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A literature review on the implementation and evaluation of Convergence Action to Reduce Stunting in Indonesia was conducted as a comprehensive study to understand national patterns, challenges, and factors determining the success of the program. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of cross-sectoral interventions, identify structural barriers, and formulate strategic recommendations for strengthening stunting reduction governance. The method used was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with the PRISMA 2020 model, utilizing Crossref and Google Scholar sources through the Publish or Perish application. Of the articles found, only nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using a thematic approach based on the CIPP framework. The SLR results showed that in terms of context, government regulations and commitment were strong, but there were geographical disparities, poor sanitation, and low nutrition literacy that affected program outcomes. In terms of inputs, limitations in nutrition human resources, facilities, funding, and the quality of e-PPGBM data were the main obstacles. In terms of process, the implementation of the 8 Convergence Actions has been carried out but remains partial, with suboptimal integration between OPDs and monitoring that has not yet produced adequate feedback. In terms of output, service coverage has increased, but the decline in stunting rates has been inconsistent across regions. The research results emphasize the importance of strengthening human resource capacity, data integration, cross-sectoral coordination, and adapting programs based on local contexts to ensure the accelerated and sustainable reduction of stunting.

Regional financial management in the era of decentralization demands absolute transparency and accountability from local governments to the public. This article is the result of a Public Sector Audit Project aimed at critically analyzing the interrelationship among the three main pillars of auditing: financial accountability, regulatory compliance, and performance effectiveness through the Value for Money framework (3E: Economy, Efficiency, and Effectiveness). The methodology employed is descriptive qualitative research using document analysis techniques on Audit Reports (Laporan Hasil Pemeriksaan/LHP) and regional financial management regulations. The findings reveal an “accountability paradox,” where the achievement of an Unqualified Opinion (Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian/WTP) does not fully correlate with the absence of corruption practices or improvements in public welfare. The study identifies procurement of goods and services as well as grant expenditures as areas particularly vulnerable to non-compliance. Furthermore, the effectiveness aspect of budgeting is often neglected due to the predominantly administrative focus of audits. This article recommends transforming the role of Government Internal Supervisory Apparatus (APIP) into strategic partners, strengthening auditor independence, and integrating information technology–based audits to mitigate maladministration risks and ensure tangible economic benefits for society.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, but still face significant obstacles in intellectual property rights protection, particularly patents and trademarks. This study aims to analyse the legal aspects of patent and trademark registration for MSMEs based on the Indonesian legal framework, with a focus on the implementation of Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright and related intellectual property regulations. The research method uses a normative legal approach with a literature analysis of legislation, scientific journals, and the latest statistical data. The results of the study show that the level of patent and trademark registration by MSMEs in Indonesia is still very low, with only 2.3% of MSMEs having registered their trademarks in 2023. The main obstacles include limited legal understanding, high registration costs, complex administrative procedures, and a lack of socialisation. This study recommends simplifying regulations, subsidising registration costs, improving legal education, and strengthening synergy between the government, academics, and MSME actors to improve the protection of intellectual property rights in the MSME sector in Indonesia.

This study aims to describe the implementation of smart government through the Sumbergedang Baru Program in Sumbergedang Village, Pandaan District, Pasuruan Regency. The program is a digital village initiative that utilizes information technology to improve the quality of public services, transparency of governance, and the social and economic empowerment of rural communities. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with purposively selected informants, including the village head, village officials, community groups (Pokmas GPS and G4S), and residents as service recipients. The findings show that digital literacy among the community and village officials has begun to develop, as indicated by their ability to use basic devices and applications; however, the utilization of village digital services remains limited and uneven across age groups. In terms of ICT accessibility, the village has established an internet network and public Wi-Fi hotspots, yet network coverage and stability have not fully reached all hamlets. Regarding regulations, the village government has established basic policies through decrees forming community groups and regulating the digital village program, although these have not been comprehensively integrated. In terms of human resource quality, village officials and young cadres are relatively adaptive to technology, but a capacity gap remains among older age groups. Overall, the implementation of smart government through the Sumbergedang Baru Program is still at the stage of building a digital village foundation, requiring further improvements in digital literacy, human resources, infrastructure expansion, and technology-based transparency.

