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Moh. Irsyad Hanif

Parlementer : Jurnal Studi Hukum dan Administrasi Publik 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Health is a basic human need that continues to increase along with the progress of the times. Technological advances and lifestyle changes have led to a variety of new diseases, increasing the need for health services. Indonesia, with the fourth largest population in the world (272,229,372 people) and 10.14% of the population poor in 2021, faces significant health challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the situation by limiting access to health services. Barriers to access, unequal distribution of services, and a shortage of doctors hinder efforts to realize the welfare of citizens as mandated by the 1945 Constitution. However, advances in information and communication technology have brought significant benefits in the health sector. Information technology has had a major impact on health and medicine, enabling the rapid, efficient, and accurate dissemination of information. One important development is the practice of telemedicine, which offers innovative solutions in health care.

Nadisa Tiofunda Budiman

Referendum : Jurnal Hukum Perdata dan Pidana 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

The phenomenon of globalization has transformed the world's landscape, connecting nations, and inspiring the concept of Special Economic Zones (SEZs). The utilization of Foreign National Health Workers (FHNWs) has become a strategy to address the shortage of medical personnel and enhance healthcare services, particularly in remote regions. However, the implementation of this policy also faces several ethical, cultural, and linguistic challenges. The ethical aspect takes center stage in the utilization of FHNWs. Patient rights, professionalism, and cross-cultural collaboration are crucial focal points in healthcare service practices. Despite its benefits, the utilization of FHNWs encounters communication hurdles, especially when the employed language is unfamiliar. Additionally, the integration of local cultural values becomes a pivotal aspect in delivering sensitive and patient-centered care. This paper analyzes policy documents related to the utilization of Foreign National Health Workers (FHNWs) in Indonesia through normative and predictive approaches. The objective is to comprehend the concepts and regulatory implementations concerning the ethics of FHNW utilization within the context of Indonesian healthcare services. The phenomena of globalization and efforts to expedite economic growth through Special Economic Zones (SEZs) have influenced these policies. The analysis involves various policy documents relevant to FHNW utilization. In facing the ethical dilemmas arising in the practice of healthcare services by foreign medical personnel, it is imperative for them to adapt to the local culture without compromising the principles of medical ethics. Moreover, competition within the job market and cultural disparities between foreign and local medical personnel also present challenges that need to be addressed. In dealing with competition, a holistic approach involving the government, relevant institutions, and professional training for local medical personnel is required. Overall, the utilization of FHNWs holds potential benefits in addressing medical workforce shortages and enhancing healthcare access. However, this utilization must be carried out with ethical responsibility, respecting patient rights, and considering cultural and professional aspects. With a prudent approach, the utilization of FHNWs can contribute to improving the quality of healthcare services and the well-being of local medical personnel, in line with ethical principles and national interests.    

Andreas Agusta

Pemuliaan Keadilan 2024 Asosiasi Penelitian dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Hospitals as a health facility have become an important part of public health. Facing globalization, hospitals must carry out marketing activities which can be influenced by several factors, including: IT and communications have brought us into a free market era where location and distance are no longer a problem and it is increasingly easy for the public to access information to determine which hospital a patient will seek treatment at. This causes competition between hospitals to become increasingly fierce. To understand the challenges of domestic health services is to improve the quality of services holistically in all aspects of health, including factors assessed by patients such as respect, comfort, order, responsibility and professionalism so that they can match health services abroad. Medical Tourism as part of the Hospital Marketing Strategy in the Tourism Area. The article in this review explains medical tourism and hospital marketing strategies in Indonesia. Hospitals as private businesses use various strategies to attract more patients or customers, such as creating therapy rooms in hybrid hotels (hospitals designed for the comfort of international patients)  

