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Background: Diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five in Indonesia. Household environmental conditions, such as water quality, latrine sanitation, waste management, and environmental cleanliness, are important risk factors influencing the incidence of diarrhea. Darussalam Health Center is one of the working areas with a relatively high number of diarrhea cases among children under five. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and the incidence of diarrhea among children under five in the working area of Darussalam Health Center. Methods: This study employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 120 children under five were selected using purposive sampling based on inclusion criteria. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire and observation of household environmental conditions. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: The incidence of diarrhea among children under five was 32.5%. Environmental factors significantly associated with diarrhea were water quality (p = 0.001; OR = 3.98; 95% CI = 1.82–8.71), latrine sanitation (p = 0.004; OR = 3.21; 95% CI = 1.45–7.09), and waste management (p = 0.012; OR = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.22–5.28). Lighting and home ventilation factors were not significantly related. Conclusion: Environmental factors, particularly water quality, sanitation, and waste management, are strongly associated with the incidence of diarrhea among children under five in the working area of Darussalam Health Center.

Intestinal parasitic infections caused by non-Soil Transmitted Helminths (non-STH), particularly Enterobius vermicularis, remain a public health problem in developing countries, including Indonesia. Transmission does not require soil as a medium but occurs through direct contact, autoinfection, or unclean household environments. In children, infection may cause perianal itching, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, and secondary infections due to scratching, which can affect nutritional status, sleep quality, and overall growth and development. This study was conducted in Kupang City, an endemic area of helminthiasis, to determine the prevalence and risk factors of E. vermicularis infection among children aged 1–5 years. A cross-sectional design with total sampling was applied to 30 children living in RT 008/RW 003, Penfui Timur Village, Kupang Tengah District, from February to May 2025. Risk factor data were collected using structured questionnaires covering personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, socioeconomic status, and parental education. Infection was identified using the scotch tape technique and microscopic examination. The results showed a prevalence of 7% (2 out of 30 children), mainly among boys aged ≥4 years, with poor personal hygiene, inadequate sanitation, low economic status, and parental education at elementary school level or below. In conclusion, enterobiasis in children is influenced by a combination of behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. Prevention should not rely solely on mass deworming programs but also require continuous health education for parents, improved hygiene practices, and household sanitation.

Diarrhea remains a significant health problem among children, especially school-aged students. This study aims to identify factors associated with the occurrence of diarrhea in students. A literature review method was used by analyzing ten relevant scientific articles published within the last five years (2019–2024). Significant factors influencing diarrhea incidence include handwashing habits, environmental sanitation conditions such as availability of latrines and clean water, nutritional status, immunization, and health knowledge. The findings indicate that diarrhea prevention requires a multidimensional approach involving education on healthy behaviors, improvement of sanitation facilities, and family empowerment through nutrition and immunization. These results are expected to serve as a basis for schools, parents, and government in designing effective diarrhea prevention programs for students.

Terminal sanitation plays a crucial role in creating a clean, safe, and comfortable environment for public transportation users. This study aims to describe the sanitation conditions at Jakabaring Terminal, Palembang city, in the year 2025. The research employed a descriptive method with an observational approach. Data were collected through direct observation using a checklist that assessed four aspects of sanitation: environmental hygiene outside the building, hygiene of rooms and structures, sanitation facilities, as well as comfort and safety. The findings show that all four assessed aspects were below the required sanitation standards, with the following percentages: environmental hygiene outside (52%), hygiene of rooms and buildings (66%), anitation facilities (60%), and comfort and safety (57%). The low scores were caused by several factors, including substandard toilet conditions, lack of separated trash bins, inadequate ventilation and lighting, and the absence of first aid kits and fire extinguishers. The study concludes that the sanitation conditions at Jakabaring Terminal do not meet the standards of a healthy terminal. Greater attention and action are required from the terminal management and relevant authorities to improve sanitation quality and ensure user comfort.

