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State institutions play a primary role in governing and exercising power within a country. Indonesia, as a unitary state with a republican system, regulates the state's institutional structure through the 1945 Constitution, which serves as the supreme legal basis and guideline for state administration. The function of state institutions is to ensure that all aspects of government are implemented in accordance with the principles of law, justice, and public welfare. The state is not only considered a legal entity but also a social entity with specific functions and logic. The state's objectives are directed at balancing government power and citizen rights and accommodating the interests of individuals and the wider community. Following the amendments to the 1945 Constitution, Indonesia's institutional system underwent significant changes with the establishment of independent institutions that strengthen democracy, transparency, and accountability. Understanding the state's foundations, the requirements for formation, the form and system of government, and the relationships between institutions is crucial for maintaining Indonesia's constitutional order. Furthermore, public respect for state symbols and institutions contributes to strengthening unity and political stability, and realizing the ideals of a sovereign and prosperous nation.

This research aims to explore how Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is applied to enhance the sales performance of local rice products in the midst of competition with well-established national brands. Intensified competition arises due to the increasing presence of rice products from other regions as well as premium national brands that offer added value. These market dynamics underscore the importance of strategic marketing communication, especially in designing messages, selecting appropriate media channels, and applying the right consumer engagement approach to strengthen brand awareness and loyalty.A descriptive qualitative method was employed, utilizing a case study approach on a local rice producer in Tabanan Regency. Data collection involved in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation related to promotional and sales activities, which were then analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion-drawing stages.The results demonstrate that the coordinated use of IMC elements such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, digital marketing, and word-of-mouth has contributed significantly to improving brand perception and market competitiveness. Ultimately, this study suggests that adopting a consistent and well-structured IMC strategy is essential for local rice producers to sustain their presence and achieve growth amidst the dominance of national rice brands.

The concept of force majeure is essential in business agreements in Indonesia, as it regulates the release of contractual obligations that cannot be fulfilled due to events beyond their control such as natural disasters, pandemics, conflicts, or government policies. This study examines force majeure clauses in business agreements in Indonesia from a normative juridical perspective, focusing on the legal framework, its application practices, and its legal implications for contractual certainty. Using normative juridical qualitative methods, data were analyzed from the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) Articles 1244–1245 and 1444–1445, legal doctrine, and literature. The results of the study underlined that the force majeure clause has a strong legal basis in the Civil Code, which exempts the affected party from the obligation of compensation if the failure to perform the obligation is caused by events beyond his control. The application of this clause in the contract allows for the revision, postponement, or termination of a temporary contract, thereby guaranteeing legal certainty and protecting the principles of good faith and contractual fairness. In addition, the formulation of detailed clauses in the contract is crucial to prevent potential legal disputes down the road and ensure fair protection for all parties involved in the business agreement.

This study aims to analyze the meaning of interfaith marriage in the film Komang using Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotic theory. This theory emphasizes the relationship between signifier and signified as well as the concepts of langue and parole to explain the interaction between social systems and individual expression. The results of the analysis show that the visual, verbal, and symbolic signs in the film represent the clash between love and belief. Scenes such as the initial meeting at a cultural festival, family rejection, and symbolic marriage become a form of negotiation between social values and personal freedom. This film affirms that interfaith marriage in Indonesia can only be accepted through compromise with the religious norms of the majority, but still presents a message of tolerance through symbols of cultural harmony. Therefore, the film Komang is not just a romantic narrative, but a social reflection on the relationship between religion, culture, and love in a pluralistic society.

The Great Mosque of Banten is a historical heritage that reflects cultural acculturation and the glory of Islam in the Indonesian archipelago. This study aims to analyze the forms of collaboration between the government, local communities, and site managers in preserving the Great Mosque of Banten using the Collaborative Governance theory by Ansell and Gash (2007). A descriptive qualitative approach was applied through interviews, field observations, and document studies conducted in the Great Mosque area. The findings reveal that collaboration among stakeholders has not yet reached optimal levels due to limited communication, trust gaps, and conflicting interests. Nevertheless, functional cooperation has emerged through joint activities in sanitation, security, and tour guide training. Based on the five indicators of the collaborative process, direct communication (face to face dialogue) and trust building remain major challenges, while shared understanding between government agencies, the foundation, and the community has begun to develop. This study highlights the importance of sustainable collaborative governance in preserving the religious, historical, and social values of the Great Mosque of Banten while supporting the welfare of the surrounding community.  

