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Government institutions have an important role in maintaining state stability, but often separatist conflicts arise due to dissatisfaction with a government system that is considered unfair. This research aims to examine the structure and dynamics of the government systems of Indonesia and Malaysia, which adhere to a presidential system, and Malaysia, which adhere to a constitutional monarchy system, so as to provide a comprehensive understanding of political dynamics in Southeast Asia. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach with literature study to understand the structure and dynamics of the Indonesian and Malaysian government systems. The research results show that Indonesia has a presidential system of government with strong executive power, while Malaysia has a constitutional-monarchical system with a complex division of power between the prime minister and the states. Although both share historical and cultural similarities, differences in their governmental structures lead to different strengths and weaknesses in the exercise of executive power and the relationship between heads of state and heads of government. In conclusion, although Indonesia and Malaysia have historical and cultural similarities, differences in their government systems result in different dynamics in the exercise of executive power and the relationship between the head of state and head of government. Understanding these differences helps clarify the challenges and opportunities faced by both countries in building and strengthening their governance systems in accordance with the needs and dynamics of their societies. Through this research, it is hoped that it can provide a deeper understanding of the structure and dynamics of the government systems of the two countries, as well as their implications.

This research explores the use of iterative methods in conjunction with the Finite Difference Method (FDM) for solving partial differential equations (PDE). The central challenge addressed is the computational inefficiency and slow convergence that often arise when utilizing traditional numerical methods, particularly in large-scale systems. The study aims to develop a more efficient iterative approach to solve PDEs by minimizing computational time while ensuring the stability of the obtained solutions. The primary methods proposed include iterative solvers such as Gauss-Seidel and Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR), which are applied to numerical solutions derived from FDM. The research demonstrates that iterative methods, especially SOR, achieve faster convergence with fewer iterations compared to conventional methods like the Finite Element Method (FEM), which tends to be slower and more resource-intensive for large-scale problems. The study highlights the advantages of iterative solvers in efficiently handling large, sparse linear systems and reducing computational costs. In addition, it shows that these methods are capable of providing stable solutions, thereby maintaining accuracy with significantly lower computational effort. The results suggest that iterative methods, when applied in combination with FDM, offer a practical and scalable solution for solving complex PDEs. These methods are especially beneficial in engineering and theoretical physics applications where large-scale simulations are prevalent. The study concludes with recommendations for future research, which should focus on further optimizing solver parameters, exploring hybrid approaches, and extending the methods to more complex PDEs with non-linearities or irregular geometries. By doing so, these techniques could contribute to even more efficient and practical solutions for real-world applications.

This paper aims to explain the importance of political literacy for Islamic boarding school students (santri) as a means to achieve Indonesia's golden age by 2045. This research focuses on qualitative methods with a literature study approach, focusing on primary data in the form of documentation, including books, journals, articles, and other literature related to political discussions and Islamic boarding school students. The results show that "santri" (literate people) or those seeking religious knowledge in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) must possess broad insight and be tolerant of political apathy. Santri political awareness is essential for them to contribute to improving and strengthening Indonesia's political system with noble religious values. Santri involvement in politics also serves as a means to raise awareness as active citizens, strengthen nationalism, and make politics a form of service, not personal ambition. Politically literate students will be able to face various social and political challenges wisely and contribute to maintaining the nation's stability and progress. Therefore, a joint effort is needed to strengthen political education, both for santri and the general public, so that by 2045, Indonesia will have an intelligent, ethical generation ready to lead the nation towards a bright future.