This research aims to comprehensively describe and understand the utilization of the SINKARKES system (Ship and Health Information System) in the issuance of the Ship Sanitation Control Exemption Certificate (SSCEC) and the First Aid for Accidents (P3K) Certificate for vessels managed by PT. Surya Samudera Indah Batam. Compliance with ship sanitation and health standards is a mandatory prerequisite for preventing disease spread and ensuring occupational safety in accordance with prevailing regulations. The research methodology employed is field research (field research) to observe direct operational procedures in the field, supplemented by literature review (library research) to strengthen the theoretical and regulatory foundations of the Ministry of Health. The findings indicate that the process of issuing the certificates through SINKARKES begins with agent login access to the official application (sinakarkes.kemkes.go.id) using a registered company account. Subsequently, the agent submits an application for SSCEC and P3K issuance, followed by the completion of data and the uploading of mandatory supporting documents. These documents include the Maritime Health Declaration (MDH), previous SSCC/SSCEC certificates, the P3K certificate, crew list, voyage memo, and the list of last ports of call. Once the documents are verified, the Special Health Quarantine Officer (KarKessus) proceeds to conduct a physical survey onboard the vessel. The main obstacle encountered is poor internet network connectivity in the port area, which often leads to data input failures and double entry errors during certificate printing.

Procedures for Issuing Port Health Quarantine Clearance (PHQC) and Ship Health Book for the MT. Venus Ship at Kuala Tanjung Port by PT. Seroja Jaya Agensi. Every ship entering the port must be in good health, free from disease outbreaks and pests. Issuance of ship health documents is the responsibility of the Health Quarantine Agency (BKK). PT. Seroja Jaya Agensi, as the agency company, acts on behalf of the ship owner in processing ship health documents at Kuala Tanjung Port. This study aims to determine the procedures for issuing Port Health Quarantine Clearance (PHQC) and Ship Health Book for the MT. Venus Ship. The procedure begins with the ship agent submitting an application to the BKK, followed by a sanitation inspection by health officers, issuance of a Certificate of Free Practice (CoP), and recording or issuing the ship health book. These documents are the primary requirements for the ship's clearance process. The research methods used were field research and library research. The results showed that the document issuance procedure involved close coordination between the ship's agent and relevant agencies, and required careful attention to the completeness and validity of the ship's documents.

Environmental sanitation and hygiene are crucial for preventing skin and infectious diseases, especially in coastal areas. This has led to increased interest in developing environmentally friendly natural alternatives. Mangrove leaves have been studied for their significant antibacterial properties due to bioactive compounds such as saponins and flavonoids. Buti Village is one of the coastal villages with mangrove potential. Although several previous studies have confirmed the technical feasibility of mangrove-based products, there is limited literature on empirical dissemination strategies and community responses, particularly in the 3T (Frontier, Outermost, and Disadvantaged) areas. This study addresses this gap by evaluating dissemination strategies and community responses to innovative mangrove-based soap and hand sanitizer products in Buti Village, Merauke, South Papua. Using a quantitative descriptive approach supported by qualitative research, the study involved a purposive sample of 40 local residents. The dissemination strategy included participatory training, product demonstrations, and educational brochures. Findings showed a high level of acceptance, with 86% of respondents accepting the product, and a significant level of self-reliance, with 81% of participants able to independently produce soap and hand sanitizer products. This demonstrates that a participatory, educational, and locally-based approach is effective in building knowledge and positive attitudes toward environmentally friendly innovations. This research demonstrates that these innovations have significant potential to become sustainable community-based small businesses that can strengthen the local economy while promoting mangrove conservation.

