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Febrile illnesses can be caused by a wide variety of viruses, bacteria, and other pathogenic microbes, and their production originates from outside the body. These substances, known as exogenous pyrogens, can enter the human system through contaminated water, food, or direct human-to-human transmission. Once inside the body, exogenous pyrogens stimulate the immune system by triggering the release of endogenous pyrogens such as cytokines, which in turn act on the hypothalamus to increase body temperature as a defense mechanism. This physiological response, while protective, can also indicate an underlying infection that may need prompt medical treatment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, the number of fever cases worldwide reached approximately 11–20 million people annually, with an estimated 128,000–161,000 deaths each year due to complications from febrile illnesses (Meirita et al., 2024). The global burden of fever varies by region; for example, in the United States, South America, and Western Europe, the incidence of fever is estimated to reach 4–5% of the population. In contrast, several Asian countries report higher prevalence rates, such as Japan with 6–9%, India with 5–10%, and Guam with 14% (Ulum et al., 2024). These statistics highlight the ongoing public health challenge posed by febrile illnesses, emphasizing the need for improved surveillance, prevention strategies, and treatment protocols worldwide.

Refill Drinking Water Depots (DAMIU) are businesses that provide ready-to-drink drinking water through raw water processing using simple and modern technology. The existence of DAMIU is very important in meeting the community's need for drinking water, but aspects of sanitation hygiene and water quality must remain a primary concern to avoid health risks. This study aims to describe the sanitation hygiene conditions and assess the microbiological quality of refill drinking water at DAMIU in the Indralaya Community Health Center working area in 2025. The study used a descriptive method with a laboratory approach to 27 refill drinking water depots. Data were collected through observations of location conditions, buildings, equipment, and handler hygiene, and laboratory examinations were conducted on raw water and processed water samples. The results showed that the majority of depots (92%) had met the requirements related to location and buildings, while all depots (100%) met the standards for processing equipment. However, drinking water handlers still did not comply with applicable hygiene standards (100%). Only 70% of depots had suitable raw water sources, with 55% using the Sukomoro source, 41% using drilled wells, and 4% using the Dewa Air Prabumulih source. Laboratory tests found that two depots (8%) had raw water that tested positive for Escherichia coli, but all treated water samples met established microbiological standards. Overall, this study concluded that the location, building, and equipment of the Drinking Water Supply Unit (DAMIU) in the Indralaya Community Health Center (Puskesmas) area were satisfactory, but handler hygiene remained a weakness that needed immediate improvement. Furthermore, the physical and chemical quality of the water still required attention, although the microbiological quality met standards.  

Waste management has become an increasingly complex environmental issue, particularly in urban areas and densely populated settlements. The lack of public awareness in disposing of waste properly has caused numerous negative impacts, including soil and water pollution, flooding due to clogged drainage systems, reduced environmental aesthetics, and the spread of infectious diseases. These conditions indicate that the waste problem is not merely a technical issue of collection and disposal, but also strongly related to people’s behavior and environmental awareness. Therefore, a simple, practical, and effective approach is required to encourage behavioral change in daily life. One alternative solution is through visual education by using waste signboards that display educational and persuasive messages. These signboards are installed in strategic locations to serve as direct reminders for residents to care more about environmental cleanliness. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of waste education signboards in improving community understanding and discipline in waste disposal practices. The methods applied included counseling sessions, participatory discussions with residents, designing communicative and attractive signboards, and installing them in high-traffic areas such as main roads, schools, worship places, and public spaces. The results of the activity indicated an increase in public knowledge regarding the impacts of waste, active participation in maintaining cleanliness, and a significant reduction in littering behavior around the areas where the signboards were installed. Furthermore, residents gave positive feedback and expressed their willingness to expand the initiative by adding more signboards in other locations as part of sustainable action. In conclusion, educational signboards proved to be an effective, low-cost, and practical medium to raise community awareness. Beyond delivering environmental messages, the signboards also helped strengthen collective commitment among residents to create a clean, healthy, and sustainable living environment.

