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Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) is a food safety management system designed to identify, analyze, and control physical, chemical, and biological hazards throughout the food production process. In the context of Small, and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia, HACCP implementation is essential to ensure food safety, improve product quality, and enhance access to modern and export markets. This study is a literature review that analyzes 14 scientific articles published between 2000 and 2025, sourced from Scholar and Sinta databases. The analysis focused on abstract keywords to identify key concepts, findings, and research gaps regarding HACCP implementation in SMEs food businesses. The review findings indicate that HACCP offers positive impacts such as improved production efficiency, extended shelf life, and reduced contamination risks. The establishment of Critical Control Points (CCPs) in stages like grinding, packaging, and storage has proven effective in preventing potential hazards. However, several challenges hinder effective implementation, particularly in SMEs. Common obstacles include limited human resources, lack of technical knowledge, inadequate basic sanitation infrastructure, and weak documentation and monitoring systems. Several studies also emphasize that successful HACCP implementation relies heavily on intensive mentoring and strong support from government bodies, academia, and business partners. Therefore, a collaborative and strategic approach is essential to optimize HACCP implementation within the SMEs sector, contributing to an inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable national food safety system.

oreign exchange reserves are one of the key indicators in international trade, reflecting the fundamental strength of a country's economy. They serve as a benchmark to assess the robustness of a nation's economic condition and indicate its ability to engage in international trade. Several factors influence Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves, including export value, exchange rate, and foreign direct investment (FDI). This study aims to analyze the simultaneous impact of export value, exchange rate, and FDI on Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves, as well as their partial effects. The data analysis technique employed in this research is multiple linear regression. The findings reveal that export value, exchange rate, and FDI significantly influence Indonesia’s foreign exchange reserves simultaneously. Partially, export value and exchange rate have a positive and significant impact, while FDI has a positive but statistically insignificant effect. It can be concluded that increasing export value and maintaining exchange rate stability play a crucial role in sustaining and enhancing Indonesia's foreign exchange reserves.    

The growth of fashion UMKM in Indonesia through digital marketplace platforms has made a major contribution to the national economy, especially in job creation and developing creative product exports. However, this development also presents new challenges in the field of taxation, especially after the enactment of Law No. 7 of 2021 concerning the Harmonization of Tax Regulations (UU HPP). This study aims to analyze the principle of tax fairness for fashion UMKM operating through marketplaces, reviewed from a normative legal approach. The appointment of the market as a VAT collector and the continued implementation of Final Income Tax raises the potential for a double burden and inconsistency with the principles of vertical and horizontal justice in taxation. The results of the study show that the regulations in the Law on HPP do not fully reflect justice, legal certainty, and legal benefits, and risk pushing UMKM towards informality. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust technical policies that are more proportional to the capacity of UMKM actors, in order to realize an inclusive and equitable taxation system.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the monetary and fiscal policy mix on Indonesia's economic growth during the COVID-19 pandemic in the period 2013-2023. Using the Simultaneous Regression method (Two-Stage Least Squares/2SLS), this study tests two simultaneous equations, namely the effect of exports, unemployment rate, and inflation on economic growth (GDP), as well as the effect of exchange rates (exchange rates), interest rates, and GDP on inflation. The results of the study indicate that exports and unemployment have a significant negative effect on economic growth, while inflation has a significant positive effect on GDP. Meanwhile, the exchange rate and interest rate have a significant effect on inflation, but GDP does not have a significant effect on inflation. The normality test shows that the data is normally distributed and the autocorrelation test does not detect any autocorrelation, so the model used is valid. The effectiveness of monetary policy through the exchange rate channel on economic growth was found to be positive, although not statistically significant. This finding emphasizes the importance of coordination between fiscal and monetary policies, maintaining exchange rate stability, controlling inflation, and efforts to restore the real sector and reduce unemployment to support sustainable economic growth in Indonesia. This study provides recommendations for the government and monetary authorities to strengthen policy synergy in facing economic challenges, especially during times of crisis, to ensure more effective national economic stability and recovery.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Resource-Based View (RBV) on innovation performance in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) that have expanded internationally, with government information access as a moderation variable. This study uses a quantitative approach with the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method. The object of the research is CV. Delta Raya, an MSME in the furniture sector from Batu City that has successfully penetrated the export market to Japan, South Korea, and Mexico. The results of the study show that human capital investment and political connections have a significant positive effect on innovation performance. Although international experience does not have a direct effect, the effect becomes significant when moderated by government information access. Access to government information also strengthens the influence of political connections on innovation. The implications of this study underscore the importance of collaboration between MSME actors and government institutions in encouraging internal resource-based innovation.