On a practical level, marketing performance is a key factor used to demonstrate the success of all areas of business. The Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector is an industrial sector that can be relied on as an indicator of economic stability at both the local and national levels. The existence of the phenomenon of fluctuations in the growth and contribution of MSMEs certainly needs further investigation. This study aims to examine the effect of product innovation on marketing performance with brand equity and shared value creation as an intervening variable. The research sample was taken as many as 90 UMKM culinary typical of Banten local with non probability sampling technique, data analysis using SEM-PLS method. From the research results it is known that 1) product innovation has no impact on marketing performance; 2) product innovation has a positive and significant effect on shared value creation; 3) product innovation has a positive and significant effect on brand equity; 4) the creation of shared value has a positive but significant effect on marketing performance; 5) brand equity has a positive and significant effect on marketing performance. In addition, brand equity and shared value creation are able to mediate the relationship between product innovation and marketing performance

In today's digital era, operating systems play a crucial role in various technological devices. This paper discusses the optimization and modification of Debian, one of the most stable Linux distributions, to enhance its performance as a real-time operating system (RTOS). The primary objectives of this research are to improve the responsiveness, reliability, and stability of Debian in handling real-time tasks. The study involves modifying the kernel, adjusting scheduling settings, optimizing memory management, and integrating specific real-time software. The results of the tests show that the modified Debian provides lower and more stable task execution latency compared to the standard Debian. Tests were conducted using the cyclictest software to measure system latency and Htop to monitor CPU and memory performance. Additionally, the use of the VLC application as a real-world workload demonstrated that the optimized operating system could handle task priorities more efficiently, allocate resources as needed for real-time demands, and maintain stability under heavy workloads. This research significantly contributes to the development of Debian-based RTOS, which can be applied in fields such as industrial automation, robotics, and IoT devices. The optimizations ensure that the operating system can meet the high-performance and real-time reliability demands of these critical applications.    

This study aims to analyze the monetary indicator variables on the stability of goods and services prices before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. The data used are secondary data obtained from the publications of the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and Bank Indonesia (BI). The analytical method employed is the Error Correction Model (ECM) to examine the short-term and long-term relationships between monetary variables (money supply, interest rate, exchange rate, and inflation) and price stability. The results indicate that before the Covid-19 pandemic, the variables of money supply and exchange rate had a significant effect on price stability, while the interest rate had no significant effect. Meanwhile, during the Covid-19 pandemic, the interest rate and inflation significantly affected price stability, whereas the money supply and exchange rate were not significant. These findings suggest that monetary dynamics before and during the Covid-19 pandemic differed in their influence on the stability of goods and services prices.

The condition of existing pavement layers in Sidenreng Rappang Regency is generally damaged before reaching the planned age. This study aims to evaluate volumetric marshall on aggregate performance in pavement mixtures and physical properties of aggregates. Experimental methods at the Road and Asphalt Laboratory of Muhammadiyah University of Parepare based on 2018 Bina Marga general specifications. The results of the research with volumetric marshall analysis the maximum stability value of 5.5% was 1469.78 kg and the minimum 4.5% was 1175.82 kg. The maximum VMA value of 6.5% was 16.21% and the minimum 4.5% was 14.25%. The maximum VIM value of 4.5% was 5.54% and the minimum of 6.5% was 3.13%. The maximum VFB value of 6.5% was 80.73% and the minimum of 4.5% was 61.13%. The maximum flow value of 5.5% was 3.67 mm and the minimum of 6% was 3.41 mm. The maximum marshall quotient value of 5.5% was 413.64 kg/mm and the minimum of 4.5% was 323.80 kg/mm. In stability, flow, marshall quotient and VMA have met the 2018 Bina Marga General specifications at asphalt levels of 4.5%, 5.0%, 5, 5%, 6%, and 6.5%. While the VIM and VFA values do not meet the specifications at 4.5% asphalt content. This shows that material quality affects the physical properties of aggregates in the performance of pavement mixtures.

Early marriage is a phenomenon that is rampant in society, especially teenagers. Tradition and gender inequality are the main factors of early marriage. Significant impacts are experienced by adolescents due to early marriage. This study aims to describe the impact of early marriage on adolescents caused by traditional factors and gender gaps. The research method used is literature study analysis and documentation study by observing documentary videos. Coding and tabulation processes were carried out to test the validity and reliability of the data. The results showed that early marriage in adolescents is influenced by tradition and the gender gap. This suggests factors such as family pressure, local traditions, and lack of opportunities in education may reinforce the practice of early marriage. Emile Durkheim's structural functional theory analysis also highlights how early marriage functions in maintaining social stability, but also emphasizes the need to reduce the negative impact on gender inequality. Concrete measures such as sexual education, women's empowerment, and policy changes are needed to address the problem of early marriage in adolescents.

