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This research aimed to revitalize Mosau' Dance, a nearly extinct traditional dance from Bolaang Mongondow, through the creation of a new work entitled Sinungkudan Dance. Mosau' Dance is a celebratory dance of post-war warriors whose existence is currently fading in the Bolaang Mongondow region due to a lack of regeneration and the influence of modernization. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a focus on choreographic analysis. The revitalization process was carried out through four stages: exploration, reconstruction, reinterpretation, and reactualization. The results indicate that revitalization through the creation of Sinungkudan Dance successfully provided a "new breath" for the local tradition of Bolaang Mongondow. Choreographically. Sinungkudan Dance consisted of eight movement variations, combining three original Mosau' movement motifs (such as joyful leaps) with five newly created movements that depicted narratives of warrior life (Bogani), ranging from weapon sharpening and physical training to the atmosphere of warfare. The choreographic structure was supported by nine symbolic floor patterns, the use of the tungkudon (spear) as a prop, and digital musical accompaniment that blended traditional rhythms with modern instruments such as the flute and snare drum. In conclusion, through more visually and kinetically attractive innovations, the values of leadership and resilience embodied in Mosau' Dance were able to be transmitted to younger generations as a proud cultural identity for the people of Bolaang Mongondow.

Modern conflict has evolved into the cyber domain as part of hybrid warfare, demanding a reinterpretation of the Sishankamrata (Total People's Defense and Security System) doctrine to encompass the digital realm. This study aims to analyze the integration of cyber defense into the Sishankamrata framework using a literature review and comparative analysis with the cyber defense strategies of the United States, Estonia, and Singapore. The results indicate that the implementation of Sishankamrata in the cyber domain faces challenges regarding inter-institutional synergy and unclear operational roles for the Reserve and Support Components. Based on the comparative analysis, Estonia's Cyber Defence Unit model and Singapore's Digital Defence pillar are identified as the most effective blueprints for Indonesia to mobilize civilian experts and enhance social resilience. This study recommends that the government formalize "Digital Defense" as an integral pillar of Sishankamrata, establish a Cyber Reserve Component consisting of expert civilian volunteers, and strengthen legal frameworks and public digital literacy as a form of state defense

This study examines the dynamics of public criticism of Shin Tae-yong's dismissal by PSSI as a phenomenon of digital communication that shows the tension between freedom of expression and the legal limits of hate speech. The background of this research stems from the intensity of netizens' reactions, which developed into collective moral pressure and had the potential to enter the realm of insults and hostility, as reflected in various comments, news reports, and verbal disputes involving public figures. This study aims to analyze how criticism, media framing, and netizen responses interact with the regulations of the ITE Law, particularly Article 28 paragraph (2), which is often used in reporting hate speech. The methods used are a normative juridical approach and case studies with document analysis, news reports, and academic literature techniques to identify patterns of digital expression and their legal relevance. The results of the study show that public criticism of Shin Tae-yong not only reflects performance evaluation, but also contains emotional, social identity, and moral dimensions that are reinforced by media framing and digital culture. The discussion confirms that the shift from criticism to hate speech occurs when public expression is not managed ethically, while law enforcement on hate speech articles still faces interpretation problems. In conclusion, this verbal dispute reflects the complexity of Indonesia's digital democracy and the urgency of legal reform

Contemporary Islamic law faces complex challenges in responding to rapid social change while maintaining fidelity to authoritative religious texts. This article examines the tension and interaction between textual authority (the Quran, Sunnah, ijma’, and qiyas) and the dynamics of modern socio-cultural, political, and technological developments. Using qualitative library research, this study analyzes classical and contemporary Islamic legal thought, including maqaṣid al-shariah, ijtihad, and contextual interpretation. The findings indicate that Islamic law possesses inherent flexibility through its methodological tools, enabling adaptation without undermining its normative foundations. However, challenges arise from rigid textualism, politicization of Islamic law, and epistemological gaps between tradition and modernity. This study concludes that a balanced approach integrating textual fidelity and contextual responsiveness is essential for the relevance of Islamic law in contemporary society.