This study explores the implementation of interpersonal communication between tutors and students in speaking class activities at the Kind English Course by applying DeVito’s Interpersonal Communication Theory. Interpersonal communication plays a vital role in English language learning, especially in speaking classes where real-time interaction directly shapes students’ engagement and learning outcomes. Using a qualitative literature review method, this research examines how the five key components of interpersonal communication—openness, empathy, supportiveness, positiveness, and equality—are applied within instructional practices. The analysis reveals that tutors who demonstrate openness and empathy foster stronger emotional connections with students, which encourages them to speak more confidently. Supportive and positive communication behaviors further create a safe and motivating learning environment where students feel valued and understood. Additionally, the principle of equality helps reduce hierarchical barriers, enabling more collaborative and interactive learning dynamics. Overall, the findings indicate that the consistent application of interpersonal communication principles significantly enhances students’ participation, confidence, and speaking proficiency. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how communication quality influences language learning and underscores the importance of interpersonal competence among tutors in developing effective and engaging speaking class experiences.

This study aims to examine the application of heart-centered communication based on Nonviolent Communication (NVC) Theory in interactions between employees and guests at the Masainn Hotel, Kuta, Bali. NVC, developed by Marshall Rosenberg, stresses empathetic engagement built on four core components: observation, feelings, needs, and requests. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with guests and direct field observations of daily service interactions. The findings indicate that employees consistently apply empathy-driven communication by offering warm greetings, attentive service, and genuine emotional presence. These behaviors help create a family-like environment that makes guests feel comfortable and emotionally connected to the hotel. Notably, one guest reported returning to the hotel for three consecutive years, having been introduced by a friend who has been a loyal customer for nine years. This demonstrates that NVC-based communication contributes significantly to guest satisfaction, trust, and long-term loyalty. Furthermore, the study highlights the strategic role of emotional intelligence and compassionate communication in shaping service quality within the hospitality industry. By integrating NVC principles into daily service practices, hotels can foster stronger interpersonal relationships, enhance guest experiences, and build sustainable customer retention.

The phenomenon of the “Sandwich Generation” (SG) in Indonesia, where individuals of productive age (30-40 years old) bear a double financial burden—supporting the needs of their children and immediate family (furu') while also supporting their elderly parents (ushul)—has become a widespread social and financial challenge. This pressure, exacerbated by inadequate income and low financial literacy, forces 94% of SG respondents to set aside their personal interests. This dilemma calls for a clear Sharia analysis of the priority scale of financial support. This article aims to analyze the SG maintenance dilemma through the Qawa'id Fiqhiyyah (Fiqh Principles) framework to establish a hierarchy of financial obligations. The two main principles used are Al-Farḍu afḍalu mina an-Nafli (Absolute Obligation takes precedence over Sunnah) and Al-Wājib lā yutrak illā liwājibin (An Obligation cannot be abandoned except for another Obligation). Fiqh analysis shows that the resolution of priority conflicts is based on the classification of the legal status of the recipient of alms, distinguishing between absolute obligations (Adami rights, contractual) and conditional obligations (wajib zhanni, Allah's rights). Key findings establish Sharia priorities in conditions of limitation: Self, Wife and Children (Absolute Obligations), Parents (Conditional Obligations), Siblings/Relatives (Sunnah/Nafl). This priority is established to protect the nuclear family unit as the foundation of society, in line with Maqāṣid ash-Sharīʿah (Sharia Objectives).

This study analyzes the implementation of cultural preservation policies in Lebak Regency in the context of the Seren Taun tradition as part of efforts to maintain local wisdom and sustainable development. The approach used is qualitative with a case study method, through interviews, observations, and documentation studies of local governments, traditional leaders, and the Kasepuhan Citorek community. Data analysis was carried out using the Miles and Huberman model, including data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that the implementation of cultural preservation policies in Lebak has been regulated through Regent Regulation Number 435 of 2022 concerning Regional Cultural Promotion, which emphasizes the importance of indigenous peoples' participation. The implementation of this policy is analyzed using Edwards III's theory, which includes communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. The Seren Taun tradition has proven to play an important role in strengthening cultural identity, fostering social solidarity, maintaining food security, and teaching ecological awareness. However, challenges such as budget constraints, low cultural documentation, and shifting values of the younger generation remain major obstacles. This research emphasizes that synergy between the government, customary institutions, and communities is the key to the success of sustainable and inclusive cultural preservation in Lebak Regency.