Lisa Lamusul Afiyah; Sigit Irianto

Jurnal Hukum, Administrasi Publik, dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Teledentistry is a relatively new combination of telecommunications technology and dental care. It has its roots in telemedicine, which involves the use of communications and information technology to provide health services across geographic distances. Teledentistry faces several challenges, including limited internet access and inadequate infrastructure in remote areas, concerns about the confidentiality of electronic medical records, and incomplete regulations regarding teledentistry in the current law. The problems raised in this research are the obstacles faced by teledentistry practitioners in Indonesia, including factors that hinder their ability to manage medical risks and legal protection for teledentistry practitioners who face medical risks such as drug allergies. Legal protection for dentists in the field of teledentistry when facing medical risks, such as allergies to electronically prescribed medications. Dentists must obtain legal guarantees and certainty in providing health services to their patients. The conclusion of this study is that in teledentistry consultation services, medical risks such as drug allergies, which are unpredictable reactions of the patient's body, cannot be predicted. Medical risk is not a form of medical malpractice. Because, in medical risks, one of the elements in articles 338 and 359 of the Criminal Code cannot be fulfilled, namely the element of negligence.

Ayudita Ayudita; Rahmawati Rahmawati; Megawati Megawati

Inovasi Kesehatan Global 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Immunization is an effective way to prevent the spread of diseases and plays a crucial role in addressing health issues. The purpose of this study is to analyze the decline in complete basic immunization coverage in Tuatunu Village, under the Gerunggang Community Health Center. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design, which clearly describes the phenomena in the community. The instruments used include observation guidelines, interview guidelines, and the researcher themselves, supported by a voice recorder from a mobile phone. The study employs methods such as observation, interviews, and documentation. Primary data sources were obtained through direct interviews and field observations. The research location is the Posyandu in Tuatunu Village, within the working area of the Gerunggang Community Health Center. The results of the study identified several factors contributing to the decline in immunization coverage, including socio-cultural factors, family support, and support from health workers, cadres, and community leaders. There is a need for improved services and communication between health workers and the community/Posyandu participants, as well as health promotion related to parents' understanding of the benefits of immunization.    

Ika Mei Lina; Gilang Ryan Fernandes; Kevin Septianzah

Publikasi Hasil Pengabdian dan Kegiatan Masyarakat 2024 Asosiasi Periset Bahasa Sastra Indonesia

PKK is an abbreviation for Family Empowerment and Welfare, a national movement in community development that grows from, by and for the community towards the realization of a healthy, prosperous family, environmental awareness, faith and devotion to God Almighty. Based on the results of interviews and observations carried out by the community service team, it is known that various problems exist within the Pondok Rajeg Residence PKK, that so far, Pondok Rajeg Residence PKK members are still experiencing difficulties in carrying out innovations in entrepreneurship. Pondok Rajeg Residence PKK members are still doing it manually to view profiles. and menus for sale. Therefore, the team proposing community service considers it necessary to provide understanding in the introduction and use of Radio Frequency and Near Field Communication in order to make it easier for administrators and members to provide entrepreneurial services to the PKK Pondok Rajeg Residence.

Armila Astiyana Triadi; Dina Sonia; Puteri Fannya; Noor Yulia

Jurnal ilmu Kesehatan Umum 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the influence of PMIK (Medical Recorder and Health Information) professional competence on the performance of medical record officers at the Dr. Air Force Hospital. Esnawan Antariksa. The research method used is quantitative with inferential analysis. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and questionnaires. The sampling technique used a total saturated sampling technique of 14 people. Obtained from 7 PMIK competency standard indicators (Noble Professionalism, Ethics and Legal, Introspection and Personal Development, Effective Communication, Health Data and Information Management, Clinical classification skills, Disease coding and other Health Problems as well as Clinical Procedures, Health Statistics Applications, Basic Epidemiology, and Biomedicine, Management of Medical Records Services and Health Information, there are still 2 indicators in the percentage that are not good, and in the 5 performance indicators of medical record officers (Quality of Work, Quantity of Work, Supervision, Attendance, Conservation) there are still 2 indicators in the percentage not good. It was found that 3 officers had a D-III RMIK education and 11 officers still had a high school education. Based on the results of the T test, it was found that the Sig. value was 275. It could be concluded that there was no influence of PMIK competency on the performance of medical records officers.    