The obligation to consume halal food is a fundamental right of Muslim consumers, guaranteed by Islamic principles and Indonesian positive law. However, in practice, many food business operators still distribute products that have not obtained halal certification, resulting in legal uncertainty and potential material and immaterial losses for Muslim consumers. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection available to Muslim consumers regarding food products that are not halal-certified and to examine the responsibility of business actors as well as the role of the government in ensuring halal food compliance in Indonesia, using Sushi Go Restaurant as a case study. This research applies a normative juridical method with a statutory and case approach, supported by library research of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that legal protection for Muslim consumers has been comprehensively regulated through Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection and Law Number 33 of 2014 on Halal Product Assurance. Nevertheless, the implementation of these regulations remains inadequate, particularly in terms of supervision and law enforcement against non-compliant business actors. The absence of halal certification and insufficient disclosure of halal information at Sushi Go Restaurant potentially violates Muslim consumers’ rights to legal certainty and accurate information. Therefore, stronger regulatory enforcement, improved supervision, and increased awareness among business actors and consumers are essential to ensure effective legal protection for Muslim consumers.

Local government budget management is a crucial element in regional governance, as it directly impacts accountability, transparency, and efficiency in public service delivery. To support effective regional financial management, the Indonesian Government has established the Government Internal Control System (SPIP), as stipulated in Government Regulation Number 60 of 2008. This study aims to examine the role and practical implementation of SPIP in regional budget management through a case study of the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPKAD) of Dumai City. Using a qualitative case study approach, this study analyzes regional financial documents, audit reports from the Regional Audit Agency (BPKAD), as well as laws and regulations and internal policies governing SPIP implementation. The results indicate that SPIP has been implemented in BPKAD Dumai City throughout the budget management cycle, from planning and implementation to reporting and accountability. However, its implementation has not reached an optimal level due to constraints such as limited leadership commitment, inadequate human resource capacity, and suboptimal internal oversight mechanisms. Therefore, improving SPIP implementation is a strategic step to realize accountable, transparent, and performance-oriented regional financial governance.

Digital copyright piracy remains a growing legal issue in Indonesia alongside the rapid development of information technology. This practice not only causes economic losses to creators and copyright holders but also reflects a gap between legal norms and social realities. This study aims to analyze legal protection for digital copyrights and to assess the effectiveness of Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright. This research employs a normative legal method using a library research approach by examining statutory regulations and relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that although Indonesia has established an adequate legal framework for copyright protection, its implementation remains ineffective due to low public legal awareness, weak law enforcement, and challenges in monitoring digital platforms. These findings emphasize that effective copyright protection requires not only comprehensive regulations but also synergy between the government, law enforcement authorities, and the development of a strong legal culture within society.

This study examines the criteria of disgraceful conduct in the dismissal mechanism of regional heads in Indonesia following Constitutional Court Decision No. 2/PUU-XX/2022. The decision underscores the necessity of a constitutional interpretation of the requirement “never having committed disgraceful conduct” in order to prevent abuse of power and political injustice in regional governance. Employing a normative legal research method, this study analyzes primary legal materials, including Constitutional Court decisions and statutory regulations, as well as secondary legal literature. The findings reveal that the notion of disgraceful conduct had previously functioned as a vague norm, enabling subjective and politically motivated interpretations, particularly by regional legislative bodies. The Constitutional Court, through its decision, transformed this open norm into a more limitative and objective standard by specifying concrete forms of conduct, such as gambling, intoxication, drug abuse, adultery, and other serious violations of decency. Furthermore, the Court emphasized that allegations of disgraceful conduct must be supported by clear, lawful, and verifiable evidence, in line with the principles of due process of law. This reformulation strengthens legal certainty, protects the political rights of elected regional heads, and preserves the stability of local governance. The study recommends legislative synchronization through amendments to the Regional Government Law and the issuance of judicial guidelines to ensure uniform standards of proof in dismissal proceedings, thereby reinforcing constitutional justice and the rule of law in Indonesia.