This is related to the rights of traffic accident victims regulated in Article 240 of Law 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation "traffic accident victims have the right to receive compensation from the party responsible and are entitled to insurance compensation from the insurance company". Article 1365 of the Civil Code, every person who commits an unlawful act is obliged to compensate for the losses arising from his or her mistake. In fact, many accidents occur due to damaged roads in Samarinda City, so this is one of the factors causing traffic accidents.The aim of this research is to answer two things. First, to find out and examine unlawful acts by the authorities in cases of traffic accidents due to damaged roads. Second, we want to know and examine the legal responsibilities of road operators. In this part of the research, we review and explore the relevant laws that regulate and are relevant to claims for compensation against road operators by victims of traffic accidents due to damaged roads.The results obtained from this research are as follows: 1) In this case, the occurrence of traffic accidents in terms of the last 5 years continues to show a significant increase, which means that the government has not maximally provided the community's rights, namely to have good roads. One of the causes of accidents is damaged roads, but to date no member of the public has filed a civil lawsuit against the government for compensation for the pain they suffered. 2) The government's regulations and efforts to provide protection for road users are sufficient, but they are not implemented optimally, in fact the public has never been given an appeal to demand their rights to receive good roads.  

This study delves into the philosophical foundations of natural law, contrasting the irrational theories of Thomas Aquinas with the rational perspectives of Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant, examining their relevance within Indonesia’s deeply religious and pluralistic context. Aquinas argues that natural law is divinely ordained and serves as a universal moral guide, where law and morality are intrinsically linked. On the other hand, Grotius proposes that while natural law originates from divine will, human reason enables individuals to comprehend it, even without divine revelation. Kant’s philosophy shifts the focus to moral autonomy and the freedom of individuals, emphasizing that legitimate law must be based on principles of universal morality that respect human dignity. In the context of Indonesia, with its diverse religious landscape, integrating these philosophical ideas provides a balanced approach to the interaction between secular law, religious teachings, and moral values. The research adopts a juridical-normative methodology with a conceptual and legislative approach, analyzing secondary legal sources to explore how natural law influences Indonesia's legal system. The findings indicate that while Indonesia's legal system primarily follows positive law, it would benefit from incorporating the moral and spiritual aspects derived from natural law theory. The study concludes that Indonesia’s legal system can achieve a more substantive form of justice by integrating the principles of Aquinas, Grotius, and Kant, thus ensuring a more harmonious blend of legal certainty, moral integrity, and religious principles in the country’s laws.  

This study stems from a classic question in the study of political hadith regarding leadership, specifically the hadith "The Imams are from Quraysh," which is often understood textually as requiring leaders to be from the Quraysh tribe. This kind of understanding often stops at the normative and historical level, without considering the socio-political context of modern society, which is fundamentally different from the early Islamic era. As a result, a gap emerged between the moral message of the hadith and the reality of the leadership system in democratic countries like Indonesia. This research aims to reanalyse the meaning of hadiths about Quraysh and non-Quraysh leadership, and to trace their relevance to the concept of state leadership in the Indonesian constitutional system, placing Islamic political theory and modern leadership theory on an equal footing (theory = theory). This research employs a qualitative approach based on library research, with the primary sources being political hadiths and classical references such as al-Ahkam al-Sulthaniyyah by al-Mawardi, supplemented by contemporary literature on the modern Indonesian government system. The analysis was conducted using comparative methods and content analysis to explore the commonalities and differences between the concept of Imamah in Islam and leadership in modern democratic systems. The research findings indicate that the hadith about Quraysh leadership cannot be understood rigidly as a limitation of lineage, but rather as an ethical guideline emphasising the principles of justice, trust, responsibility, and public interest. The ethical values in the hadith align with the basic principles of the presidential system in Indonesia, such as public accountability, limitation of power, and popular sovereignty, as regulated in the 1945 Constitution. Despite challenges such as corruption, the politicisation of religion, and weak leadership morality, the values of the hadith remain relevant if translated into public norms and modern governance practices. This research confirms that leadership in Islam and Indonesian democracy can complement each other, with Islam providing a moral and spiritual foundation, while democracy offers the legal and political structure to realise it.