Economic law is a branch of law focused on regulating and overseeing economic activities, encompassing various fields such as corporate law, international trade, investment, competition, and consumer protection. In the era of globalization, the role of economic law becomes increasingly critical in creating economic stability and justice among nations. This study aims to analyze the role of economic law in regulating global economic activities, identify challenges and opportunities in its implementation, and provide policy recommendations to strengthen the application of economic law in various countries. Using a qualitative approach with document analysis methods, this research finds that power imbalances, transparency, corruption, and adaptation to technological changes are the main challenges in the implementation of economic law. However, opportunities to enhance the effectiveness of economic law exist through the strengthening of legal institutions, increased international cooperation, and the adoption of new technologies. The ASEAN case study shows that regional cooperation and free trade agreements can create a more open and competitive economic environment, despite ongoing challenges. This study concludes that economic law plays a crucial role in regulating and overseeing global economic activities and provides policy recommendations to improve its effectiveness.

Technological developments have changed consumer behavior in purchasing fashion products, especially through online platforms and social media. Viral marketing and live streaming are the main strategies in influencing purchasing decisions by reaching consumers widely and in real-time. This research aims to explore the influence of these two strategies on consumer purchasing decisions at the Nabila Fashion Store. This study identified several problems such as less interesting viral content, lack of product explanations from influencers, unstable networks during live streaming, promotions that are too long, and lack of consistency in promotions via social media. Based on this background, the research problem formulation includes the partial influence of viral marketing, the partial influence of live streaming, and the simultaneous influence of both on consumer purchasing decisions. The research results show that both viral marketing and live streaming have a significant influence on purchasing decisions. Viral marketing helps in disseminating product information quickly and effectively, while live streaming provides direct experiences to consumers, influencing purchasing decisions through real-time interactions and exclusive promotional offers. In conclusion, the implementation of viral marketing and live streaming can increase consumer purchasing decisions at the Nabila Fashion Store. Recommendations include improving the quality of viral content, improving network stability during live streaming, shortening the duration of promotions, and increasing consistency in promotions via social media to maximize influence on consumer purchasing decisions.

This study examines the influence of monetary policy, particularly interest rates, on economic stability in the TIMI countries (Thailand, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia). It underscores the vital role of interest rates in controlling inflation and stimulating economic growth. Utilizing a Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, the research analyzes the reciprocal relationships between crucial economic indicators such as GDP, CPI, exchange rates, consumption, interest rates, and trade balances from 2008 to 2022. For instance, adjustments in interest rates can influence investment levels, consumption patterns, and inflation rates, thereby affecting overall economic activity. The Granger causality tests indicate that short-term relationships between these variables are insignificant, but long-term interactions are evident. This supports the Johansen cointegration results, which confirm two cointegrated equations at the 5% significance level. The study emphasizes maintaining interest rate stability for sustainable economic growth and price stability. It highlights that fluctuations in interest rates, influenced by global economic conditions and domestic economic policies, play a crucial role in the economic performance of TIMI countries. Recommendations for central banCM include implementing responsive and adaptive interest rate policies to manage inflation, foster economic growth, and maintain exchange rate stability. This approach is essential for addressing disparities in income, education, healthcare, and technology access, which are critical for equitable economic development. In conclusion, this research underscores the importance of a nuanced understanding of monetary policy's impact on economic stability and the need for coordinated efforts between fiscal and monetary authorities to achieve long-term