Local food such as chayote (Sechium edule) has great potential as a healthy and environmentally friendly product that can support food security and improve the economic value of local communities. The innovation of processing chayote, particularly into jam, not only helps reduce agricultural waste but also opens up promising new market opportunities. This study applied an experimental design to produce chayote jam with variations in the use of granulated sugar, glucose, and the addition of mint leaves to enhance flavor. The production stages included grating fresh chayote, cooking until the water content was reduced, adding sugar and pectin to achieve a thick and stable texture, and finally packaging the product in sterilized glass jars. An organoleptic test was conducted with 32 panelists to evaluate the color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptability of the product. The results indicated that jam dominated by granulated sugar (Sample A) gained the highest level of preference, with an overall acceptance of 81%. In contrast, jam made with full glucose substitution (Sample C) received the lowest score of 66%. Generally, chayote jam had a natural green color, distinctive aroma, and thick texture that were well accepted by consumers. The main factors determining jam quality were cooking techniques, the balance of thickening agents, and the proper combination of ingredients. Therefore, chayote jam has the potential to become an innovative, healthy, and value-added local food product. Support in the form of training, technology application, and promotional strategies is essential to strengthen its competitiveness, improve farmers’ welfare, and enhance food diversification based on Indonesia’s local resources.

Water is an essential component in the body that plays a role in various physiological functions, including concentration and learning performance in adolescents. However, teenagers' awareness to consume enough water is still low. This service activity aims to increase the knowledge and awareness of SMP Negeri 1 Kolaka students about the importance of drinking water through health education. The activity method was carried out by interactive counseling using PowerPoint media displayed through an LCD projector and conducted in the school hall on 19 November 2024, attended by 70 students from classes VII to IX. The material was delivered in an engaging manner and was complemented by discussion sessions. The results of the activity showed an increase in student enthusiasm and participation, as well as an awareness to start bringing drinking water to school and reduce the consumption of sugary drinks. This activity proved effective in fostering students' understanding of the importance of adequate hydration for health. The students expressed a greater willingness to incorporate healthier habits, particularly bringing water to school and making informed choices about hydration. Moreover, they became more aware of the negative impacts of sugary drinks. The activity's success highlights the importance of continued support from schools to create a healthy learning environment and to encourage healthy behaviors that can positively impact students' overall health and academic performance.

Floods occur when normally dry land areas are inundated with large volumes of water, generally caused by prolonged heavy rainfall or water runoff from higher areas. Following floods, the risk of infectious diseases increases due to the presence of infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other hazardous substances. Common post-flood diseases include acute respiratory infections (ARI), diarrhea, typhoid fever, leptospirosis, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and skin diseases. This study aims to describe the characteristics of the community and their level of knowledge regarding efforts to prevent post-flood diseases in Dusun Nusupan. The research employed a descriptive quantitative method with purposive sampling, involving 67 respondents. Data were collected using questionnaires. The results showed that the majority of respondents were in late adulthood, female, had a middle-level education, and most had previously experienced post-flood diseases. The community’s level of knowledge was generally good, with nearly all respondents demonstrating adequate understanding of preventive measures. However, the high incidence of post-flood diseases among respondents highlights that public health risks remain significant. These findings indicate the necessity of continuous education and the implementation of clean and healthy living behaviors to minimize the health impacts of floods.

Elderly individuals are a group vulnerable to sleep disorders, with over 50% of them reporting a decline in sleep quality. Sleep disturbances in the elderly can affect their quality of life, which in turn impacts their physical and mental health. One non-pharmacological intervention considered safe, simple, and effective for improving sleep quality in the elderly is foot soaking in warm water. This study aims to evaluate the effect of foot soaking in warm water on the sleep quality of elderly individuals in the working area of Slawi Health Center. The research design used was pre-experimental with a one-group pre-test post-test design. A total of 34 elderly participants were selected using total sampling technique. The intervention consisted of soaking feet in warm water at a temperature of 37°C–39°C for 10 minutes before sleep, conducted for three consecutive days. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using Paired Sample T-test for normally distributed data. The results showed that the average sleep quality score before the intervention was 10.12, which decreased to 7.85 after the intervention. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the mean scores before and after the intervention with a significance value of 0.0001. This indicates that foot soaking in warm water significantly impacts the improvement of sleep quality in the elderly. This intervention can be recommended as an effective, practical, and easy-to-implement independent nursing action to improve sleep quality in the elderly. Based on these findings, foot soaking in warm water can be a good option to improve sleep quality in the elderly, especially in community healthcare services.