Refill Drinking Water Depots (DAMIU) are businesses that provide ready-to-drink drinking water through raw water processing using simple and modern technology. The existence of DAMIU is very important in meeting the community's need for drinking water, but aspects of sanitation hygiene and water quality must remain a primary concern to avoid health risks. This study aims to describe the sanitation hygiene conditions and assess the microbiological quality of refill drinking water at DAMIU in the Indralaya Community Health Center working area in 2025. The study used a descriptive method with a laboratory approach to 27 refill drinking water depots. Data were collected through observations of location conditions, buildings, equipment, and handler hygiene, and laboratory examinations were conducted on raw water and processed water samples. The results showed that the majority of depots (92%) had met the requirements related to location and buildings, while all depots (100%) met the standards for processing equipment. However, drinking water handlers still did not comply with applicable hygiene standards (100%). Only 70% of depots had suitable raw water sources, with 55% using the Sukomoro source, 41% using drilled wells, and 4% using the Dewa Air Prabumulih source. Laboratory tests found that two depots (8%) had raw water that tested positive for Escherichia coli, but all treated water samples met established microbiological standards. Overall, this study concluded that the location, building, and equipment of the Drinking Water Supply Unit (DAMIU) in the Indralaya Community Health Center (Puskesmas) area were satisfactory, but handler hygiene remained a weakness that needed immediate improvement. Furthermore, the physical and chemical quality of the water still required attention, although the microbiological quality met standards.  

The Household Food Industry (IRTP) of pempek in 7 Ulu Subdistrict, Palembang City plays an important role in providing traditional food and supporting the local economy, yet hygiene and sanitation conditions remain a concern due to the risk of foodborne diseases. This study aimed to describe the hygiene and sanitation conditions of pempek processing facilities in IRTPs in 2025. A descriptive cross-sectional design was applied involving 52 food handlers from 19 IRTPs selected through total sampling, with data obtained through observation and interviews using checklists and questionnaires. The majority of food handlers were aged 25–42 years (73%), female (94.2%), and had elementary to junior high school education (67.3%), with most having ≤10 years of work experience (86.5%). All equipment hygiene conditions failed to meet the requirements (100%). Food handlers’ hygiene knowledge was mostly moderate (55.8%), while hygiene principles were fulfilled in 84.2% of IRTPs. In terms of sanitation, only 52.6% of buildings met the standards and 42.1% of sanitation facilities were adequate. In conclusion, hygiene and sanitation conditions in pempek IRTPs in 7 Ulu Subdistrict remain varied, with several key indicators unmet, thus requiring continuous supervision, education, and coaching to improve compliance with health standards.

Low-Income Communities (MBR) often live in Uninhabitable Houses (RTLH) due to financial constraints, which hinder their ability to improve their welfare and meet their basic living needs. The government is responsible for fulfilling the need for Decent Housing (RLH) for the community, which is realized through the Stimulant Assistance for Self-Help Housing (BSPS) program. The BSPS program aims to improve the quality of housing for the community through financial assistance and empowerment. This research was conducted in Belawan Bahari Village, Medan Belawan District, Medan City, which is a coastal area prone to tidal flooding. The main informants in this study were the Chairpersons of Assistance Recipient Groups I and II of the BSPS Program. Additional informants included the Head of Neighborhood Unit XII in Belawan Bahari Village. Key informants consisted of the Commitment Making Officer for Self-Help Housing and RUK, as well as Technical Experts from BSPS who are responsible for the activities and implementation of the BSPS program in Belawan Bahari. Data collection techniques were carried out through literature studies and field studies, including observation, interviews, and documentation. The data obtained in the field were then analyzed qualitatively by the researcher to draw conclusions from the research findings. The results indicated that the BSPS program in Belawan Bahari Village was effective in providing decent housing for aid recipients. This effectiveness was assessed based on program effectiveness indicators determined by Sutrisno, demonstrating success in terms of program understanding, targeting accuracy, timeliness of implementation, achievement of objectives, and tangible changes for aid recipients. Decent housing was evaluated based on building durability, adequacy of living space, access to safe drinking water, proper sanitation, as well as lighting and ventilation.