Erinaldi Erinaldi; Lili Suryani; Riniyah Sabah

International Journal of Social Science and Humanity 2024 Asosiasi Penelitian dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This study examines the quality of outpatient public services for BPJS Health patients at the Regional General Hospital of Dumai City. The purpose of this research is to assess how service quality is experienced by patients and how effectively outpatient services are delivered. A qualitative descriptive approach was used, with data collected through direct observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Informants included outpatient service staff and BPJS patients selected purposively to represent both service providers and service users. The analysis focuses on five dimensions of service quality: physical facilities, service reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The results indicate that outpatient services are generally perceived as adequate, particularly in terms of physical facilities, diagnostic accuracy, and staff professionalism. However, delays in registration and service processes remain a major concern, mainly due to high patient volume and administrative procedures. In addition, differences in staff communication and interpersonal attitudes lead to variations in patient experiences. Overall, the study highlights the importance of improving service responsiveness and strengthening empathetic communication to enhance patient satisfaction and the effectiveness of public hospital outpatient services.

Haryono, Novita; Arzil, Andrine Prima Afneta; Suminar Ayu, Aulia; Hastjarjo, Sri; Widyantoro, Widyantoro +2 more

Adi Widya: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2024 Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat

The community has the right to get a clean, beautiful, comfortable and healthy environment; get cleaning services; utilizing and processing waste; actively participate in waste management activities; and obtain information from local governments and/or other parties that are directly related to the sustainability of life related to waste. This right has direct implications for the community's obligations regarding the management of household waste and/or similar household waste by being obliged to reduce and/or handle waste in an environmentally sound manner. Unfortunately, the handling of environmentally sound waste has not gone well due to inadequate facilities, enforcement of regulations, and low awareness of the community itself. PT. Wahana Anugerah Energi has developed a waste collection and transportation system using a smartphone application called Rapel. Rapel campaigns for sustainable waste management in households. Currently, Rapel provides garbage pick-up services, especially for recycled waste. However, the problems faced include: wide community reach but with Human Resources (HR) PT. The Wahana Anugerah Energi (Rapel Surakarta) is limited, facilities and infrastructure for the ongoing development of understanding of waste management for the community are not sufficient, the application of Rapel is not yet known by the people of Surakarta. overcome, the lack of public awareness of Surakarta City regarding waste management, lack of cooperation and coordination with agencies related to waste problems so that Rapel technology has not received public knowledge, Surakarta people do not know about data integration related to environmental information. From this problem, we  design a social marketing communication program so that Rapel Indonesia's goal of encouraging people to sort household waste can be achieved. To achieve this, we design a waste sorting workshop by presenting credible sources such as Lyfe With Less Representative and Rapel Indonesia Manager. Keywords: Waste Management, Education, Society, Technology, Surakarta

Livia Anggraeni; Fitriany Suangga; Umi Eliawati

Jurnal Ventilator: Jurnal riset ilmu kesehatan dan Keperawatan 2024 Stikes Kesdam IV/Diponegoro Semarang, Indonesia

Anxiety is a subjective experience of the individual and cannot be observed directly and is an emotional state without a specific object. This anxiety can occur in parents because parental anxiety can be influenced by several factors, one of which is the life of their child. Febrile seizures are seizures that occur when body temperature rises above 38°C. Objective: to find out what factors are related to the level of anxiety of parents with children with convulsive fever at the Bakti Timah Karimun Hospital. Method: The study design used in this research is cross sectional. The sampling technique was a total sampling of 30 respondents. The analysis used is univariate and bivariate analysis using the Chi Square test. Results: From the research, it was obtained that the age factor had a P value of 0.006 < 0.05, the gender factor had a P value of 0.015 < 0.05, the education factor had a P value of 0.001 < 0.05, the knowledge factor had a P value of 0.002 < 0.05, and the economic status factor (health insurance) with a P value of 0.026 < 0.05. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between age, gender, education, knowledge and economic status (health insurance) on the level of anxiety of parents and children with febrile seizures. Suggestion: It is hoped that officers can provide information from services to families in the form of communication and education so that families can overcome anxiety in an adaptive way so as to reduce anxiety levels.