This study examines Banten Lama as a political symbol that shapes regional identity in Banten Province. As the former center of the Banten Sultanate from the 16th to the 18th century, the site holds not only historical and religious significance but also functions as a symbolic space influencing political legitimacy and the construction of collective identity in contemporary Banten society. Using a qualitative approach with a case study design, this research analyzes how local government, political elites, and communities negotiate the symbolic meanings of Banten Lama through ritual practices, public discourse, and revitalization policies. Data were collected through literature review, non-participatory observation, visual documentation, and examination of policy documents. The findings reveal that Banten Lama operates as a symbolic arena that intertwines historical narratives, Islamic spirituality, and political interests. The government employs symbols of the former sultanate to construct moral legitimacy and a religious political image, while local communities interpret Banten Lama as a spiritual space and a source of economic livelihood. Although the use of historical symbols strengthens regional identity, it also gives rise to symbolic politics that often dominate public space without being accompanied by substantive policy outcomes. This study concludes that the governance of Banten Lama requires participatory and culturally grounded approaches to ensure the sustainable preservation of its historical and social values.

Although JKN aims to provide equitable and quality health services, fraudulent practices, such as phantom billing and diagnosis manipulation, continue to grow, harming BPJS Kesehatan and participants. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of legal sanctions against JKN claim fraud in FKRTL and identify gaps in their implementation. Although regulations are in place, law enforcement remains weak, with administrative sanctions failing to provide sufficient deterrence. The gap in this research lies in the lack of application of criminal sanctions in fraud cases, especially in existing regulations. The novelty of this research is its comparative approach between current administrative sanctions and the potential application of criminal sanctions in the context of healthcare fraud. The research method uses a normative-descriptive approach, analyzing regulations and fraud audit results, and identifying gaps in the implementation of legal sanctions. The results of the study indicate that strengthening criminal sanctions and integrating technology in claim monitoring can increase the effectiveness of fraud prevention. These findings are expected to strengthen regulations and improve the integrity of the JKN system, as well as provide policy recommendations for more effective law enforcement.

This study aims to explore Generation Z's adaptation to traditional values, particularly the Balinese language sor singgih in Catur Wangsa, amid social changes driven by globalization and technological advancements, from the perspective of interpersonal communication. The phenomenological approach in qualitative research is the research method used, with three data collection techniques: participant observation, unstructured interviews, and documentation. This study also uses source and technique triangulation as a data validity technique. The research informants are members of Generation Z from the five castes in Bali: Brahmana, Ksatria, Weisya, and Sudra. Research conducted across eight districts and cities in Bali indicates that Generation Z is beginning to shift its interpersonal communication patterns. Although they still uphold traditional values of politeness and social norms, Generation Z emphasizes equality and openness in their daily interactions. The generation Z that continues to use the Balinese language is segmented by social context, emotional closeness, and communication situations, rather than solely by caste differences. Furthermore, this study's findings show that the caste system is seen more as a cultural identity than a social boundary. The implications of this research emphasize the importance of preserving the values of Balinese local wisdom in the form of adaptive, egalitarian communication that is relevant to the development of the younger generation in the digital age.

The background of this research aims to determine and analyze judges' perspectives on the application of customary law in resolving criminal cases at the Padangsidimpuan District Court. Customary law is an unwritten legal system that exists and develops within society and is often used as a consideration in deciding cases related to local values ​​and cultural wisdom. In the context of Padangsidimpuan society, which still strongly upholds customs and traditions, customary law often serves as a means of resolving social conflicts before they enter the formal legal realm. The research method used is empirical juridical, with data collection techniques through direct interviews with judges and document studies of several relevant court decisions. The results indicate that most judges at the Padangsidimpuan District Court view customary law as a complementary instrument to positive law, particularly in minor criminal cases with social and familial dimensions. Judges strive to consider customary values ​​to achieve substantive justice, without neglecting the principle of legality and statutory provisions. However, the application of customary law cannot replace positive law in its entirety; rather, it serves as a moral and social value that strengthens the community's sense of justice.