Cake is a wheat flour-based food product that is popular because of its sweet taste, soft texture, and attractive appearance. This study aims to evaluate the effect of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) paste substitution on the sensory, chemical, and physical quality of chocolate cake decorated with character pudding. The study was conducted in May–August 2025 at the Makassar Health Laboratory Center and the Chemistry Laboratory of the Pangkep State Agricultural Polytechnic. The study design used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments of purple sweet potato paste concentration (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) and two replications. The parameters analyzed included sensory tests (color, aroma, taste, texture, and overall), chemical tests (antioxidant activity, water content, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate), and physical tests (expandability and crumb morphology). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's further test for parameters with significant differences. The results showed that the addition of purple sweet potato paste had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on sensory and chemical characteristics. Treatment A4 (40% purple sweet potato paste) obtained the highest score in the hedonic test with an average panelist preference level of 4 (like). The best chemical characteristics were also obtained in A4, namely antioxidant content of 25.6%, water content of 32.97%, protein 3.52%, fat 17.19%, ash 1.34%, and carbohydrate 45.05%. Physically, the rise power was not significantly different between treatments, but the crumb morphology showed pore irregularities at high concentrations.

Central Java Province targets a 16% reduction in stunting by 2023, with the prevalence having been reduced from 31.2% in 2018(Riskesdas, 2018) to 20.8% in 2022 (SSGI). The causes of stunting in Central Java include a lack of knowledge about balanced nutrition, proper parenting, and lack of access to proper drinking water and sanitation. This study aims to determine the implementation of the Central Java Provincial Health Office strategy in reducing stunting rates. The study used a qualitative design with descriptive methods and in-depth interviews, involving samples from the Health Office, TP-PKK, and Head of Puskesmas through snowball sampling techniques. The results showed that implementation at the Puskesmas level has not been optimal, with low community participation. Semarang City has many stunting reduction programs, in contrast to Brebes Regency. The overall provincial target has been achieved, but operational funding constraints hinder optimal program implementation.

Maintaining health is important for every individual, because by maintaining health, it can prevent susceptibility to disease. One important effort to get used to is maintaining hand and mouth hygiene. Washing hands with soap is the process of removing dirt and dust from both hands using water and soap, which can prevent various diseases such as diarrhea and ARI. While brushing teeth is the process of cleaning teeth from food residue stuck in the teeth and oral cavity, the benefit of getting used to brushing teeth is to prevent tooth decay. The importance of awareness about personal hygiene must be instilled from an early age, starting from this, KKN University Karimun students, and then conducted socialization activities at State Elementary School 004 and State Elementary School 007, Belat District. This socialization activity used simple lecture methods, direct practice, educational games, and audio-visual media. From the results of the socialization activities that have been carried out, it has been successful in providing an understanding of the importance of maintaining personal hygiene through washing hands and brushing teeth. With the education that has been provided, it is hoped that it can have a positive impact on student behavior in maintaining personal hygiene.

Maintaining health is important for every individual, because by maintaining health, it can prevent susceptibility to disease. One important effort to get used to is maintaining hand and mouth hygiene. Washing hands with soap is the process of removing dirt and dust from both hands using water and soap, which can prevent various diseases such as diarrhea and ARI. While brushing teeth is the process of cleaning teeth from food residue stuck in the teeth and oral cavity, the benefit of getting used to brushing teeth is to prevent tooth decay. The importance of awareness about personal hygiene must be instilled from an early age, starting from this, KKN University Karimun students, and then conducted socialization activities at State Elementary School 004 and State Elementary School 007, Belat District. This socialization activity used simple lecture methods, direct practice, educational games, and audio-visual media. From the results of the socialization activities that have been carried out, it has been successful in providing an understanding of the importance of maintaining personal hygiene through washing hands and brushing teeth. With the education that has been provided, it is hoped that it can have a positive impact on student behavior in maintaining personal hygiene.