The management of domestic wastewater remains a major challenge in rural areas, including in Central Tapanuli Regency. Limited community participation, low access to environmental information, and weak institutional support are key factors hindering sustainable sanitation efforts. This study aims to identify and analyze the factors influencing community roles in environmentally friendly wastewater management and to formulate empowerment strategies that align with local characteristics. This research uses a Mixed Methods approach, combining a descriptive quantitative method with multiple linear regression analysis to assess the influence of variable X1 (Knowledge), X2 (Access to Information), and X3 (Institutional Support) on variable Y (Community Role). Quantitative data were collected from 175 respondents using a closed-ended questionnaire, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews and field observations in four villages: Sipeapea, Pandan, Tapian Nauli, and Hutabalang. The results show that all three independent variables have a positive influence on enhancing community roles, with institutional support being the most dominant factor. In addition, qualitative interviews revealed a gap in practical knowledge and a need for stronger cross-sectoral communication. These findings indicate that optimizing community involvement strongly depends on continued education, information transparency, and institutional synergy. This study recommends intervention strategies including community-based sanitation education, the establishment of village environmental information systems, and the integration of waste management programs into regional development planning. These findings are expected to serve as a foundation for more adaptive, contextual, and sustainable environmental policymaking in Central Tapanuli.

Stunting is a nutritional problem caused by prolonged nutritional deficiencies during the critical first 1,000 days of life (HPK). This results in growth disorders in children, resulting in a lower height or shorter stature (dwarfism) than the standard for their age. Objective: To provide information to parents of toddlers about the dangers and impacts of stunting. Nutrition education is one of the main strategies in stunting prevention by providing the community with an understanding of the importance of a healthy diet. This education includes: the importance of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and the provision of appropriate complementary foods (MPASI), the introduction of balanced nutritious foods, especially animal protein, which supports child growth, and good hygiene practices, such as washing hands before eating and maintaining environmental sanitation. The activity was carried out by providing education on stunting prevention to parents of toddlers through outreach in Marente Village, Alas District, Sumbawa Regency. The media used in this activity were leaflets distributed to parents of toddlers. Parental knowledge after receiving the educational materials provided. Parental knowledge increased, a significant increase. Before education, only 25.0% of parents had high knowledge about stunting, while after education, this increased to 77.5%.

This research aims to study and offer solutions to the problem of fruit flies that attack citrus plantations in Gadingkulon Village through the Integrated Pest Control (PHT) approach. Fruit fly attacks have caused significant losses to citrus farmers, so an effective and sustainable control strategy is needed. PHT is implemented by integrating mechanical methods in the form of garden sanitation and yellow trap installation, as well as renewable technology approaches to suppress the population and life cycle of fruit flies. This activity is carried out through the stages of socialization, training, and group discussion forums (FGD) which involve the active participation of farmers as subjects as well as agents of change. This participatory approach aims to improve farmers' understanding and skills in implementing PHT techniques independently and consistently. The results of the activity showed that the combination of mechanical and educational methods was able to significantly reduce the intensity of fruit fly attacks. In addition, the benefits of this program can be reviewed from the economic aspect, in the form of increasing crop yields and farmers' income, as well as the ecological aspect, in the form of reducing the use of chemical pesticides that have a negative impact on the environment. Thus, the implementation of PHT in Gadingkulon Village shows great potential to be replicated in other areas that face similar problems, in order to support sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural development.

Clean water distribution in the Community-Based Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Program (PAMSIMAS) in Kuwasen Lama Village, Gunungpati District, Semarang City, faces the challenge of unequal supply between highland and lowland areas. The main factors that affect these conditions include differences in topography, suboptimal piping network design, and unbalanced water pressure, especially during peak hours. This research proposes a solution based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology using the ESP32 module as a control center, which is integrated with the Blynk application for real-time monitoring and control of the system. The system is equipped with a water flow sensor, water level sensor, motorized valve, and booster pump to increase water pressure in high elevation areas. Two design schemes were tested, namely flow regulation using a motorized valve, and a combination of a motorized valve with a booster pump. The results of the simulation and implementation showed an increase in water pressure stability, equitable distribution, and a decrease in the frequency of supply disruptions. The system also allows for live monitoring of network conditions, facilitates technical decision-making, and improves operational efficiency. With an adaptive and community participation-based approach, this solution has the potential to become a model for PAMSIMAS clean water distribution management that is efficient, sustainable, and responsive to geographical challenges, while strengthening the resilience of clean water services in rural areas.