The issue of fairness in regional development in Indonesia remains a significant challenge, particularly concerning the disparities between urban and rural areas, Java and outside Java, as well as between the western and eastern regions of Indonesia. This imbalance reflects an uneven distribution of investments influenced by the national political-economic structure. The sectoral development approach has been deemed inadequate in addressing these disparities, making the regional-based approach an alternative option to prioritize development in accordance with local potential. Several regional growth theories, such as the export base theory, resource advantage theory, and neoclassical approach, assert that a region's economic growth heavily depends on the availability of natural resources, labor, capital, and technological innovation. The primary indicator for assessing growth and economic well-being in society is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The increase in GDP accompanied by a decrease in the unemployment rate serves as an indicator of successful development. Therefore, the strengthening of regional development needs to be accompanied by equitable investment strategies and approaches that are appropriate to local characteristics so that the growth achieved can be inclusive and fair.

Oil palm is a key commodity supporting Indonesia’s economy through exports and employment. The industry’s success depends heavily on the selection of superior seedlings, which determine productivity, crop quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. Manual selection, however, often leads to subjectivity and inconsistency due to limited human resources and genetic variation. To address this, the study applies the Naïve Bayes algorithm for classifying oil palm seedlings based on seven variables: height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf color, disease resistance, root growth, and fruit yield. Using an explanatory quantitative method, the study follows seven stages: identifying problems, literature review, collecting 1,000 data entries from PT Intitama Berlian Perkebunan, data pre-processing, system modeling (UML), algorithm implementation, and evaluation using a confusion matrix and black box testing. Data was split into 80% training and 20% testing. The Naïve Bayes-based classification achieved 95% accuracy and perfect recall (1.00) for the superior seedling class. However, its performance on the minority class (non-superior seedlings) was weaker due to dataset imbalance. Black box testing verified all system functions worked correctly, enabling effective and efficient use by administrators. The study concludes that Naïve Bayes improves objectivity, efficiency, and accuracy in seedling selection. Nonetheless, attention is needed on data balancing and optimization to maintain consistent performance across classes. This system shows strong potential as a decision-support tool in plantations and promotes digital transformation in agricultural processes.

The palm oil industry is a strategic sector that significantly contributes to Indonesia's economy through crude palm oil (CPO) exports. However, it is also prone to corruption practices, as revealed in the bribery case involving a judge in the handling of a CPO export trial. This scandal highlights corporate involvement in influencing court decisions for business interests and the weak law enforcement against corporations as the main perpetrators of criminal acts. This paper aims to analyze the chronology and modus operandi of the bribery, identify factors behind the weak corporate criminal liability enforcement, and formulate recommendations to strengthen the legal system to prevent similar cases in the future. The research method used is normative juridical with statutory and case approaches. The data is analyzed qualitatively to assess the effectiveness of regulations and the obstacles in implementing corporate criminal liability. This study is expected to contribute to reforming a fairer and more accountable legal system in strategic economic sectors.    

This research aims to analyze the compatibility of the sea sand export policy, as outlined in Government Regulation No. 26 of 2023 and its implementing regulations in Minister of Trade Regulations No. 20 and 21, with the principles of ecological justice. The research is driven by concerns over the ecological impacts of sea sand exploitation and the potential conflict between economic interests and environmental protection. Using a normative juridical approach and analysis of prevailing laws and regulations, the study finds that the current regulatory framework does not fully reflect the principles of ecological justice. The policy fails to ensure equitable protection for coastal communities and the marine environment. Government Regulation No. 26/2023 does not explicitly mandate Environmental Impact Assessments (AMDAL), does not emphasize conservation as a fundamental principle, and allows room for exploitation in vulnerable coastal and small island areas. Moreover, historical data reveals that similar policies in the past have led to coastal erosion, the loss of outermost islands, and state losses due to illegal practices. Therefore, without proper reassessment and alignment with environmental justice principles, this policy risks exacerbating ecological inequalities.