Linda Ernawati; Asriwati Asriwati; Nuraini Nuraini

Jurnal Ventilator: Jurnal riset ilmu kesehatan dan Keperawatan 2024 Stikes Kesdam IV/Diponegoro Semarang, Indonesia

The performance of health workers as a consequence of public demands for the need for excellent service or highquality service. It is expected to be able to show its professional contribution significantly in improving the quality of health services. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of internal communication on employee performance at the Anambas Islands Regency Population Control and Family Planning Health Office. The research design used the Analytical Survey method with a Cross Sectional approach. The population in this study were all employees as many as 98 people, all of whom were used as research samples with total sampling technique. Data analysis used univariate analysis, bivariate with chi-square test and multivariate with logistic regression. The results of logistic regression research show that there is an influence of leadership p = 0.001, motivation p = 0.000, trust p = 0.000, and appreciation p = 0.000. While the dominant factor that affects employee performance is appreciation p = 0.000 with Exp(B) 55.590. The conclusion of this study is that there is an influence of leadership, motivation, trust and appreciation. The dominant factor, namely appreciation, affects employee performance at the Anambas Islands Regency Population Control and Family Planning Health Office. It is recommended that the Anambas Islands Regency Population Control and Family Planning Health Office needs to provide direction to employees at work so that they have creativity at work so that employees continue to improve so that employee performance increases.

Anggie Annisa Permatasari; Oriza Dwi Satifa; Anisa Setya Ramadhani

Jurnal Pelaksanaan Pengabdian Bergerak bersama Masyarakat 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

Telemedicine is the provision of long-distance health services by health professionals using information and communication technology, including the exchange of information on diagnosis, treatment, disease and injury prevention, research and evaluation, and continuing education of health service providers for the benefit of improving individual and community health. Health Service Facilities, hereinafter referred to as Health Facilities, are tools and/or places used to provide promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health service efforts carried out by the central government, regional government and/or the community. Health Facilities that provide consultations are health facilities that receive requests and provide Telemedicine consultation services. Health Facilities Requesting Consultation are Health Facilities that send requests for Telemedicine consultations (1). In the partner environment, not many people know about the term telemedicine and the majority have never used these facilities for their daily needs. Therefore, the author wants to hold outreach as part of a health promotion program regarding the introduction of telemedicine to parents of students at TK-Al Islam 5 Grobagan. The aim of this community service is to increase knowledge, provide education, and increase understanding among the community, especially parents of students at TK-Al Islam 5 regarding telemedicine in Indonesia. The output target to be achieved in this community service is the publication of journal articles.

Suryagustina Suryagustina; Tomi Satalar; Sarmawati Sarmawati

Jurnal Ventilator: Jurnal riset ilmu kesehatan dan Keperawatan 2024 Stikes Kesdam IV/Diponegoro Semarang, Indonesia

The quality of nursing care services is a form of professional service and an integral part of healthcare. Patient satisfaction with nursing care is when patients and their families feel that everything meets their expectations. The current phenomenon is that some patients still report not receiving optimal nursing care, lack of communication in providing services, leading to dissatisfaction during their hospital stay. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between the quality of nursing care services and patient satisfaction in the Bougenville Inpatient Room at dr. Murjani Regional General Hospital Sampit. The research method uses a correlation research design with a cross-sectional method. The instruments used in this study were questionnaires and the Rank Spearman statistical test aimed at 66 patients in the Bougenville Inpatient Room at dr. Murjani Regional General Hospital Sampit. The Spearman rho test result is 1.000, and the P-value is 0.000, which means the alpha value is 0.05, indicating that H1 is accepted. Therefore, there is a positive and significant relationship between the quality of nursing care services and patient satisfaction. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between the quality of nursing care services and patient satisfaction in the Bougenville Inpatient Room at dr. Murjani Regional General Hospital Sampit. It is recommended for dr. Murjani Regional General Hospital Sampit to evaluate service satisfaction, especially improving the quality of nursing care services in the Bougenville Room.