The implementation of the zoning-based admission policy (PPDB) in Semarang City continues to face challenges related to the accuracy of distance measurement and the transparency of information provided to the public. This study aims to examine the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in defining zoning boundaries for public junior high schools in Semarang City and integrating the results into a web-based information platform. A quantitative descriptive approach was employed, incorporating spatial analysis through a 3-kilometer buffer radius using QGIS software. The results indicate that buffer analysis is effective in delineating priority domicile zones based on school coordinate data. These findings are integrated into a GIS-based website that presents visual information on school locations, enrollment capacity, and final score calculation mechanisms in accordance with current regulations. The proposed system contributes to improving information transparency, enabling the public to better understand admission opportunities while supporting government decision-making in promoting equitable access to education. For future development, the use of road network analysis is recommended to obtain more realistic distance estimations.

The Indonesia–European Union Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IEU-CEPA) signed in September 2025 opens significant economic opportunities through the elimination of 98% of tariffs and broader access to the European Union market. However, the implementation of this agreement poses serious challenges for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which contribute 60% of GDP and absorb 97% of the national workforce. This research analyzes the readiness of Indonesian national law in supporting MSME participation in facing IEU-CEPA implementation using normative juridical methods with statutory and conceptual approaches. The research findings show that although IEU-CEPA offers 0% tariffs for 95% of Indonesian products, MSMEs face barriers in meeting European Union technical standards such as Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), and European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). National regulations such as Law Number 20 of 2008 and Government Regulation Number 7 of 2021 have not yet regulated mechanisms for assisting MSMEs in meeting international standards, traceability systems, and special legal protection. The research recommends comprehensive legal harmonization and reform strategies including regulatory revision, establishment of an IEU-CEPA Task Force for MSMEs, adequate budget allocation, capacity building programs, and strengthening legal protection mechanisms to ensure MSMEs optimally utilize IEU-CEPA opportunities.

This kind of research can reveal a purpose, namely to be able to carry out an analysis of the important role of the government together with the community in realizing policies to combat corruption of village funds. It is necessary to understand that village funds have been made one of the government's priority programs in order to increase the level of prosperity of rural communities and village development through the Village Law. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify policy solutions provided by the government and the community to prevent corruption of village funds. This study utilizes a literature study method through a qualitative approach that can be used to assess the role of the government and the community in implementing policies to combat corruption of village funds as an effort to uphold the integrity of the village administration system. Meanwhile, the research data sources obtained came from secondary data, which included the collection of scientific journals in the last five years, reading books in the last ten years, reports in the mass media, and government regulations. The findings of this study describe that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) has identified several loopholes that are often exploited by village officials in misappropriating Village Funds. Then there were 98 cases of corruption that caused the state to lose up to Rp. 37.2 billion. This creates an urgency for the government and the community to play a role in creating village regulations that are capable of overcoming corruption of village funds.

In the ever-evolving digital era, the importance of cyber law in safeguarding user privacy cannot be overstated. As a distinct legal discipline, cyber law examines regulations that oversee activities in cyberspace, offering legal protection regarding personal data and user privacy. Referring to various credible sources, this article evaluates the role of cyber law in protecting user privacy in the Indonesian context. The article discusses regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), the Government Regulation on Electronic Systems, and the Personal Data Protection Bill. The main elements analyzed include supervision, regulation, resolution, and protection of user rights when facing digital security challenges. The examination shows that cyber law plays a significant role in protecting individuals' personal information, thereby encouraging safer and more trustworthy digital services. Furthermore, the article points out the various challenges faced in enforcing cyber law, such as administrative constraints, inadequate digital literacy, and limited access to justice, especially for those without legal knowledge or support. Consequently, to improve the effectiveness of cyber law, continued efforts are needed to strengthen the digital regulatory framework and provide more comprehensive user privacy protection. This perspective seeks to enhance understanding of the significance of cyber law in safeguarding privacy and proposes recommendations for governments and relevant organizations in addressing privacy issues in the digital age.