Green energies are more adapted to the environment, and their production and production are less polluted. Moreover, since there is no end to this energy category, green energies are taking on an ever-increasing share of the world's energy supply system, even in countries with fossil fuels. The current study aims to examine the factors affecting green energy consumption in Group 7 countries using a table-based data approach (Panel data quantile regression) from 1996-2022. The study examined how financial impacts such as the Good Governance Index (GGI), Human Capital (MYS), Trade Openness (TO), Income (GDP), Inflation (INFL) and Non-Financial Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) are affected. Thus, assuming the stability of other factors, by an increase of one unit in GGI, MYS, TO, GDP, INFL, and GFCF, green energy consumption (GEC) increases between 0.24 and 0.59%, 2.46 to 7.12%, 0.98 to 1.53%, 0.73 to 1.03%, 0.42 to 0.62% and 1.07 to 1.73%. Given the positive and meaningful impact of the Good Governance Index and Human Capital on green energy consumption, it is proposed to double attention to the quality of laws and regulations, the rule of law, and the design and enforcement of laws in protecting the environment and developing more clean energies. The results can be an outstanding lesson for creating and developing countries.  

This study is entitled Study Analisys of the Urgency and Implementation of the Law Number 8 of 2010 on Prevention and Punishment of Money Laundering. The development of the financial sector in Indonesia continues to progress, but the legal process has not followed the guidelines set by the Indonesian Financial Law and Regulations on Unlawful Money Transfer. Indonesia has enacted several laws to address this problem, including Financial and Material Law Number 8 of 2010, which aims to maintain economic stability and the integrity of the financial system, promote social harmony, economic growth, and government reform. The Indonesian government has implemented various measures to eradicate money laundering, including bilateral and multilateral forums, the concept of double crime, and the implementation of the "KYC" principle. The government also imposes fines on those who break the law, such as fines, jails, and non-bank fines. In the end, money laundering in Indonesia can be effectively managed through legal action and international cooperation. This research uses normative research methods, using non-fiction data sources, electronic journals, legislative regulations, and other relevant library sources to conduct research. The purpose of this research is to find out the urgency of Law Number 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of TPPU and what efforts are being made to prevent and eradicate TPPU.

Study This study about policy Islamic monetary , which includes base theoretical , implementation in various countries, as well its impact and effectiveness . Policy Islamic monetary , which is based on principles sharia like prohibition usury , emphasis on sectors real , and principle for result , aim For create stability economy and justice socio-economic . The implementation varies in different countries, with some countries implement it system Islamic finance​ full and others using a hybrid model. Research methods used​ is review literature , which involves collection , analysis , and synthesis various source secondary like books , articles journals , and reports relevant research .​ Research result show that policy effective Islamic monetary in control inflation , pushing growth sustainable economy , and improve stability finance . However , challenges still There is in matter standardization practice between countries and integration with system global finance . This study emphasize importance innovation instrument finance sharia and improvement Work The same international For increase effectiveness policy Islamic monetary future .  

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are business activities that are able to expand employment opportunities, provide broad economic services to the community, play a role in the process of equalizing and increasing community income, encourage economic growth, and play a role in realizing national stability. MSMEs are very important in implementing and maintaining productive and healthy performance. One of those who need an adaptation plan is MSME Goks which is located on Jl. Aru No. 13, Lubuk Begalung Nan XX, Padang City, West Sumatra, 25221. Goks is an ice cream business that offers attractive promotions and has a very affordable price factor. This community service activity begins with surveys and interviews, mapping and identifying problems, formulating solutions, and implementing mentoring activities. The impact of this activity is the expansion of product marketing and business development of Goks Padang MSME actors.    

This journal discusses the influence of the inflation rate on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) based on an Islamic Economics perspective. So it can be understood that the size of the inflation rate in a country will greatly influence the level of GDP. Where inflation has a simultaneous influence on GDP, and inflation has a partial negative impact on GDP. The writing of this journal uses a deductive qualitative approach (from general to specific), examining relevant general phenomena, then producing specific studies and conclusions on matters that are the object of research, using a normative juridical approach with literature study. A country's economic growth can be represented through an increase in the country's GDP, apart from income factors in terms of consumption, investment, government spending and net exports. GDP is greatly influenced by the inflation factor. Inflation in the view of Islamic economists is an economic indication that occurs at a macro level in almost every country related to the decline in the exchange rate of money for goods and services, whether it occurs naturally (natural inflation) or is caused by human error (Human Error Inflation). Inflation does not only occur naturally, it can be caused by the pull of Aggregate demand (Aggregate demand) or due to a decrease in Aggregate supply (Aggregate Supply), but also occurs due to human error in regulating state administration and law enforcement, giving rise to a country's economic interconnectedness. Maintaining the stability of a country's economy by controlling the rate of inflation is something very basic, where inflation significantly affects Gross Domestic Product. GDP is an important indicator of economic growth in measuring economic activity, especially the volume of production in a country in one year.

