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The debate surrounding the inclusion of law enforcement agencies in the structure of Danantara has become a hotly debated discourse among the public because it is considered an attempt to minimize the duties and authority of law enforcement agencies in conducting oversight. Based on a review of the concept of separation of powers and the principle of checks and balances and the concept of COI, it can be said that the inclusion of law enforcement agencies in the structure of Danantara does not have a clear urgency because in fact, without being included as Danantara's oversight and accountability committee, the police and the prosecutor's office as law enforcement agencies should be able to carry out their duties properly in terms of overseeing Danantara. In fact, being involved in Danantara will further dwarf the functions of the police and prosecutor's office because they are easily involved in organizational conflicts of interest, which has become a disease of this nation. The inclusion of the prosecutor's office and the police as oversight and accountability committees also oversteps the legal instruments that provide the legal umbrella for the existence of these two institutions. The inclusion of law enforcement agencies in Danantara's structure could also create an imbalance of power. The government argues as if the inclusion of the police and prosecutor's office as Danantara's oversight and accountability committees strengthens the commitment to accountable and transparent management of state assets and maintains balance and control over Danantara.

The policy proposal by the West Java Provincial Government to introduce mandatory military training for problematic students has sparked public debate concerning its legality, effectiveness, and the state’s approach to addressing juvenile delinquency. This paper analyzes the policy from a legal perspective, particularly in relation to human rights law and the principles embedded in the national education system. Using a normative juridical method with a conceptual and statutory approach, the study finds that the policy potentially violates children's rights, as well as the principles of non-discrimination and fairness in education. Moreover, the coercive approach through military training is deemed incompatible with the spirit of character development, which should be humanistic and participatory. The paper recommends that interventions for problematic students should focus on value-based education, counseling, and empowerment, rather than militarization. Public policy should ensure the protection of children's rights while upholding the principles of proportionality and appropriateness in disciplinary measures.    

Gender identity is part of human existence in society. In Indonesia, the diversity of gender identities other than male and female, such as waria (male and female), often causes social and cultural debates. Waria are a group that are biologically born as men but express themselves as women, both in appearance and behavior. The acceptance of waria in society is not uniform. On the one hand, some people show a tolerant attitude, especially in urban areas that are more open to diversity. On the other hand, negative stigmas against waria are still widely found, which are affected by their limited access to education, work, health services, and public spaces in general. This study uses a qualitative research type. The subjects of this study are waria in Jember City. In this study, researchers use qualitative methods in collecting data by conducting direct observations to obtain data by writing, recording and explaining what is happening to get the right information. In this study, the phenomenological method was also used by searching for data through face-to-face interviews with informants and meeting the agreed informants.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) face complex challenges in competing in the global market, where innovative marketing strategies such as experiential marketing are believed to increase brand awareness and consumer loyalty. However, its effectiveness is still debated due to inconsistent findings and the lack of holistic studies that combine quantitative-qualitative approaches. This study aims to analyse the influence of the five dimensions of experiential marketing (Schmitt, 1999) on brand awareness and consumer loyalty of global MSMEs, while exploring the challenges of its implementation. A mixed-methods explanatory sequential design method was used, with quantitative SEM analysis (AMOS 28.0) on 250 global consumers and in-depth interviews with 15 MSME players. Results show the feel (β = 0.48, p < 0.001) and relate (β = 0.35, p = 0.002) dimensions have a significant effect on increasing brand awareness, which acts as a full mediator towards loyalty (indirect effect: β = 0.29, p < 0.01). Qualitative findings revealed cultural adaptation and resource allocation as keys to success. This research provides theoretical contributions by extending Schmitt's (1999) model through the integration of brand awareness as a mediator, as well as practical implications in the form of recommendations for glocalisation strategies and the use of AR/VR technology for MSMEs.

In handling corruption crimes, prosecutors can act as investigators and also as public prosecutors, so their role in eradicating corruption crimes by means of a penalty is very dominant, by means of a penalty meaning eradication of criminal acts by using criminal law in handling them. Until now, there are still many corruption cases whose investigations are carried out by prosecutors. However, there are different opinions regarding whether prosecutors have the actual authority as investigators of corruption crimes. This issue has emerged long before the Corruption Eradication Commission was established, especially after the Criminal Procedure Code was enacted, and the debate continues to this day.