The purpose of this study is to analyze digital transformation in notary services, namely the validity of electronic deeds and the responsibilities of notaries in the era of e-government. This study uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach based on an analysis of relevant regulations, scientific literature, and other legal sources. Data was obtained through literature study and analyzed qualitatively and descriptively to assess the legal certainty and responsibility of notaries in preparing electronic deeds in the era of digital transformation in notarial practice. The results show that digital transformation in the notary field is an impact of information technology developments and e-government policies that change the notary's work processes, including administration, deed preparation, identity verification, and document storage. However, digitization must still comply with the principles of authenticity, legality, data security, and legal certainty in accordance with the characteristics of the notary's position as a public official. This study also found that the implementation of cyber notary in Indonesia still faces normative, technical, and ethical obstacles, such as the absence of comprehensive regulations, limited digital infrastructure, and the risk of identity abuse. Therefore, regulatory harmonization, capacity building for notaries, technology standardization, and effective supervision are needed so that the digitization of notary services can be implemented safely while maintaining the integrity of the profession.

Children constitute a vulnerable group requiring protection from sexual crimes, including pedophilia. This research aims to examine criminal law provisions protecting child victims of pedophilia crimes in Indonesia and identify obstacles in their implementation. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that legal protection is comprehensively regulated through the Criminal Code (KUHP), the Child Protection Law (Law Number 35 of 2014), Law Number 17 of 2016, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE). These regulations provide a strong legal basis both in terms of principal criminal sanctions and additional sanctions such as chemical castration, electronic monitoring device installation, and perpetrator identity disclosure. The regulations also emphasize victims' rights to medical and psychological rehabilitation as well as identity protection. However, implementation faces several obstacles, including low case reporting rates due to stigma and taboo culture, evidentiary difficulties arising from victim trauma, weak inter-agency coordination, limited resources, and the emergence of digital pedophilia modi. Efforts to address these obstacles include strengthening law enforcement capacity, providing child-friendly justice systems, comprehensive rehabilitation services, public legal education, and synergy between government and non-government institutions in child protection.

This study investigates allegations of fabricated Accountability Letters (SPJ) and budget irregularities at the Tanjungpinang City Women's Empowerment, Child Protection, and Community Empowerment Agency (DP3APM), just as the regional budget deficit reached Rp97 billion. Internal reports and local media coverage reveal strong indications that funds allocated for outbound activities were diverted to purchase clothing and shoes, which were then used for the Proclamation Walk even though the outbound activities themselves never materialized, raising suspicions of fictitious SPJs and a lack of transparency in the management of public funds. Qualitative descriptive methods were applied through in-depth analysis of news documents, official statements, and regional financial management regulations such as Law No. 23/2014 concerning Regional Government. The analysis highlights violations of fiscal accountability principles under the pressure of the local budget crisis, recommending a comprehensive independent audit by the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) or regional inspectorates, along with oversight reforms involving the digitization of financial reports to prevent a repeat in other regional governments across Indonesia.

The Ten Scholars per Village Scholarship Program (SESAR) is an initiative of the Bojonegoro Regency Government to expand access to higher education for rural communities. This study evaluates the implementation of the program using the CIPP model (Context, Input, Process, Product). The evaluation was conducted through interviews, document analysis, observations, and information from program implementers to assess policy relevance, resource readiness, process quality, and achieved outcomes. The results indicate that the program is relevant to the goal of educational equity; however, the distribution of beneficiaries has not been even due to differences in the number of applicants and socio-economic conditions among villages. In terms of context, the program aligns with the need for equitable access to higher education, although beneficiary distribution remains uneven. From the input perspective, regulations and funding are adequate, but administrative requirements and higher education accreditation criteria still limit potential applicants. Regarding the process, the selection mechanism follows the established guidelines; nevertheless, socialization remains insufficient, document verification poses challenges, and fund disbursement is often delayed. In the product aspect, the program provides tangible benefits by supporting the continuity of higher education for rural students, although its overall effectiveness still requires improvement.