Central Java Province targets a 16% reduction in stunting by 2023, with the prevalence having been reduced from 31.2% in 2018(Riskesdas, 2018) to 20.8% in 2022 (SSGI). The causes of stunting in Central Java include a lack of knowledge about balanced nutrition, proper parenting, and lack of access to proper drinking water and sanitation. This study aims to determine the implementation of the Central Java Provincial Health Office strategy in reducing stunting rates. The study used a qualitative design with descriptive methods and in-depth interviews, involving samples from the Health Office, TP-PKK, and Head of Puskesmas through snowball sampling techniques. The results showed that implementation at the Puskesmas level has not been optimal, with low community participation. Semarang City has many stunting reduction programs, in contrast to Brebes Regency. The overall provincial target has been achieved, but operational funding constraints hinder optimal program implementation.

Well water is still one of the main sources of daily water supply for the residents of the Candi Muaro Jambi area. The dependence on well water makes it vital for consumption, cooking, and other domestic activities. However, with the increasing human activity, the development of tourist areas, and environmental changes in the surrounding area, the quality of the well water is at risk of being affected. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of well water from an environmental and health perspective based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters, referring to the clean water quality standards set by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The research employs a descriptive quantitative method, with well water samples taken from several points around the residential areas in the Candi Muaro Jambi region. The analyzed parameters include temperature, color, odor, turbidity, pH, nitrate content, metal content (Fe and Mn), and the presence of coliform bacteria. Laboratory test results show that most of the well water samples still meet the established physical and chemical standards, but some wells were found to have coliform levels exceeding the recommended threshold. This condition indicates contamination, most likely from domestic waste, particularly from household sanitation systems that are not ideally located relative to the wells. While the well water in the study area is generally still suitable for daily use, it is recommended that the community performs simple water treatment, such as boiling or filtration, before direct consumption. These measures are crucial to reduce contamination risks and ensure the water's quality for safe consumption and health.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major global health threat, with severe impacts in developing countries due to weak health systems, poor regulation, and low sanitation standards. This review summarizes 12 studies from Asia and Africa on AMR’s clinical, social, economic, and environmental effects. AMR leads to first-line treatment failure, prolonged hospital stays, increased morbidity and mortality, and necessitates costly, toxic last-line antibiotics. Economic consequences include higher treatment costs, productivity loss, and poverty risk from high medical expenses. Environmental contributors such as contamination from medical waste, livestock, and the food industry accelerate resistant bacteria spread. Effective control requires integrated strategies, including Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) based on AWaRe classification, laboratory strengthening, One Health approaches, public education, strict antibiotic distribution regulations, and cross-sector monitoring. These measures aim to curb AMR progression and reduce health burdens in developing nations. The rise of AMR further complicates healthcare delivery in countries already struggling with limited resources and underfunded healthcare systems. The growing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) organisms threatens the effectiveness of current medical treatments, including those for common infections such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. Infections that were once easily treatable with antibiotics are now leading to longer and more complicated hospitalizations, greater healthcare costs, and higher death rates. Additionally, the lack of access to newer, more effective antibiotics and diagnostic tools makes managing resistant infections in these regions even more challenging. Environmental factors, particularly contamination from healthcare facilities and agricultural practices, play a key role in the proliferation of resistant pathogens.  