The purpose of this study was to see the differences before and during the pandemic on the variables of Exchange Rate, Inflation, Interest Rates and the Money Supply. The method used is the Differential Test method. The results of this study show that there are no significant differences between the Exchange Rate, Inflation and Interest Rate variables before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Then in the Variable Amount of Money Supply there are significant differences before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Thus it can be seen that there is one variable that has a significant difference and three variables that have no significant difference before and during Covid-19. Therefore, in maintaining the stability of the value of the rupiah during the pandemic, the Central Bank must be more careful in maintaining the Money Supply. Where the Money Supply itself has a significant influence both before the pandemic and during the pandemic. If the Money Supply increases, Inflation will also increase, this has an impact on the stability of the Indonesian Rupiah Exchange Rate.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Indonesia serve as strategic instruments to attract domestic and foreign investments and accelerate economic growth in specific regions. Legal certainty within SEZs, encompassing regulatory stability, transparent licensing procedures, and effective legal protection, plays a crucial role in shaping investor perceptions and decisions. This research employs a normative juridical research method, focusing on the study of applicable legal norms or rules to analyze, interpret, and examine relevant legal principles. The findings indicate that investor perceptions of legal certainty are significantly influenced by regulatory complexity and consistency, transparent licensing procedures, and adequate legal protections. Investors tend to favor investment environments offering clear regulations, efficient licensing processes, and robust legal protections to mitigate investment risks. Based on these findings, it is recommended to enhance regulatory transparency and consistency, streamline licensing processes, strengthen legal protections, and improve investor education on SEZ regulations and legal protections. These steps are expected to enhance the attractiveness of SEZs as competitive and sustainable investment destinations, contributing significantly to regional economic growth.

Transgenders are a minority group in society who are vulnerable to discrimination. This research aims to analyze whether the state's recognition and protection arrangements for transgender individuals in Indonesia are in accordance with human rights principles, and also to analyze how the ideal legal construction for transgender individuals is in accordance with human rights principles. In this research, the research method used is normative legal research with a conceptual and comparative approach. The results of the research obtained are that in general Indonesia has regulated the protection of human rights for Indonesian people in accordance with human rights principles. However, in this case the legal culture of Indonesian society is one of the factors why discrimination against transgender individuals still often occurs. So it is necessary to establish an ideal legal construction that is expected to be beneficial for all parties, in this context beneficial for society in general and transgender individuals in particular. An understanding of the principles of balanced human rights is needed to maintain stability in society. An in-depth study of transgender is also needed to understand and to be able to provide effective solutions in handling the transgender phenomenon in Indonesia.  

The narratives of identity politics emerging ahead of the 2024 Elections threaten the unity of Indonesia's pluralistic nation. This research explores how Pancasila can reinvigorate the spirit of unity in the face of this unsettling vortex of identity politics. Employing a qualitative approach, the study investigates Pancasila's role as the unifying thread of diversity in bolstering public accountability and good governance. The findings reveal that identity politics jeopardize social stability and public trust in the government. Therefore, strategic steps are needed to implement Pancasila's values, such as transparency, participation, and non-discriminatory law enforcement. Pancasila must serve as the moral foundation for clean, effective, and integrity-based governance in weaving the nation's diversity. This research recommends revitalizing the understanding of Pancasila and integrating good governance principles into government policies. It is expected to guide Indonesia towards dignified progress by uniting to face global challenges. Are you interested in learning more about how Indonesia can embody the spirit of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika amidst the swirling currents of identity politics?