefits while tackling its downsides is emphasised by learners. This study emphasises how important it is to take learners' opinions into account when creating digital learning environments. To maintain the relevance, engagement, and inclusivity of educational experiences, learner voices should be actively considered when making decisions on technology integration. Collaboration between academics, organisations, and politicians is required to strike this balance between utilising digital technologies' advantages and solving the problems they present. In the end, the study's findings provide insightful information for those involved in education, emphasising the necessity for a learner-centric strategy for integrating digital technology.

The abstract in English: This study investigates the impact of ethics on consumer trust in advertising. The research examines how ethical considerations in advertisements influence consumer perceptions and trust. The study uses a mixed-methods approach to analyze data collected from surveys and interviews. The findings reveal that ethical advertising significantly enhances consumer trust, leading to greater brand loyalty and positive word-of-mouth. These implications highlight the importance of maintaining high ethical standards in advertising practices.

Salah satu bentuk respons dari banyaknya siswa yang mendapat kesulitan belajar di kelas VIII MTsN 1 Abdya pada pelajaran fiqih, terkhusus di bagian zakat, maka penelitian ini dilakukan. Supaya hasil belajar siswa menjadi tumbuh dan berkembang, maka analisis untuk mengetahui kesulitan belajar itu sangatlah dibutuhkan. Persoalan yang paling penting terletak pada rendahnya kompetensi siswa pada materi fiqih, terkhusus di bagian zakat itu sendiri, yang mana hal itu dikarenakan adanya faktor dalam diri siswa dan luar diri siswa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menyelidiki kesulitan belajar siswa serta mengetahui penyebabnya. Kerangka teori meliputi konsep kesulitan belajar, faktor internal dan eksternal yang berdampak pada keberlangsungan pembelajaran siswa, serta hal-hal yang relevan dengan topik fiqih, terutama di bagian zakat. Penelitian ini memakai pendekatan metode campuran atau mixed method yang merupakan gabungan antara metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode yang dipakai adalah desain sekuensial eksplanatori. Jenis penelitian ini tergolong ke dalam kategori penelitian lapangan. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan ada tujuh kesulitan yang dialami oleh siswa pada saat berlangsungnya pembelajaran, antara lain; kesulitan memahami konsep zakat, kesulitan beradaptasi dengan materi zakat, kesulitan mengingat dalil hukum zakat, kesulitan mengetahui mustahiq zakat, kesulitan mengetahui zakat harta yang beragam, kesulitan menentukan nisab dan takaran zakat serta menghitung jumlah zakat yang wajib dibayarkan. Harapannya, semoga dengan adanya penelitian ini dapat berguna untuk pemahaman tentang kesulitan belajar pada pembelajaran fiqih, terkhusus di bagian zakat. Dan juga harapannya, semoga bisa menjadi landasan bagi sekolah dan juga guru dalam memperbaiki tingkat kualitas proses belajar mengajar siswa.

The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of civil servants regarding the equalisation of structural positions into functional positions and their influence on work productivity at Ganesha University of Education. This research uses quantitative descriptive method. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with a sample size of 59 employees who have the position of head of section and subsection. Collection using interview techniques and questionnaires. Data analysis using a mixed method approach through qualitative descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis using paired sample t-test. The results showed that (a) the implementation of equalisation of structural positions into functional positions at Ganesha University of Education is a bureaucratic reform in accordance with Permenpan-RB Number 17 of 2021 concerning Equalisation of Administrative Positions into Functional Positions; (b) the perception of civil servants towards the transfer of positions shows that the implementation of the transfer of positions has not optimally increased work productivity due to the determination of functional positions that are limited in number and type so that they do not match employee competence; (c) the results of the paired sample T-test test on there are differences in the work productivity of civil servants at Ganesha University of Education before and after equalisation of structural positions into functional positions

A mixed-use building refers to the combination of several different functions in one building, such as residential, office, shopping, and recreational functions built on one site. Designing the structure of a mixed-use building requires careful planning and consideration of various factors such as functional needs, aesthetics, and energy conservation. Additionally, the design of mixed-use buildings includes various functions in one area. The floor slabs and roofs use plain reinforcing steel with a strength of Fy = 240 MPa (Ø8mm). Concrete cover is taken as 20 mm. The design results in several types of slab thicknesses according to the working loads that must be accommodated above them. Below are the moments acting on the floor slabs and roofs. Reinforcement calculations are carried out using the capacity strength design method according to SNI 2847-2019. The concept of capacity design refers to controlling the formation of plastic hinges at predetermined locations. The SAP2000 program can directly calculate the feasibility of structural dimensions and the required reinforcement area from the input program results. In the SAP2000 program, the concrete regulations used are those of the American Concrete Institute ACI-318-05/IBC 2003, which in some aspects differ from Indonesian concrete regulations SNI 2847-20219. Adjustments need to be made to comply with Indonesian regulations. Internal forces from the SAP2000 program are selected from load combinations that produce the maximum field moments and support moments at the column faces. Flexural and shear reinforcement of beams can be directly read from the SAP2000 program output in the form of the required reinforcement area information