This study aims to explore innovative learning strategies in fostering students' critical thinking skills. Critical thinking skills are increasingly essential in today’s complex and challenging era. Approaches such as Problem-Based Learning (PBL), Project-Based Learning (PjBL), as well as open discussions and debates, are capable of encouraging students to think analytically, logically, and reflectively. These strategies emphasize the active role of students in the learning process—not merely as recipients of information, but also as seekers and processors of knowledge. Teachers serve as facilitators who create a learning environment that supports exploration and problem-solving. The evaluation of critical thinking skills is conducted through instruments such as rubrics, Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions, and analytical essay tests, which allow for an in-depth assessment of students' abilities. The findings show that innovative learning is more effective than conventional methods in developing critical thinking skills. Therefore, these strategies are worth implementing widely in the education system to prepare students to face future challenges critically, creatively, and adaptively.

The in dubio pro reo principle is a fundamental principle in criminal law that states that if there is doubt in the proof of a case, then the decision must be taken in favor of the defendant. The application of this principle is particularly crucial in rape and murder cases, where the legal consequences faced by the accused are severe. However, the use of this principle often causes debate because it can have an impact on the sense of justice for victims and society. This research uses a normative qualitative method with a normative juridical approach to analyze laws and regulations, legal doctrines, and court decisions related to the application of the in dubio pro reo principle. Data was collected through literature study by analyzing relevant court decisions. The results showed that the application of this principle is based on the negatief wettelijk evidentiary system, which requires a minimum of two valid pieces of evidence and the judge's conviction to impose a sentence. However, in practice, the difficulty of proof in rape and murder cases can lead to the defendant being acquitted despite indications of guilt. Therefore, the balance between the protection of the defendant's rights and justice for the victim must be considered in the application of this principle.

Christology is the theological study of the person, nature, and work of Jesus Christ. This paper traces the development of Christology from the first century to the fifth century, highlighting the theological dynamics that took place in the early church. In the first century, Christology was based on the teachings of the apostles and the New Testament writings, with the main debate being over the humanity and divinity of Christ. The second and third centuries were characterized by the emergence of various theological schools, such as Gnosticism, Docetism, and Monarchianism, which prompted the church to affirm orthodox teachings. In the fourth century, the Council of Nicea (325 AD) and the Council of Constantinople (381 AD) played an important role in rejecting Arianism and affirming the oneness of Christ's essence with the Father. The fifth century witnessed more complex Christological debates, culminating in the Council of Ephesus (431 AD) and the Council of Chalcedon (451 AD), which established that Christ has two natures divine and human in one undivided person. This research confirms that the development of Christology in the first five centuries provided the foundation for Christian doctrine that continues to influence theological thought today.

The issuance of Perppu Number 2 of 2022 has led to various dynamic debates within society. The government's actions have shown attempts to "circumvent" Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 and even eliminate the legislative role in the process of amending laws. Autocratic legalism is a situation where the law is utilized as a tool by the rulers (whether executive, legislative, judicial, or a combination thereof) to legitimize their actions in accumulating and consolidating power under the guise of law. The research findings indicate that the consequences of the issuance of Perppu Number 2 of 2022 include the violation of the legislative drafting grace period, failing to resolve legal uncertainties, and being considered non-aspirational, non-participatory, and non-transparent in its formation.

The phenomenon of sea fencing in Tangerang's coastal areas has sparked various debates from legal, social and environmental perspectives. This action raises questions regarding compliance with the principles of international law of the sea, particularly the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which regulates public access rights to waters. In the context of national law, regulations such as Law No. 32/2014 on Maritime Affairs and Law No. 1/2014 on the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands emphasize that public access to the sea must be managed in a fair and sustainable manner. This research aims to examine the juridical aspects of sea fencing using the approaches of international law of the sea and Indonesian national law. The method used is a literature study by analyzing various legal sources, scientific journals, and similar case studies in other countries. Descriptive-analytical analysis was conducted to assess the conformity of sea fencing with UNCLOS principles as well as its impact on the rights of coastal communities and the environment. The results of the study show that sea fencing in coastal Tangerang has the potential to violate the principles of UNCLOS 1982 and harm coastal communities who depend on the sea as a source of life. In addition, this action also risks causing ecological impacts that can disrupt the balance of the coastal environment. Therefore, stricter regulations and effective supervision are needed to ensure that marine area utilization policies remain in line with international and national law and do not harm the public interest.