Worldwide trade is conducted 80% through maritime routes, including the export and import of coal. Coal is a non-renewable energy source, often used as fuel for power plants. As technology advances, detecting metal contaminants in coal cargo becomes crucial to prevent contamination of coal with metal materials. This study aims to (1) understand the operation of a conveyor in transporting coal, and (2) assess how the Proximity inductive sensor detects metal presence. The methods used in this research include real data analysis and literature review, conducted aboard the ship. The researcher designed and developed a prototype system for this purpose. The Proximity inductive sensor is utilized to detect metal contaminants, such as aluminum, iron, and stainless steel, among the coal cargo. The research was carried out during sea practice (prola) aboard the WHS ISKANDAR 1. The findings indicate that the conveyor is driven by a DC motor, and the Proximity inductive sensor effectively detects metals to separate them from the coal cargo, thus purifying the coal from metal contaminants.

The implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) adopted by the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 2017 aims to reduce administrative barriers in international trade and improve the efficiency of the export-import process. By ratifying the TFA through Law No. 17/2017, Indonesia is expected to optimize trade and customs procedures, speed up the movement of goods, and reduce trade costs, which in turn supports economic growth and exports. The TFA includes simplification, modernization, and harmonization of export-import procedures, which are expected to provide significant benefits, especially for developing countries such as Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the implementation of trade facilitation in Indonesia. The research method used is normative legal research, which examines legal data sourced from literature (secondary legal materials). The implementation of this agreement has shown positive impacts, including reduced trade costs and increased export access, especially for small and medium enterprises. The Indonesian government, through the ratification of the TFA, aims to facilitate global trade by increasing transparency and efficiency in the export-import mechanism.  

Indonesia as one of the countries that adheres to an open economic system has conducted many international trade activities both exports and imports with other countries from various parts of the world. Coffee is one of the most important commodity crops in the world and has been the main export of several countries for generations. Indonesia's coffee sector is still characterized by low productivity and tends to stagnate, hampering export supply. This will affect the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee in the international market. The study aims to analyze the level of comparative, competitive, and specialization advantages of Indonesia's coffee export trade in the United States market in 2008-2022. The type of data used in this study is secondary data in the form of quantitative annual time series. Analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis, Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Competitiveness Index (ECI), and Specialization Index (ISP). The results showed that Indonesia has strong comparative, competitive and competitiveness in the United States market in the period 2008-2022, or tends to be a coffee exporting country.

Global economic issues have significantly impacted national economic progress in recent decades, especially for developing countries such as Indonesia.  Currency exchange rates are one of the main variables that influence this economic process.  The performance of a country's external sector is largely determined by the exchange rate, which also affects a number of other macroeconomic factors.  The purpose of this study is to see how much Indonesia's economic growth is affected by the exchange rate between 1980 and 2023. Data from government agencies including the Central Bureau of Statistics and Bank Indonesia are used in this quantitative approach using a literature study approach.  The findings show that changes in the value of the rupiah, especially when depreciation occurs, have a significant influence on a number of economic factors, such as imports, exports, inflation, domestic investment, and consumption.  The competitiveness of Indonesian export goods in the global market increases with the depreciation of the exchange rate. At the same time, however, it also leads to higher prices for imported goods, increases the burden of foreign debt, and depresses people's purchasing power and domestic investment activity. The last five years of data reflect the fluctuating pattern of Indonesia's international trade, which is closely related to exchange rate conditions and global economic dynamics. Exchange rate instability creates economic uncertainty, which can hamper long-term growth. Therefore, stabilizing the exchange rate and strengthening the export sector are important strategies, supported by monetary and fiscal policies that are adaptive to global changes.

Coffee wood products, natural pet chews, have emerged as one of the unique export commodities developed by Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) PT Eco Choo in Indonesia. This article presents a case study on export dynamics in the coffee wood MSME sector, secondary data analysis comes from online news, company website, books and articles. The analysis includes the profile of MSMEs, product characteristics, global market penetration strategies, determinants of success and challenges faced. The findings show that the high global demand for eco-friendly pet products is a major driver. Success relies heavily on the ability to consistently maintain quality, product and service safety, manage raw material supply chains, utilize digital marketing, and comply with destination market regulations.. This case study of the coffee wood sector underlines the potential of a creative economy based on local natural resources, while highlighting the importance of quality standards and global market understanding for MSMEs looking to upgrade.

As an integral part of Tanjung Perak Port, Kalimas Terminal holds a strategically important position in supporting Indonesia’s national export and import activities. Its vital role makes it one of the key logistics hubs in the country. During its operations, the generation of hazardous and toxic (B3) waste is unavoidable, requiring swift and proper handling to prevent environmental degradation and protect public health. This study aims to assess the level of compliance in B3 waste management at Kalimas Terminal, Tanjung Perak. The research focuses on evaluating key aspects such as the identification, collection, storage, and transportation of B3 waste, along with the completeness of related documentation, in accordance with applicable environmental regulations. By examining the current waste management practices in place, this study also seeks to formulate strategic recommendations to enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of B3 waste handling in the future.