This study aims to analyse the role of the Department of Manpower in providing protection to former Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) returning from abroad and to identify the challenges encountered in performing this function. This research employs a normative juridical approach using secondary data sources, including statutory regulations, scientific journals, and institutional reports from 2020 to 2025. The findings reveal that the Department of Manpower plays several key roles, including providing information and education, coordinating with related agencies, offering legal assistance, supporting social and economic reintegration, and monitoring non-procedural placements. These roles are firmly grounded in Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers and Government Regulation Number 59 of 2021. However, implementation remains constrained by inaccurate data, limited human resources and budget, weak institutional coordination, and suboptimal legal complaint services. Despite these challenges, efforts have been made through strengthening integrated services, staff training, public education, and the use of information technology. This study concludes that the protection of former migrant workers requires a holistic, participatory, and sustainable approach to ensure the fulfilment of their rights as mandated by law.

This study aims to analyze the role and optimization strategies of Pecalang Segara in monitoring fishing activities that contribute to coral reef ecosystem degradation in the Traditional Village of Pemuteran, North Bali. Pecalang Segara is a customary security institution that holds social legitimacy and customary authority in maintaining order within coastal areas. This research applies an empirical legal approach using a qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected through field observations, interviews with customary leaders and coastal communities, and a literature review of environmental laws and related regulations. The findings indicate that Pecalang Segara plays a strategic role in supervising fishing activities based on local wisdom, particularly in preventing destructive fishing practices that damage coral reefs. However, the effectiveness of this role remains limited due to insufficient technical capacity, low environmental legal awareness, and weak integration between customary law and formal legal systems. The study highlights the importance of strengthening Pecalang Segara through environmental education, regulatory-based monitoring training, and institutional coordination with local government authorities. The integration of customary law and national environmental law is expected to establish a sustainable community-based marine monitoring model capable of effectively protecting coral reef ecosystems and supporting environmental governance in coastal areas.

This study aims to analyze the compatibility between land use practices and watershed management regulations in Gorontalo Regency through ecological, normative, and axiological approaches. Rapid land cover changes from the upstream to downstream areas, particularly in the Biyonga, Alo-Pohu, and Limboto watersheds, have caused severe impacts such as increased erosion, sedimentation, and reduced hydrological function. The study employs a qualitative analysis using a literature-based method, reviewing key scientific articles from Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sustainability (MDPI), and Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, as well as regulatory documents such as Government Regulation No. 37 of 2012, Government Regulation No. 27 of 2023, Regional Regulation of Gorontalo Province No. 11 of 2014, and Governor Regulation No. 19 of 2019. The findings reveal that, ecologically, the conversion of agricultural lands into settlements has increased sediment yield and reduced soil infiltration capacity. Normatively, most land use activities remain inconsistent with soil and water conservation regulations. Axiologically, there is a gap between sustainability values embedded in policy and the community’s practical behavior in managing land resources. This study highlights the need for integrating scientific, legal, and ethical perspectives to strengthen sustainable watershed management in Gorontalo. Therefore, the findings are expected to serve as a policy recommendation framework for local governments in developing adaptive and ecologically grounded watershed management strategies.

This study examines the influence of e-commerce developments on the consumption patterns of Generation Z in Indonesia, the first generation to grow up in the digital era with widespread access to technology, the internet, and social media. Using a literature review method and a qualitative descriptive approach, this study analyzes various factors influencing Gen Z's consumption behavior through e-commerce platforms such as Shopee, Tokopedia, and TikTok Shop. The findings indicate that easy access, attractive promotions such as flash sales, and interactions through social media encourage impulsive consumer behavior. However, e-commerce also has a positive impact in the form of opportunities for the development of digital MSMEs that empower the younger generation economically. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of online shopping, changing consumption patterns and opening new opportunities for MSMEs. The main challenge faced is the risk of impulsive buying, which can lead to financial and mental health problems. Therefore, financial literacy education and digital marketing regulations are essential to shaping healthy and sustainable consumption patterns for Generation Z. This study provides insights for the government, business actors, and the public in optimizing the benefits of e-commerce while minimizing its negative impacts.