During the time of Rasulullah SAW, Muslims did not need certain rules in understanding sharia law. After the spread of Futuhat Islamiyah, Arab Muslims interacted a lot with other nations who had different languages. On the other hand, the need for ijtihad is very urgent, because there are many new problems that have never occurred before and require clarity in fiqh law. So two large madrasahs emerged that reflected their ijtihad method - the Ahlir-ra'yi Madrasah used more qiyas (analogies) to generate heated debates, thus making the ulama feel the need to create written regulations that were recorded as common law in uniting these two madrasas. The hadith about being more careful in giving fatwas and qiyas gave rise to heated debate, making the ulama feel the need to make written rules which were recorded as joint laws in uniting the two madrasas. Imam Syafi'i was the first person to write a book about ushul fiqh-Imam Syafii was a great mufti of the Muslim community who was also the founder of the Syafi'i school, developing his school in Baghdad. Ushul fiqh is the postulates of fiqh which are global in nature - The object of the discussion is to study the postulates which are still of a general nature seen from their general legal provisions and the ultimate aim of studying them is to protect the Islamic religion from deviations and misuse of the postulates of the Shari'a, so that misleading carelessness does not occur.

The CRISPR-Cas9 technique is a contemporary technology that has transformed the process of genetic modification, allowing scientists to target genomes in living organisms with precision and simplicity. Numerous practical applications of significant importance, including the introduction of new genes into living cells, are facilitated by the CRISPR-Cas9 system's advanced level of gene targeting, precision, and simplicity of use. An enigmatic process involving repeated DNA sequences in E. coli initiated the emergence of this CRISPR-Cas9 mechanism. After observing this phenomenon in bacteria, scientists initiated an investigation into its function. It was noted that E. coli employs it as a self-defence mechanism against bacteriophage attacks and plasmids. CRISPR-Cas9, a novel method for genetic modification, was created as a result of this investigation. This system has been re-engineered by scientists to be more broadly applicable, allowing for the modification of the genetic code of virtually any organism, surpassing the scope of self-defence. The CRISPR-Cas9 system-based gene editing mechanisms have the potential to produce substantial results that were previously difficult to achieve. Nevertheless, the question of genetic modification through the application of this technology prompts debates and demands for the resolution of the ethical, social, and legal issues that are associated with its application. The potential applications of the CRISPR-Cas9 system are seemingly boundless.

This study examines the roots of the source of debate and differences of opinion about the reality of patriarchal family relationship patterns that dichotomize the roles of men (husbands) and women (wives) in the household, where the husband is the head of the family (public) and the wife is the housewife (domestic). The purpose of the study was to determine gender equality in modern family households in the application of the married couple environment (young brides and grooms, This research method uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type., The results of the study in the form of a dichotomous family relationship pattern, resulting in injustice and gender inequality. This condition certainly requires the construction of a relationship pattern based on justice and gender equality, so that a gender partnership is realized towards a harmonious family. The construction of a gender relationship pattern that is just and gender equal, is realized if there is cooperation and equal and fair division of roles between husband and wife, which refers to the planning and implementation of family resource management, so that family members have a division of roles in various activities (domestic, public, and community).

LGBT identity has become a focus of debate that triggers controversy related to the conflict between ther ole of tradition and modernity in defending human rights, as well as sexuality. This research discusses the controversy generated by LGBT identity in society with the main focus on highlighting the different perspectives on LGBT identity and sexual orientation. Using various sources of articles and journals that have been analyzed for this research, the result show that controversies caused by LGBT groups are often due to the clash between traditional perspectives and modern views on identity and freedom of individual rights. This explains how diverse perspectives on objective content shape cultural discourse and influence wise behavior on matters related to human rights and social justice.    

The universe and all its regularities become an important object of study in both religious and scientific perspectives. In the classical view, as proposed by Isaac Newton, the universe is considered static without beginning and end. However, the development of science, such as the Friedman Model and the Big Bang theory, shows that the universe is dynamic and has a creation process. This study aims to analyze the concept of the creation of the universe in the Qur'an and science with a complementary approach. The Qur'an describes the creation of nature in six periods, as found in QS. An-Nazi'at: 27-33, which indicates the stages of creation from nothingness to the formation of the earth and the sky. Meanwhile, science explains the origin of the universe through the Big Bang theory, which states that the universe emerged from a huge explosion about 13.8 billion years ago. This study also compares the views of figures such as Hamka and Quraish Shihab, who harmonize the concept of creation in the Qur'an with scientific findings, although there is debate regarding God's role in the process. By exploring Qur'anic verses and their interpretation in the context of science, this research seeks to create a constructive dialog between religious and scientific perspectives on the origin of the universe.