The untimely formation of government regulations on the delegation of laws is still a serious problem in the practice of forming laws and regulations in Indonesia. It was recorded that from 2021 to 2023 there were 16 government regulations that were formed late, which shows that there are problems in the follow-up mechanism for legislation delegations. The author analyzes whether the government has a legal obligation in the timeliness of the formation of government regulations as implementing rules. In addition, this study also examines the juridical and practical implications of the law if a delegated government regulation is formed late. The data used are quantitative and supported by doctrinal research methods through the analysis of laws and regulations, expert opinions, and related legal literature. The results of the study show that the government has a legal obligation to form government regulations in a timely manner. The delay in the formation of government regulations has an impact on disrupting the effectiveness of the implementation of the law and causes some provisions to not be implemented optimally because the implementing instruments are not yet available according to the specified deadline. In addition, these delays have the potential to cause legal uncertainty for the public, law enforcement officials, and policy implementing agencies. The vacuum of implementing rules can also trigger differences in interpretation, hinder policy implementation, and increase the risk of legal disputes. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of stricter monitoring and evaluation mechanisms against the deadline for the formation of government regulations to ensure legal certainty and regulatory effectiveness.

Health anxiety is a psychological condition characterized by excessive and persistent worry about having or developing a serious illness despite the absence of objective medical evidence. Among adolescents, health anxiety often manifests through recurrent somatic complaints that lead to repeated visits to primary health care services. This study aims to describe the dynamics of health anxiety in an adolescent and to examine the early response to a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) intervention delivered in a primary health care setting. This research employed a clinical case study design with a descriptive qualitative approach supported by quantitative assessment data. The participant was an adolescent presenting with recurrent physical complaints without identifiable medical pathology. Data were collected through clinical interviews, behavioral observation, and standardized psychological instruments, namely the Short Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI-18) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15). Quantitative analysis focused on pre- and post-intervention score comparison, calculation of change scores, and the Reliable Change Index to evaluate individual-level change. The findings revealed a high level of health anxiety accompanied by low severity of somatic symptoms, indicating that psychological distress was primarily driven by maladaptive cognitive interpretations rather than physical pathology. Following the CBT intervention, a reduction in health anxiety scores was observed, reflecting an early improvement, although the change did not reach statistical significance based on the Reliable Change Index. These results suggest that CBT may produce meaningful early changes in health anxiety when implemented in primary health care settings, even with brief intervention formats. The study highlights the importance of early psychological assessment and intervention for adolescents with recurrent somatic complaints and supports the integration of mental health services within primary health care. However, findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the single-case design, and further research with larger samples and longitudinal follow-up is recommended

This study reinterprets Kakawin Panca Dharma through Carl Gustav Jung’s analytical psychology, viewing kalepasan (liberation) as a symbolic manifestation of the poet’s (kawi’s) inner transformation through the process of individuation. While previous studies have treated Kakawin Panca Dharma as a theological or ethical text, this paper argues that the discourse of kalepasan reflects archetypal structures of the psyche—shadow, anima, and Self—within the creative process of the kawi-wiku. Through a qualitative hermeneutic method integrating philological reading and Jungian symbolic interpretation, this research uncovers how motifs of silence (sunya), detachment (putus), and purification (wimala) embody stages of psychological transformation. The findings reveal that Kakawin Panca Dharma serves as a “temple of language,” where poetic creation functions as an act of active imagination, integrating conscious and unconscious dimensions of the self. Liberation thus signifies not only spiritual transcendence but psychological wholeness—the realization of the Self archetype.  

This study aims to analyze consumer purchasing behavior on e-commerce platforms using the Decision Tree algorithm as an easily interpretable classification method. The dataset used consists of 12,330 transaction records with 18 attributes representing visitor characteristics and user activities during interactions with the e-commerce platform. The research stages include data exploration to identify initial patterns, data preprocessing to handle missing values and class imbalance, splitting the data into training and testing sets, training the Decision Tree model, evaluating model performance, and visualizing the tree structure to analyze decision rules.The test results show that the Decision Tree model with a maximum depth of 3 achieves fairly good performance, with an average accuracy of 89.78%, precision of 69.82%, recall of 59.95%, and an F1-score of 64.51% for the buyer class. The visualization of the decision tree provides clear interpretation of the main attributes influencing purchasing decisions, thereby facilitating understanding for non-technical decision makers. Overall, this study demonstrates that the Decision Tree method is effective in modeling consumer purchasing behavior in e-commerce and can be utilized as a basis for data-driven business decision making, particularly in marketing strategies and improving sales conversion rates.