Background: According to the 2020 Ministry of Health Profile, fever accounts for 7.3% of infant deaths in Indonesia. Fever is a common complaint in children, with 20–40% of parents reporting their child's illness each year. Approximately 19–30% of patients visiting doctors are children, and fever is one of the primary complaints. If not treated promptly, fever can lead to complications such as seizures and decreased consciousness. Fever management can be done through pharmacological (antipyretic, NSAID, diazepam) or non-pharmacological measures, one of which is by applying compresses. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of dry warm compresses and water tepid sponge compresses on reducing body temperature in pediatric patients at Pati Islamic Hospital. Method: Quantitative research with a quasi-experimental two-group pre–post test design using a purposive sampling technique. Results: The application of water tepid sponge compresses showed a significant decrease in temperature with an average difference of 1.2°C, while dry warm compresses only reduced the temperature by a difference of 0.2°C. Conclusion: Water tepid sponge compresses are more effective than dry warm compresses in reducing body temperature in children with fever at Pati Islamic Hospital.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the major environmental problems arising from coal mining activities. AMD is formed through the oxidation of sulfide minerals, resulting in acidic water with high concentrations of dissolved heavy metals. This condition is characterized by elevated levels of Fe, Mn, and total suspended solids (TSS), which, if left untreated, can pollute nearby water bodies, damage aquatic ecosystems, and pose risks to human health. Therefore, effective, eco-friendly, and low-cost treatment methods are needed to minimize the negative impacts of AMD. This study aims to investigate the effect of activated carbon derived from sugarcane bagasse as an adsorbent for reducing Fe, Mn, and TSS levels in AMD at the sump of PT Alreksa Bara Mitra. The selection of sugarcane bagasse is based on its abundance as an agro-industrial waste and its high lignocellulosic content, making it a potential raw material for activated carbon. The research involved the preparation of activated carbon through carbonization and activation processes, followed by its application to AMD samples with variations in adsorbent dosage and contact time. Laboratory analyses were conducted to measure the concentrations of Fe, Mn, and TSS before and after treatment. The results showed that sugarcane bagasse-based activated carbon significantly reduced Fe, Mn, and TSS concentrations. The highest removal efficiencies were achieved under optimum conditions, reaching 93.14% for Fe, 95.05% for Mn, and 85.04% for TSS. These findings demonstrate that activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse has a strong adsorption capacity for dissolved metals and suspended solids in AMD. In conclusion, sugarcane bagasse-derived activated carbon has potential as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative for AMD treatment, while simultaneously providing added value to agro-industrial waste. This research is expected to serve as a reference for the development of more sustainable mine wastewater treatment methods.

Clean water is a basic human need to achieve a healthy standard of living. Human survival is greatly influenced by the quality of water and the availability of water in sufficient quantities. In Keramasan Village, there are still many people who have bad habits in providing clean water. People use the river as a place to bathe, wash clothes, wash dishes and throw away garbage.The level of knowledge, attitudes and actions of the community regarding the provision of clean water in Keramasan Village, Kertapati District, Palembang City.This type of research is descriptive research with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study were 159 families living in RT 11 and RT 12 in Keramasan Village. The total sample of respondents in this study was 67 families. Sampling was carried out using a random sampling technique, which aims to ensure that the sample can represent all families.From the results of the study on the provision of clean water, the level of knowledge of 46.3% of respondents had a low level of knowledge, in contrast to the attitude of 67.1% of respondents showing a good attitude. and 59.7% of respondents have poor actions regarding the provision of clean water.From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the community in Keramasan sub-district regarding the provision of clean water, at the level of knowledge, most respondents still have a low level of knowledge, most respondents already have attitudes in the good category, and most people have actions in the bad category.