Siskanti, Siskanti; Sampetoding, Eliyah A M; Hasbi, Muhammad

Compromise Journal : Community Proffesional Service Journal 2024 LPPM STIKES KESETIAKAWANAN SOSIAL INDONESIA

Advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have changed the paradigm in various sectors of life, including education, health services, government and the economy. In the ever-evolving digital era, digitalization has become a significant global trend, influencing the way we communicate and interact, including in villages. Villages, as legal community entities with unique characteristics, are the center of attention in digital transformation in Indonesia. However, to measure the level of success of digitalization in villages, an index is needed that can provide an objective picture. In this context, the Digital Village Index (DVI) exists as an evaluation tool that allows the government and stakeholders to identify areas that require improvement and plan more effective development strategies. The Damai Village case study uses a Design Science approach to develop a comprehensive and relevant DVI, with the hope of formulating appropriate strategies to accelerate the digitalization process in the village, according to local characteristics and needs.

Has’ad Rahman Attamimi; Yunita Lestari; Nikodimus Margo Rinenggantyas

Compromise Journal : Community Proffesional Service Journal 2024 LPPM STIKES KESETIAKAWANAN SOSIAL INDONESIA

Communication in health services is a supporting factor for health workers in expressing their roles and functions professionally. One of the competencies that must be possessed by medical personnel, whether doctors, nurses, midwives or other medical personnel, is the ability to communicate effectively and be easy to understand. Communication skills will underlie efforts to solve patient problems to facilitate the provision of assistance, both in medical and psychological services. These communication skills cannot simply be acquired without training. Therefore, this communication seminar in health services was carried out. This activity was attended by 271 students from various universities in Indonesia. The outcome of this seminar is to improve communication skills, especially for students, to become better. The activity which took place on January 25 2024 went very well. This was reflected in the enthusiasm of the participants in the discussion session. In the presentation session, the material was delivered by a practitioner and lecturer at the STIKES Griya Husada Sumbawa Nursing Study Program, Mr. Nikodimus Margo Rinenggantyas, S.Kep, Ns., M.Kep.

Vina Aprilia; Nur Lailatul Maghfiroh; Salsabila Dhiya Atik; Nabyla Qutrun Nada; Alfan Hermawan +6 more

Jurnal Riset Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

Health is the main capital for the growth of the nation's life.  The development of trade is currently experiencing very rapidprogress, which occurs not only in the goods traded but also in the buying and selling transactions themselves.  One very important component of health is the availability of medicines as part of public health services.  This research aims to find out about the distribution of drugs without a distribution permit and consumer protection in terms of monitoring and taking action against drugs without a distribution permit that are sold online by the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency and the Ministry of Communication and Information.  The results of the research show that the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency has made various efforts to protect the public from drugs without distribution permits that are sold online, in handling the circulation of drugs sold online, the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency collaborates with Interpol and other government agencies such as the Ministry of Communication and  Informatics carries out Operation Pangea.  In this operation, the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency will list websites and social media accounts that promote and market drugs without a distribution permit to be submitted to the Ministry of Communication and Information for blocking.  A distribution permit is preventive supervision as a form of protection for consumers carried out by the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency before the drug circulates in the community.  So it is reasonable to suspect that if a drug does not have a distribution permit, the drug has not been tested for safety, efficacy and quality aspects.

Patrick Patrick; Sri Sundari; Marisi Pakpahan

Master Manajemen 2024 Fakultas Ekonomi & Bisnis, Universitas Nusa Nipa

This This study evaluates the performance of the customer friend team at the Regional General Hospital (RSUD) of Bogor City and analyzes the factors influencing their performance. The study adopts a qualitative field research method. Effective performance evaluation has been found to enhance employee competence and motivation, while ineffective evaluation can have negative repercussions such as employee complaints, decreased motivation, and turnover. Critical factors influencing the customer friend team's performance include inter-team coordination, customer engagement, and interpersonal communication skills. Training and skill fulfillment are also vital in improving employee performance. Effective performance evaluation aids RSUD Bogor City in enhancing employee competence, work motivation, and achieving organizational goals optimally. Factors such as fairness, transparency, and clear and constructive feedback are important considerations in performance evaluation. The study findings provide a better understanding of the factors influencing the customer friend team's performance and offer practical implications for RSUD Bogor City to enhance service quality and patient relations.