Abstract This study investigates Catholic school principals' decision-making processes and leadership styles in the United States. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research surveyed 150 principals and conducted in-depth interviews with twenty participants. Key findings reveal that 68% of principals favor a collaborative leadership style, though external factors like diocesan policies and financial constraints significantly impact their autonomy. More experienced principals (10+ years) showed a higher tendency for unilateral decisions in crises. The study recommends that Catholic school leadership training programs integrate organized frameworks that balance collaborative methods with proactive action. These findings can guide diocesan leadership development programs, ensuring principals have specialized training in participatory decision-making and hierarchical leadership frameworks. It also highlights the importance of supportive diocesan structures to facilitate effective decision-making. This research contributes to understanding educational leadership in faith-based institutions and offers practical insights for improving Catholic school administration. Keywords: Catholic schools, principals, leadership, Vroom-Jago model, decision-making model

There are still many students who do not fully understand the ethics of digital communication, as can be seen from the way digital communication is not ethical for students to lecturers through WhatsApp shared by private campuses in Mataram City. On the other hand, the concern of campus institutions about this is still not optimal, causing the increasing prevalence of unethical digital communication between students and lecturers. The purpose of the research is to explore and examine the integration of ethno-digital ethic values that can be applied in campus habituation, as well as its influence on strengthening communication ethics and social trust of students in Mataram City. The research method to be used is a mixed method with a concurrent triangulation design. The location of the research is in Mataram City. This research was conducted by involving 157 informants and respondents consisting of 132 students, 10 education staff, 10 lecturers, and 5 campus leaders from five universities in Mataram City. This research was carried out in several stages, initial and follow-up observation, tests, and analysis. The results of the study show that ethno-digital ethic values integrated into campus habituation through academic and non-academic activities have a positive impact on strengthening communication ethics and social trust among Mataram City students. The integration of traditional ethical values with digital norms not only provides a strong moral framework for students but also creates a more inclusive and trusting social climate.

This study aims to analyze the comparison of public administration across various provinces in Indonesia. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative research methods, this research investigates the unique challenges faced by public administration in each province and explores the opportunities for improvement. The findings reveal that cultural, economic, and political factors significantly influence the effectiveness of public administration, leading to variations in service delivery, accountability, and citizen engagement. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of regional context in shaping administrative practices and outcomes. Based on these insights, the study provides targeted recommendations for enhancing the performance of public administration at the provincial level, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies that consider local conditions and stakeholder involvement. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of public administration dynamics in Indonesia and offers a foundation for future studies in this field.

The use of language in life greatly affects articulation in communicating and interacting with humans. This interaction provides a unity in connecting a difference. Therefore, diversity in language becomes its own uniqueness in the field of communication. The important role of communication tools helps the articulation of social life. The use of language in educational institutions, is very vulnerable to be influenced by the surrounding environment. This causes the dialect mix used by the third Semester Indonesian education students is very unique and diverse. In general, this study aims to determine the diversity of languages used by various students in educational institutions and their environments, especially students of the third Semester of Indonesian Education Study Program specifically, the purpose of this article is made to (1) Describe the dialect of the speech of Indonesian students in the third Semester, and (2) describe the use of mixed code against Indonesian students in the third Semester. The study used descriptive qualitative methods as a research method and sociolinguistic approach. The research was conducted in order to solve problems that often occur in the field by using several stages of Data Collection (1) taking samples of language speech used by Indonesian students in the third Semester, (2) analyzing the use of dialect and coding against the language speech of Indonesian students in the third Semester. Thus, the results of the study showed that the proven use of dialect and mix code in communicating that is often used by students of the third Semester of Indonesian. This study also describes the linguistic behavior of the third Semester Indonesian students directly through oral.

This study investigates the influence of digital transformation on the growth and competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in emerging economies. Using a mixed-method approach, the research explores how digital tools improve operational efficiency, market access, and customer engagement. Findings highlight that while digital adoption increases profitability, challenges such as technological gaps and regulatory barriers persist. The study offers practical recommendations for policymakers and business owners to enhance digital readiness.

This study examines the impact of Green Compensation and Benefits on employee performance and the factors influencing its effectiveness using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative results show a significant positive relationship between employees' perceptions of these practices and their performance. Qualitative findings reveal key factors influencing effectiveness, including perceived fairness, clear communication, and alignment with personal values. This study contributes to the Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) literature by demonstrating the specific role of Green Compensation and Benefits in promoting pro-environmental behavior and enhancing employee performance. Practical implications for HR managers are emphasized, including the importance of designing fair, transparent, and value-aligned systems. Future research is suggested to investigate the generalizability of findings, employ longitudinal designs, and explore interactions between Green Compensation and Benefits and other GHRM practices. A holistic approach to GHRM can motivate employees' pro-environmental behavior and better achieve organizational sustainability goals.    

Entrepreneurial leadership has gained prominence as a critical factor influencing organizational performance, particularly in emerging markets. This study examines how entrepreneurial leadership impacts organizational outcomes within Indonesian companies. Using a mixed-method approach, data were collected through surveys and in-depth interviews with leaders and employees in various sectors. The results show a strong correlation between entrepreneurial leadership traits—such as innovation, risk-taking, and proactive behavior—and improved performance metrics. The paper discusses practical implications for fostering an entrepreneurial mindset within organizations to enhance resilience and competitive advantage in volatile markets.