Well water is still one of the main sources of daily water supply for the residents of the Candi Muaro Jambi area. The dependence on well water makes it vital for consumption, cooking, and other domestic activities. However, with the increasing human activity, the development of tourist areas, and environmental changes in the surrounding area, the quality of the well water is at risk of being affected. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of well water from an environmental and health perspective based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters, referring to the clean water quality standards set by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. The research employs a descriptive quantitative method, with well water samples taken from several points around the residential areas in the Candi Muaro Jambi region. The analyzed parameters include temperature, color, odor, turbidity, pH, nitrate content, metal content (Fe and Mn), and the presence of coliform bacteria. Laboratory test results show that most of the well water samples still meet the established physical and chemical standards, but some wells were found to have coliform levels exceeding the recommended threshold. This condition indicates contamination, most likely from domestic waste, particularly from household sanitation systems that are not ideally located relative to the wells. While the well water in the study area is generally still suitable for daily use, it is recommended that the community performs simple water treatment, such as boiling or filtration, before direct consumption. These measures are crucial to reduce contamination risks and ensure the water's quality for safe consumption and health.

The Terminal Loading Area (TLA) API at PT Pertamina Hulu Mahakam functions as a facility for processing oily water before being discharged into the environment. One of the main issues faced is the accumulation of thick floc (oil clumps) due to high emulsions in crude oil, along with the malfunctioning water spray valve on line 1, causing operators to resort to manual spraying using hydrant water. This increases the risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals such as Benzene, Toluene, and Xylene (BTX), which poses a health threat to workers. Therefore, improvements to the water spray system are needed to reduce BTX exposure and enhance the effectiveness of oil-water separation. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of proposed improvements to the water spray system to reduce BTX exposure and improve the efficiency of oil-water separation. The methodology used includes literature review, field study, and technical testing. Proposed solutions include replacing or repairing the damaged water spray valve, adding piping networks to compartment 2 to distribute water more evenly, and using treated water (produced water) to optimize the system and reduce reliance on hydrant water. The results of the study indicate that replacing or repairing the water spray valve, adding piping networks, and using produced water effectively reduce BTX exposure while maintaining oil recovery effectiveness. The trials also showed that using the Oil Pump (P-3230 & P-3235) provides optimal pressure (8–9 barg) for water spray, compared to the less effective Water Pump (P-3200 & P-3205). Implementing these solutions is expected to reduce BTX exposure for workers, improve oil-water separation efficiency, and contribute to a safer and more efficient working environment.

The problem of plastic waste in Gandan Hamlet, Pogalan Village, is becoming an increasingly urgent environmental issue that requires sustainable management. Unmanaged waste can pollute the soil, air, and water, and threaten public health. In response to this situation, Tidar University Community Service (KKN) students implemented an innovative community-based waste management program. The main focus of this program is to utilize plastic waste into products with utility and sales value, namely plastic-filled pillows and Eco-Paving Blocks. This activity was carried out through a participatory approach by actively involving the community at every stage, from outreach and education to technical training on the collection, sorting, and processing of plastic waste. The education provided concerns the dangers of plastic waste to the environment and the importance of recycling as an alternative solution. Making pillows from plastic filling was chosen because the process is simple, inexpensive, and can be done by housewives. Meanwhile, Eco-Paving Blocks are the result of utilizing mixed plastic waste as an environmentally friendly and durable building material. This program has succeeded in reducing the volume of plastic waste in the surrounding environment, while raising public awareness of the importance of environmental conservation. Furthermore, this activity opens up new economic opportunities for the community by creating creative products from waste. Evaluation results show that the community-based waste management model is effective in fostering community independence in waste processing, creating a cleaner environment, and encouraging a culture of sustainable living at the village level. The success of this program is expected to serve as an example for replication in other areas with similar challenges. Continued support from the village government and cross-sector collaboration are key to this initiative's continued growth and long-term impact.