This study aims to describe in detail the implementation of the SMART-TENDIK PAUD innovation as a model for managing educators and educational personnel based on reflection, collaboration, and the use of simple technology, as well as to analyze its impact on improving teacher professionalism in early childhood education settings. This study employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method to explore relevant theories and previous research findings. Data collection techniques include document analysis and systematic online searches from various credible academic sources. Data analysis is conducted through the stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing to ensure comprehensive and accurate interpretation. The results indicate that the implementation of SMART-TENDIK PAUD enhances teachers’ reflective awareness, strengthens collaboration through active participation in learning communities, and improves the effectiveness of educational personnel management through the practical use of simple and accessible technology. Furthermore, this innovation contributes significantly to improving the quality of learning, making it more creative, adaptive, and innovative. Therefore, SMART-TENDIK PAUD can serve as an alternative model of effective, applicable, and sustainable management innovation in enhancing the professionalism of early childhood education teachers.

This study aims to analyze the legal status of jointly managed social media accounts within the framework of marital property in Indonesia. The growth of the digital creative economy has transformed social media accounts into productive assets with economic value, yet Indonesian civil law has not provided legal certainty regarding their ownership status following divorce or death. The research method employed is normative legal research with a comparative legal approach. The results indicate a regulatory void in Law Number 1 of 1974, which remains oriented toward physical objects, while digital accounts are often regarded as personal rights tied to the registered individual. Conversely, digital regulations in the European Union, through the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the concept of digital estate, have begun to accommodate the continuity of access and management of digital assets for relevant parties. The discussion emphasizes the need for a redefinition of assets in Indonesian family law that synchronizes privacy rights with economic rights. In conclusion, productive social media accounts should be qualified as marital property through progressive interpretation or prenuptial agreements. This study recommends the synchronization of personal data protection regulations and marriage law to ensure distributive justice for couples in the digital economy era.

This article analyzes the application of the hierarchy of norms in the decisions of the Constitutional Court concerning Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health using the perspective of Hans Kelsen’s Stufenbau theory. The enactment of the Health Law has generated significant legal debate and several constitutional review petitions submitted to the Constitutional Court, raising questions about the consistency between statutory norms and constitutional principles. This study aims to examine how the Constitutional Court applies the principle of hierarchical norms in reviewing the constitutionality of the Health Law and to assess the relevance of Stufenbau theory in explaining the interpretation of legal norms in constitutional adjudication. This research employs a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary legal materials consist of the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, and relevant Constitutional Court decisions, supported by secondary legal materials from academic literature and legal studies. The findings show that the Constitutional Court consistently positions the 1945 Constitution as the highest norm within the Indonesian legal system and uses the hierarchy of norms as the basis for evaluating the validity of statutory provisions. The Court maintains the legal force of the Health Law when no normative conflict with the Constitution is identified, while in certain cases it provides constitutional interpretation to ensure the compatibility of statutory norms with constitutional principles. This study demonstrates that Stufenbau theory remains relevant as an analytical framework for understanding the hierarchical structure of legal norms and the operation of constitutional review within the Indonesian legal system.

In article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 that in the process of termination of employment, employers and permanent workers must carry out their respective obligations, employers can carry out suspension actions and still pay wages and other rights, but in reality employers rarely apply article 157A. The purpose of the research is to analyze the Implementation, Obstacles and Efforts on Workers' Rights in Wage Payment During the Termination of Employment Process at Palm Oil Company in Siak Regency. This type of research is Sociological legal research. In this research, three approaches are used, namely the legislative approach and the data source case approach using primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique used is primary data through interviews and questionnaires. The conclusion of this study is the legal protection of workers' rights during the termination of employment by the company through the settlement of industrial relations disputes in which there are various interpretations regarding the wage process. Article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 states that the responsibility of employers and workers remains valid until the industrial relations dispute settlement agency makes a decision. The implementation in the process of termination of employment is that workers are no longer allowed to work by the company but do not carry out suspension actions, but there are many companies that do not carry out things regulated by law. With the existence of multi-interpretation regulations on wages, the process provides uncertainty for workers, as well as in the interim decision submitted by the worker/plaintiff which is rejected by the judge which is clear that the worker can prove that the employer does not carry out his obligations as it should.