This research is motivated by the importance of preserving the authenticity of the Qur’an as the primary source of Islamic teachings and law, which serves as the foundation for legal certainty within the Islamic Family Law system. Historical records show that the codification process of the Qur’an carried out by Zaid bin Tsabit during the caliphates of Abu Bakr and Uthman bin Affan played a crucial role in ensuring the integrity and uniformity of the revealed text, thereby having significant implications for the validity of Islamic legal arguments. This study aims to critically analyze the role of Zaid bin Tsabit in the Qur’anic codification process and its implications for the certainty of the textual basis (nash) in Islamic family law. Using a qualitative method with a historical-normative approach, this research combines chronological and normative analyses of primary sources such as the works of as-Suyuthi and az-Zarkasyi, as well as secondary sources in relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that the codification process of the Qur’an holds not only historical value but also juridical significance, as it ensures the authenticity of the text as the foundation of Islamic law. Therefore, integrating historical and normative aspects is essential to maintaining the authority of Islamic legal sources in the contemporary era.

This paper reviews the dynamics of cybersecurity in Indonesia, focusing on the role of the Indonesian National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN) in Indonesia’s cybersecurity architecture. The conceptual framework used is cyber security to analyze cybersecurity phenomena in Indonesia and multi-level cybersecurity governance as a tool for analyzing the role of BSSN in the field of cybersecurity. A descriptive qualitative approach is the main methodological approach in this study. With this approach, this study attempts to describe the role of BSSN in Indonesia’s cybersecurity architecture. Data collection was carried out through a literature study obtained from BSSN’s main documents, official reports, and related journal articles. The findings show that BSSN has a strategic role in Indonesian cybersecurity. This strategic role is demonstrated by BSSN’s various achievement in cybersecurity, such as the drafting of a national cybersecurity bill, the development of human resources capacity in the cyber field and the establishment of cooperation with various parties, both domestically and internationally.

For the general public, Indonesia’s five-year electoral cycle is often perceived merely as a procedural voting event, overlooking the substance and quality of how voters select presidential or regional leaders. Following the 2024 General Election, the challenges of democracy have shifted from technical management to the prevention of polarization, money politics, digital disinformation, identity politics, and echo chambers. This article analyzes the urgency of implementing sustainable voter education during the inter-election period, using the General Election Commission (KPU) of Balikpapan City as a case study. The study focuses on KPU Balikpapan’s strategies to transform pragmatic voters, who are susceptible to manipulation, into informed participants, while also addressing the vulnerabilities of first-time voters ahead of the 2029 Election to increase participation rates. The analysis indicates that political education during the non-election period is a critical moment to build the cognitive foundation of voters without compromising their independent choice, making the role of KPU Balikpapan essential in maintaining democratic integrity in the city.

In article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 that in the process of termination of employment, employers and permanent workers must carry out their respective obligations, employers can carry out suspension actions and still pay wages and other rights, but in reality employers rarely apply article 157A. The purpose of the research is to analyze the Implementation, Obstacles and Efforts on Workers' Rights in Wage Payment During the Termination of Employment Process at Palm Oil Company in Siak Regency. This type of research is Sociological legal research. In this research, three approaches are used, namely the legislative approach and the data source case approach using primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique used is primary data through interviews and questionnaires. The conclusion of this study is the legal protection of workers' rights during the termination of employment by the company through the settlement of industrial relations disputes in which there are various interpretations regarding the wage process. Article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 states that the responsibility of employers and workers remains valid until the industrial relations dispute settlement agency makes a decision. The implementation in the process of termination of employment is that workers are no longer allowed to work by the company but do not carry out suspension actions, but there are many companies that do not carry out things regulated by law. With the existence of multi-interpretation regulations on wages, the process provides uncertainty for workers, as well as in the interim decision submitted by the worker/plaintiff which is rejected by the judge which is clear that the worker can prove that the employer does not carry out his obligations as it should.