Tahlil marriage is a marriage carried out with the aim that a woman who has been divorced three times by her husband can remarry her first husband after marrying and divorcing her second husband. This is a matter of debate in Islamic law, especially from the perspective of the four main schools of thought: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hambali. This research aims to analyze tahlil marriage law according to the views of the four schools of thought using a normative approach. The research method used is library research by examining classical and contemporary jurisprudence books as well as the opinions of ulama.The results of the research show that the majority of ulama from four schools of thought agree that if a tahlil marriage is carried out with conditions and an initial agreement to divorce after the contract, then the marriage is considered void or haram because it violates the principles of marriage in Islam. However, if the marriage occurs without a prior agreement to divorce, then the law is valid. The conclusion of this research confirms that the deliberate and planned practice of tahlil marriage is contrary to the principle of the validity of marriage in Islam. Therefore, it is important for Muslims to understand marriage laws in accordance with Islamic teachings so as not to be trapped in practices that are not valid according to sharia.

The case of serial rape committed by I Wayan Agus Suartama, a man with a disability, raises complex debates about punishment and the rights of persons with disabilities. This research aims to analyze the criminalization of the criminal case of rape from the perspective of criminal law and the rights of persons with disabilities in Indonesia. The research method used is juridical-normative research by analyzing cases and interviews with legal experts and disability activists. The results showed that the criminalization of the case had not been adequately considered and considered the rights of persons with disabilities and needed improvement in terms of accessibility, education and awareness about disability. This research recommends improvements to criminal law and policies for the protection of persons with disabilities to promote social justice and equality.  

This research sought to ascertain and characterize how the use of digital learning resources improved the dance learning outcomes of Class VIII SMPN 17 Kerinci pupils. Class action research (PTK), a subset of qualitative research, is the kind of study that this is. The researcher is the primary instrument in this study, with the help of supporting instruments in the form of written assessments (cognitive). Twenty-five pupils from class VIII A at SMP Negeri 17 Kerinci served as the study's subjects. Two cycles of planning, execution, observation, and reflection were employed in this study. The findings demonstrated that using digital learning resources to teach dance may enhance student learning outcomes. Due to the fact that many pupils still do not take learning seriously, cycle I learning has not been successfully implemented; cycle II learning continues this education. Cycle II learning has been implemented with good execution. Nearly all of the tasks at each level are completed, and students are actively engaged in their education, increasing the quality of their learning results. The average student learning results from written tests during cycle I were 56%, whereas the average student learning outcomes during cycle II were 84%. Applying digital learning media to dance education has been shown to improve student learning results, according to data analysis and debate.

The 2024 Indonesian Presidential Election marked the fifth general election in the country, aimed at electing a new President and Vice President for the 2024–2029 term. Candidates competed to succeed the outgoing president, who had served two constitutional terms. A key aspect of this election was the candidate debates, where each candidate presented their vision, allowing the public to assess their policies. These debates were broadcast on platforms like YouTube, giving the public a space to comment. However, analyzing YouTube comments presents challenges due to the volume of data, language diversity, and informal expressions. Sentiment analysis, crucial for understanding public opinion, uses algorithms such as Naïve Bayes, which is based on Bayes' Theorem and assumes feature independence. Naïve Bayes is widely used in text analysis for its speed and simplicity. When applied to YouTube comments from the 2024 debates, the algorithm demonstrated its effectiveness, especially with a balanced dataset through random oversampling. It achieved 85.155% accuracy, high precision, recall, and an AUC of 96.8% on an 80:20 data split. Its fast classification time (0.000998 seconds) makes it suitable for real-time sentiment analysis, validating its use for political events. Future applications may incorporate advanced techniques like BERT for more sophisticated analysis.

This study analyses the morphological process in the news ‘Check out the Vision and Mission of 4 Candidates in West Java Gubernatorial Election 2024 in the Second Debate’ published by Detik News in the November 2024 edition. The purpose of this research is to find and understand the morphological structure used in the delivery of information related to the West Java governor election. The methodology of this research is descriptive qualitative approach. Information is collected through observation or observation done by reading the news and making notes. The results of the research show information on the use of affixation, namely the prefixes ber-, mem, men-, as well as the confixes me-kan, ke-an, pe-an, pe(r)-an. There is also information on the use of reduplication such as, children. And there is information on the use of composition such as the word new pair. It is intended that these findings can increase understanding of language use in the mass media.