Despite their 45% contribution to the global economy, international micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) face considerable obstacles in enhancing their global competitiveness because they lack the resources and access to efficient market analysis (OECD, 2025). In order to optimize cross-border MSME market analysis, this research attempts to construct a machine learning (ML) model coupled with a mixed-methods approach. A combination of quantitative (XGBoost and SEM-AMOS were used to analyze transaction data of 500 Indonesian export MSMEs 2020–2024) and qualitative (interviews with 15 MSME players) methods showed that the XGBoost model achieved 89% accuracy in predicting market trends, with key variables including exchange rate fluctuations (19%) and social media sentiment (28%). According to qualitative findings, the ML model does not identify cross-border regulatory constraints that 65% of MSMEs must deal with. These results validate market intelligence powered by AI as a strategic asset, extending the Resource-Based View paradigm. The significance of contextual adaptation and technological integration in the digital transformation of MSMEs is emphasized by this study.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is a key strategic commodity in Indonesia, playing a vital role in national exports and supporting various industries, including food production and renewable energy. Harvesting is a critical phase in oil palm cultivation, and its outcomes are significantly influenced by agronomic practices and environmental conditions, such as waterlogging. This study aimed to compare oil palm yields between waterlogged and non-waterlogged fields and to assess the statistical significance of any differences observed. The research was conducted at Tanjung Buluh Estate, Division 3 of PT Socfin Indonesia, located in Teluk Mengkudu, North Sumatra. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was employed, focusing on a single factor: land condition (waterlogged vs. non-waterlogged). Results showed that the average fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield from non-waterlogged plots was 109.4 kg, notably higher than the 78.9 kg recorded in waterlogged areas. A T-test yielded a P-value of 0.0929, approaching the 10% significance threshold, suggesting that waterlogging can potentially reduce oil palm productivity.  

International Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) face significant challenges in improving global competitiveness due to limited resources and access to effective market analysis, despite contributing 45% to the global economy (OECD, 2025). This research aims to develop an integrated machine learning (ML) model with a mixed-methods approach to optimise cross-border MSME market analysis. A combination of quantitative (transaction data analysis of 500 Indonesian export MSMEs 2020-2024 using XGBoost and SEM-AMOS) and qualitative (interviews with 15 MSME players) methods revealed that the XGBoost model achieved 89% accuracy in predicting market trends, with key variables including social media sentiment (28%) and exchange rate fluctuations (19%). Qualitative results show that 65% of MSMEs face cross-border regulatory barriers that ML models do not detect. The findings extend the Resource-Based View theory by validating AI-driven market intelligence as a strategic asset (β = 0.67, p 0.7. This research highlights the importance of technology integration and contextual adaptation in the digital transformation of MSMEs.

The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of the crude palm oil export ban on the income of oil palm farming businesses in Danau Embat Village, Maro Sebo Ilir District. The study was conducted from January 2023 to August 2023. The types of data used were primary data and secondary data. The sample determination was carried out by simple random sampling. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. Quantitative analysis was carried out using the Paired Sample t Test (Test of two paired average differences). The results of the analysis of the two average differences test were significant for oil palm farming business income between before and after the CPO export ban, this can be seen from the significant value of 0.001 which is smaller than the probability value (α) of 0.05, which means that the impact of the CPO export ban has an effect on the decline in the income of oil palm farming businesses on smallholder plantations in Danau Embat Village. The CPO export ban should be reviewed because it will have an impact on the income of oil palm farmers.

Palm oil production in Indonesia is basically a commodity for export and Indonesia itself is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world. This can prove that palm oil exports from Indonesia are able to compete with other tea exporting countries. The aim of this research is to determine the influence of land area, production quantity, and world price of CPO simultaneously and partially on the volume of Indonesian palm oil exports from 1994-2023. The data used in this research is secondary data in the form of quantitative data sourced from BPS and the World Bank. The area of ​​this research is the Republic of Indonesia. The data analysis technique used is the Error Correction Model (ECM) analysis technique. The research results show that land area, production volume and world price of CPO simultaneously influence the volume of Indonesian palm oil exports. The production quantity variable partially has a positive and significant effect. The variables of land area and world price of CPO partially have no effect. Considering the importance of exports to a country's economy, it is necessary to increase the export volume of palm oil in Indonesia, as one of Indonesia's leading export commodities, by paying attention to factors that can influence export volume.