Jati Larangan Park in Iroyudan Hamlet, Bantul Regency, is a community-based tourism area with historical, cultural, and natural potential. Despite its appeal as a religious and outdoor tourism destination, the park experienced a decline in activity following the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze community perceptions of the development of Jati Larangan Park to support participatory and sustainable tourism development strategies. The research method used a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The results indicate that the community has a positive perception of the park because it is considered capable of providing economic, social, and cultural benefits. Youth groups, MSMEs, and the general public recognize the importance of this tourism revival, although management is still hampered by human resources, weak institutional structures of the Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis), and a lack of digital literacy for the promotion and marketing of local products. Community involvement is reflected in the spirit of mutual cooperation and the desire to revitalize the park through various tourism activities. However, a more systematic strategy is still needed in terms of institutional strengthening, youth empowerment, MSME capacity development, and digital promotion. With a Community-Based Tourism (CBT) approach, Jati Larangan Park has the potential to become a leading destination in Bantul with collaborative and sustainable management. In addition to social and economic aspects, the development of Jati Larangan Park must also consider environmental and spatial planning dimensions. Currently, parts of the park are poorly managed, with a lack of sanitation facilities, information boards, and accessible tourist routes for the elderly and people with disabilities. This presents a challenge in realizing an inclusive and comfortable destination.

Bulian coconut chips are a typical Jambi food made from dried and fried old coconuts. The traditional production method and inadequate hygiene standards make this product susceptible to microbial contamination, especially harmful bacteria. This study aims to identify the types of bacteria that may be present in Bulian coconut chips using culture and Gram staining methods as the initial step for morphological identification. Samples were taken from three local producers in Bulian District, Batanghari Regency, Jambi. Testing was carried out by serial dilutions up to 10⁻⁴, then planted on Nutrient Agar (NA) media and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. The colonies that grew were then observed morphologically and Gram staining was performed using a modified method without alcohol. The results showed the presence of various colonies with cream, white, and pale yellow colors. Based on the results of Gram staining, bacilli and cocci were found, which were included in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative categories. The types of bacteria suspected to appear include Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., and possibly Escherichia coli. These findings indicate a risk of microbial contamination that could endanger consumer health, especially if the production process is not improved. Strict hygiene and sanitation principles are strongly recommended in the processing of this traditional food to ensure the product remains safe for consumption. The importance of implementing hygienic standards in the production of Bulian coconut chips is further emphasized by these findings. In addition to improving food safety, implementing proper sanitation procedures can also extend the product's shelf life and increase consumer confidence in local traditional foods. Efforts such as training local producers, using clean equipment, and hygienic packaging can help minimize the risk of bacterial contamination.

Loyang Dogan cake is a traditional Indonesian food commonly sold in markets without the use of modern preservation methods, making it susceptible to microbial contamination. This food is often produced and sold in conditions that may affect its quality and safety. Therefore, this study aims to provide a scientific overview of the potential microbial contamination in Loyang Dogan cakes and its benefits as an educational foundation for both producers and consumers regarding the importance of food hygiene. The focus of this research is to identify bacterial colony growth in Loyang Dogan cakes through microbiological culture tests. The method used in this study involves inoculation, starting with the dilution of the sample using sterile solutions, followed by inoculation onto a Nutrient Agar (NA) medium that has been solidified. The samples are then incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. After the incubation period, the growing colonies are observed and the number and morphological characteristics are recorded. The results show bacterial colony growth in all tested samples, with differences in the number and shape of the colonies depending on the sample source. The bacterial colonies generally appear white, cream, or yellowish, round, smooth, and vary in size. These findings indicate that Loyang Dogan cakes have the potential to be contaminated with microbes during the production and sale process, posing risks to the quality and safety of consumption. Based on the results, it is concluded that improvements in sanitation and food handling practices for traditional products like Loyang Dogan are necessary to ensure their safety for public consumption. Therefore, educating producers and consumers about food hygiene is crucial to raising awareness of the importance of maintaining food quality and safety.