Hendri Andrian; Vip Paramarta; Nadia Arsita; Nabilla Mulya Kurniawan; Fallery Setyaprawira

Jurnal Inovasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan 2024 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Intranets have evolved from simple internal communications platforms to sophisticated tools, providing a range of functions from real-time communications to seamless access to critical information. With the breadth of the healthcare landscape and the use of intranets in healthcare. The aim of this research is to find out the role of the intranet in building effective collaboration in health services. This research method uses a theoretical study approach. This theoretical theoretical study is a study based on a theoretical basis based on the results of previous research which becomes a theory. The results of this research can play a role in using intranets in health services because they can speed up and simplify work processes and transactions at the hospital. So that the officers at the hospital can work more effectively and efficiently. Finally, the information produced will be timely and useful. It can be concluded that intranet integration in the healthcare sector is not just about the adoption of technology it is an evolution in the way healthcare is delivered. With this intranet, it can certainly provide more targeted, efficient and effective accessibility to patients. For health services, it is necessary to improve health services through the use of intranets where the need for intranet technology can play an important role in equalizing health services to remote areas and cities. So that it can effectively improve service quality.

Asti Nurhayati; Retno Tri Utami; Aslam Adzkia Al Qudsi

Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Umum, Psikolog, Keperawatan dan Kebidanan 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia

Introduction : Smart hospital is an emerging and fast-developing innovation in the context of a rapid increase of internet users, an increasing demand for high-quality medical resources, and an aging population worldwide. It generally involves the use of the optimized and automated processes built on an information and communications technology (ICT) environment, especially based on the Internet of things (IoT), to offer assessment, consultation, direct treatment, services, and integrated care. This innovation has the potential and has already gained initial evidence to improve healthcare access, efficiency, or even effectiveness. Yet, along with these positive impacts and promises, a number of issues and challenges also appear.Methods: Study This is study quantitative with design survey research. Study This done on the month of June 2023. Instruments used in study This use questionnaire with the HOT-Fit method consisting of the 47 questions divided in 6 groups question namely: Human, Organization, Technology, Knowledge Users Regulations and Benefits. Subject for this study is hospital managers, administration staff and health workers. Data analysis using analysis multivariate .Result: 22 hospital state that digitization service health to a very smart hospital important one of them is applied For increase quality service House hurts and improves satisfaction patient. In application of smart hospital Sick need integrate between technology, service and regulation.Conclusion : Smart hospitals can influence health and medical policies and create new medical values by defining and quantitatively measuring detailed indicators based on data collected from existing hospitals. Simultaneously, appropriate government incentives, consolidated interdisciplinary research, and active participation by industry are required to foster and facilitate smart hospitals.   Keywords: ,   

Putriyanti Sitorus; Weslei Daeli; Bambang Suryadi

Nursing Applied Journal 2023 LPPM STIKES KESETIAKAWANAN SOSIAL INDONESIA

Therapeutic communication is a nurse-client relationship designed to facilitate the goal of therapy in achieving an optimal and effective level of healing so as to obtain patient satisfaction which can be interpreted as a personal evaluation of services with health service providers. The aim of the research is to determine the relationship between therapeutic communication and the level of patient satisfaction. The research method used in this research is correlation analysis with a cross sectional approach. Sampling used Simple Random Sampling, totaling 50 respondents. Statistical analysis uses the Chi Square Test. Result: The research results showed that 82% of nurses' therapeutic communication was good, 52% of patients were satisfied, 30% were dissatisfied. The p-value of 0.024 < 0.05 shows that there is a significant relationship between therapeutic communication and the level of patient satisfaction and an Odd Ratio of 6.067. The research conclusion is that there is a relationship between nurse therapeutic communication and patient satisfaction levels.