This study aims to identify students' learning obstacles in the process of understanding one-variable linear equations in grade VII, develop an appropriate learning trajectory using a Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) approach, and produce an effective learning design to reduce these obstacles through generative models. The research adopts a design research methodology consisting of three main stages. The first stage, preparation for the experiment, includes a literature review and analysis of teachers’ instructional practices to develop a Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) for one-variable linear equations. The second stage, design experiment, involves testing the designed learning activities through a pilot experiment and teaching experiment. The third stage, retrospective analysis, compares actual classroom observations with the initial HLT to refine and validate the learning trajectory. The research subjects include seven grade VII students in the pilot experiment and 44 students from SMP Negeri 2 Mataram in the teaching experiment. Data collection methods include tests, observations, interviews, and documentation, with retrospective analysis used to generate a validated Local Learning Trajectory (LLT). The findings reveal several epistemological obstacles experienced by students, such as difficulties in applying fundamental arithmetic concepts (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) within the context of linear equations. Students also struggled with concept recognition, representation, and interpretation of linear equations in various forms. The developed LLT proved effective, as students demonstrated improved understanding and were able to follow the learning sequence meaningfully. Retrospective analysis confirmed that the LLT successfully addressed and reduced students’ learning obstacles in mastering one-variable linear equations.

Social protection programs in Indonesia play a strategic role in poverty alleviation and supporting economic development. One form of social protection implementation at the regional level is the Depok Prosperity Card (KDS) Program, implemented by the Depok City Government as a means of ensuring food security for underprivileged communities. However, the program's implementation has been deemed incompletely transparent and poorly targeted, as expressed by several members of the Depok City Council (DPRD). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the implementation of the city's food security policy through the Depok Sejahtera Card Program in Tanah Baru Village, Depok City. This study uses Charles O. Jones's policy implementation theory, which encompasses three main indicators: organization, interpretation, and implementation. The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The results indicate that, from an organizational perspective, the Depok Sejahtera Card Program has been implemented quite well, characterized by a clear division of tasks among relevant stakeholders. From an interpretive perspective, the program has a strong legal basis through Depok Mayor Regulation Number 79 of 2022 and aims to reduce poverty. However, various obstacles remain in the implementation aspect, resulting in program implementation not being optimal and efficient. Nevertheless, the program is considered beneficial for recipient communities, although an increase in the amount of assistance is still needed to meet food needs for a period of one month.

The increasing use of Learning Management Systems (LMS) in higher education generates large amounts of student activity data that have the potential to provide deeper insights into learning processes. However, in practice, these data are still rarely analyzed systematically to understand variations in students’ learning activity patterns, limiting their practical use in supporting teaching and learning. This study aims to explore students’ learning activity patterns in an LMS using a clustering approach based on activity data.This research utilizes the publicly available Open University Learning Analytics Dataset (OULAD), focusing on a single course and a single academic term. LMS activity data were processed through data cleaning and feature extraction, followed by student clustering using the K-Means algorithm. The quality of the clustering results was evaluated using the Silhouette Score, and visual analysis was applied to support the interpretation of the results.The results indicate that students’ learning activities can be grouped into two main patterns, namely a group of students with high learning activity and a group with lower or moderate activity levels. These findings highlight the existence of heterogeneous learning behaviors among students, even within the same learning context.The identified learning activity patterns provide an initial foundation for utilizing LMS data to monitor student engagement and to support the development of more responsive, data-driven learning approaches in higher education.

Criminal responsibility is constructed through the elements of homicide offences, the assessment of mens rea, accomplice liability, and sentencing rationality grounded in individual culpability. In judicial practice, however, cases involving the killing of women are frequently framed at the outset through the labels of “honour” or “intimate relationship,” leading honour killing and intimate partner femicide to be treated as interchangeable categories. This practice shifts the assessment of intent toward the perpetrator’s narrated motive and narrows accountability to the last physical actor. This research aims to formulate, first, legal criteria and evidentiary indicators for distinguishing the two categories through a staged judicial classification test, and second, to assess the implications of such classification for the construction of intent, the attribution of responsibility to non-executing actors, and sentencing rationality through disciplined reason-giving. The study employs a normative legal method with a conceptual approach, based on library research of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings demonstrate that the core deficiency lies in the absence of an operational classification device, allowing honour narratives to displace structured mens rea analysis and to obscure the causal contributions of non-executors. The article proposes working definitions and a stepwise indicator-based test—focusing on the presence of determinative social pressure or sanctioning, provable role allocation within perpetrator networks, and prior threats framed in terms of honour restoration—and links these indicators to concrete doctrinal consequences for intent, accomplice liability, and sentencing. Through this framework, judicial reasoning is redirected from label-driven interpretation toward accountability, while restraining the use of honour as a mitigating rationale and preventing femicide patterns from being concealed by reputational narratives.