Waste management remains a significant challenge in Dusun Balinappang, Desa Bontoramba, Kecamatan Pallangga, Kabupaten Gowa, Makassar City. Low community awareness regarding waste sorting and proper management has led to a decline in environmental health quality. Improper waste management can result in various environmental problems, such as water, soil, and air pollution. To address this issue, a community service activity was conducted with the aim of improving public knowledge and awareness on proper waste management through the 3R approach (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). The method used for this activity involved education through the use of posters. The posters were designed to be visually engaging and simple, making them easy for the community to understand. This visual medium effectively conveyed information about the importance of waste sorting and applying the 3R principles. Additionally, pre-tests and post-tests were used as evaluations to measure the change in participants’ knowledge before and after receiving the education. The pre-test was conducted to assess participants' initial understanding, while the post-test helped determine the extent of their knowledge improvement regarding 3R concepts and waste management practices. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in the community’s understanding of 3R principles and proper waste management techniques. The community began to demonstrate positive behavior changes, such as sorting household waste more carefully and reusing materials that could be recycled. This shift contributed positively to raising environmental awareness and improving the health of the local community. With this simple yet effective education, it is hoped that the program can continue and be expanded to other areas. This initiative will contribute to creating a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable environment, which will have a long-term positive impact on the quality of life for the community.

Hypertension is a global health problem whose prevalence continues to increase every year. This condition is not only a major cause of cardiovascular disease but also contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates in various countries, including Indonesia. One risk factor mitigating this problem is low public awareness of the importance of routine blood pressure monitoring. Therefore, promotive and preventive efforts are needed through health education that is easy to understand and can be applied in everyday life. This community service activity aims to increase public knowledge, especially among the elderly, about hypertension and the application of simple non-pharmacological therapies. One method introduced is soaking feet in warm water with added salt. This method is considered safe, practical, and cost-effective, making it suitable for elderly people in rural communities. The activity was carried out in Mauleng Hamlet, Paccing Village, Awangpone District, Bone Regency, with 15 elderly participants. The activity method included a pre-test to determine the participants' initial level of knowledge, counseling on hypertension, direct compression using warm water and salt foot soaks, and a post-test to measure knowledge improvement. The results showed a significant increase in participants' level of knowledge. Prior to the outreach program, only 7% of respondents had sufficient knowledge about hypertension and non-pharmacological therapy. After the outreach and reinforcement program, this figure increased to 87%. These results indicate that health education combined with practical demonstrations is highly effective in increasing public knowledge. Therefore, it can be concluded that educational activities and warm salt foot soak therapy have proven effective in increasing public understanding of non-pharmacological hypertension management and have the potential for widespread implementation as a health promotion measure.

The presence of scattered waste in the environment has a significant impact on both environmental sustainability and human health. In Indonesia, the accumulation of waste has reached alarming levels, amounting to approximately 175,000 tons per day, or the equivalent of 64 million tons annually. Household activities are one of the main contributors, producing a wide variety of waste, including organic and non-organic materials. Poto Village is among the areas receiving particular attention regarding this issue due to the challenges it faces in waste management. Improper management of waste not only leads to air, water, and soil pollution but also increases the risk of various health problems within the community. One of the programs designed to address this problem is the 3R program, which emphasizes three main principles: reduce, recycle, and reuse. The purpose of this community service initiative is to improve public knowledge and awareness of effective waste management through the application of 3R practices. The activities were carried out in three main stages, namely preparation, education, and discussion through a question-and-answer session. The process began with a socialization activity that introduced the objectives, purposes, and sustainability aspects of waste management efforts in the village. The educational session was attended by 30 participants, consisting of housewives, farmers, and entrepreneurs, who represented key groups within the community. Furthermore, interviews with local cadres revealed that waste is collected weekly by garbage trucks, indicating the village’s commitment to environmental management. Participants responded enthusiastically throughout the educational sessions, showing a strong interest and positive reception toward the information provided. As a follow-up step, future activities could include hands-on training in waste management using available media and tools, which would allow participants to apply the concepts learned in a practical and sustainable manner.