The rapid expansion of digital media use has intensified the practice of cyberbullying as a form of non-physical violence that seriously affects victims’ mental health, dignity, and human rights. In Indonesia, cyberbullying is not specifically regulated and still relies on general provisions in the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions (EIT Law), which often lead to multiple interpretations, overcriminalization, and potential restrictions on freedom of expression. This article aims to analyze the urgency of establishing a specific criminal offense for cyberbullying within the framework of human rights protection and the principle of proportionality in limiting freedom of expression in the digital sphere. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches to regulations in several countries. The findings indicate that the absence of specific norms on cyberbullying creates legal uncertainty and weakens victim protection while also opening opportunities for the misuse of legal provisions against legitimate expression. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate clear, proportional, and victim-oriented criminal regulations, supported by fair and transparent law enforcement mechanisms that are consistent with human rights principles in the digital era.

Students of vocational high schools are required to write an internship report as a form of accountability for completing their industrial training. However, various language errors are still found in students’ PKL reports. This study aims to describe and analyze morphological errors in the PKL reports of vocational high school students majoring in Electronics Engineering. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using document analysis. A total of 223 PKL reports were written by all students of SMK Negeri 3 Yogyakarta in 2025. The research data consisted of 25 PKL reports from students of the Electronics Engineering major selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of identification, classification, description, quantification, and interpretation of morphological errors, with data validity ensured through theoretical triangulation. The results show that 286 morphological errors were identified, consisting of prefix errors (96), suffix errors (52), confix errors (41), reduplication errors (28), compound word errors (34), and base-form errors (35). Prefix errors were the most dominant type, accounting for 33.6% of all errors. These findings indicate that students still experience difficulties in applying affixation rules and forming standard words in formal written language. Such errors are influenced by interference from spoken language and the technical language used in the workplace. This study highlights the importance of structured and contextual morphology instruction to improve the quality of vocational students’ PKL report writing.

This study examines the Ka’Bawakng dance as a cultural–religious expression of the Dayak Kanayatn community that has undergone a deepening of meaning through inculturation within Catholic liturgy. Originating in the Baliatn ritual, Ka’Bawakng dance initially functioned as a medium of healing and cosmological communication that affirmed the interconnectedness of human beings, nature, and Jubata. In its encounter with the Catholic faith, the dance was incorporated into the Eucharistic celebration as an offertory dance through symbolic reinterpretation grounded in the principles of inculturation articulated by the Second Vatican Council. This research employs a hermeneutical approach using participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentary study, analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings indicate that Ka’Bawakng dance is not treated as a merely decorative liturgical element, but is understood as a language of prayer engaging the body, cultural memory, and the spirituality of the faithful. This integration deepens liturgical participation, strengthens the religious–cultural identity of the Dayak Kanayatn community, and creates a constructive space for dialogue between ancestral traditions and Christian faith. Nevertheless, sustaining the inculturation of Ka’Bawakng dance requires ongoing pastoral accompaniment to ensure fidelity to Church liturgical norms while respecting local cultural values.

Skin aging is a natural process that cannot be avoided, but it can be slowed down through proper skin care. The use of natural face masks is one of the safe, affordable, and relatively non-invasive treatment alternatives without long-term side effects. The bandotan plant (Ageratum conyzoides L.) is a weed that grows wild in the Cemani Village area, Sukoharjo Regency. Although often considered worthless, this plant actually contains active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins that have the potential to be antioxidants. Therefore, this service activity aims to provide counseling and training to the people of Cemani Village regarding the manufacture of face masks made from bandotan plants. This program is carried out with several procedural stages, starting from the interpretation of problems on the land, followed by the preparation of the timeline for the implementation of activities, then counseling and ending with a workshop session on the procedure for making antiaging masks for bandotan herbs. The program ended with an assessment of the evaluation of the activities. This activity was attended by 20 participants of the Cemani village PKK mobilization team. Based on the pretest and posttest scores, there was an increase in public knowledge about the program carried out with an average of 80 pretests and an increase in the average percentage of posttest scores up to 95.83. In the assessment of the questionnaire, public satisfaction with the implementation of the activity was classified as very satisfied with a score of 92.67.