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Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has become a dominant trend in modern buying and selling transactions, offering easy access and efficiency. Marketplaces like Shopee act as intermediaries between merchants and buyers, providing fast, secure, and integrated transaction facilities. However, behind this convenience, significant legal issues arise, particularly regarding unilateral transaction cancellations by buyers through the refund feature. In practice, these refund requests are generally approved by the marketplace without thorough verification of the validity of the cancellation reason or the existence of the goods already shipped by the merchant. This study aims to analyze the legality of unilateral cancellations by buyers from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, with reference to the provisions of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and the concept of electronic contracts as stipulated in the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). The study uses a normative juridical approach by examining laws and regulations, legal literature, and analyzing two case studies involving merchants BZS and HK. The results indicate that unilateral cancellations by buyers without returning the goods constitute a form of breach of contract. This action not only violates the electronic contractual agreement established during the transaction but also causes financial and reputational harm to merchants. This phenomenon indicates weak legal protection for business actors in the e-commerce ecosystem, particularly regarding the bargaining power between sellers, buyers, and marketplace platforms. Therefore, strengthening fair and transparent digital dispute resolution mechanisms is necessary, including preventive legal protection to prevent losses and repressive protection to provide redress for injured parties. This step is crucial for realizing a healthy, balanced, and equitable digital trade ecosystem for all parties involved.

Advances in digital technology have brought significant changes to various aspects of life, including socio-economic activities such as arisan (social gathering). Arisan, which was previously conducted conventionally, has now begun to transform into online arisan. This change offers several advantages, including ease of access, reduced time constraints, and a wider range of participation. However, behind this convenience, an equally important challenge lies the lack of regulation and oversight of online arisan practices, which are prone to legal threats. This study aims to examine the urgency of creating written agreements in the implementation of online arisan and examine their legal force as a form of legal protection for the actors, both organizers and members. Using a normative juridical method through a regulatory-statutory approach and case studies, this study emphasizes the importance of legal validity in civil relations formed through online arisan. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation, which were then analyzed through a process of data reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that written agreements in online arisan have legally binding force as long as they meet the requirements for a valid agreement according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code. The existence of a written agreement can increase legal certainty, strengthen the legal standing of the parties, and serve as valid evidence in the event of a breach of contract. Therefore, creating a written agreement is crucial to avoid losses and strengthen legal protection in online arisan (social savings and credit) practices. Furthermore, a written agreement also reflects the good faith of the parties in carrying out their commitments professionally and responsibly. This serves as an important foundation for building trust and creating a transparent and accountable online arisan system. Therefore, it is recommended that every online arisan participant create a clear written agreement and have it notarized to strengthen its legality.

Ownership rights to houses and buildings are the highest form of ownership recognized in the land law system in Indonesia. The legality of this ownership right is vital to ensure legal certainty for the owner and prevent potential disputes that may arise due to unclear ownership status. The study analyzes the legal aspects of ownership rights to houses and buildings, including the legal basis, acquisition procedures, and legal protection mechanisms available to the owner. In addition, this study also examines various problems that often arise in the ownership of property rights, such as overlapping certificates, ownership conflicts, and legal implications in the process of transferring rights. The analysis uses a normative legal method with a conceptual and statutory approach. The Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), Government Regulations, and Regulations of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency (ATR/BPN) are among the regulations that control ownership rights to land and buildings. The statutory approach is carried out by examining these regulations. Meanwhile, the conceptual approach is applied to examine the concept of ownership in land law and the underlying legal principles. The data used in this study are sourced from literature studies, including legal literature, academic journals, and official documents related to land regulations in Indonesia. The results of this study are expected to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the legality of ownership rights to houses and buildings, as well as being a reference for landowners, legal practitioners, and the government in managing the legal aspects of land and building ownership. With firmer legal certainty, it is hoped that a more transparent and equitable land system can be created for all interested parties.

This study discusses the practice of "capture marriage" (pakondong) still carried out in Ana Engge Village, Kodi District, West Sumba Regency, as part of the local tradition. Capture marriage is a practice where a man "captures" his prospective wife without the consent of the woman or her family. This practice has been ongoing for a long time and is considered part of local culture. However, when viewed from the perspective of national law, particularly Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage, this practice raises controversy. The law emphasizes that marriage must be conducted with the free consent of both parties, as stated in Article 6, Paragraph 1, which asserts that a marriage is only valid if both parties agree. This research uses an empirical juridical method, with interview techniques and literature studies, to examine the legality of capture marriage under positive law. The results show that capture marriage contradicts the basic principles of a valid marriage because it does not meet the requirement of free consent from both parties involved. Furthermore, capture marriage is also considered a violation of women's human rights, as women should have the right to choose their life partners without coercion or pressure. This practice also degrades women's dignity, as their rights as independent individuals to make their own choices should be respected. The conclusion of this study is that capture marriage cannot be justified under national law because it contradicts the principle of free and mutual consent. Therefore, efforts are needed from various parties, including the government, law enforcement, customary leaders, and society, to provide education on the importance of consent in marriage. Additionally, the modernization of customary law is crucial to align it with constitutional values and human rights, ensuring the protection of women's rights and promoting the development of a more just and equitable culture.

Empowerment is the process of increasing the capacity and independence of individuals and groups so they can develop optimally. Empowerment of UMKM is important because of their strategic role in supporting national economic growth. However, UMKM still face various problems such as legality, capital, marketing, and managerial skills. To support this effort, PLUT was established at the initiative of the Batam City Government to encourage UMKM to move up a class. PLUT Batam City plays an important role through strategic services such as consulting, business mentoring, legal facilitation, training, product and packaging development, as well as promotion and marketing. This study uses a qualitative method with interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The theory used is the Van Meter and Van Horn implementation model which includes six variables: policy objectives, resources, communication, implementer characteristics, socio-economic conditions, and implementer attitudes. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the PLUT program in empowering UMKM in Batam City.

The role of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) is very significant for the growth of Indonesia’s economy, accounting for 99% of all business units. The development of MSMEs in Blitar Regency has experienced significant growth in terms of both the number of entrepreneurs and revenue. The objectives of this research are (1) to identify and analyze the potential of the creative economy in the development of MSMEs in Blitar Regency, (2) to formulate appropriate strategies to enhance the competitiveness and growth of MSMEs in the creative economy sector in Blitar Regency. The approach used in this research is a phenomenological qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation and structured interviews conducted with key informants of this study, such as MSMEs actors, local government officials from the Department of Industry and Trade, and the Cooperative Office. The data analysis technique was conducted using data triangulation with the following steps: data collection, data analysis, conclusion, and data validation. The research results show that the creative economy model used by the local government in developing MSMEs in Blitar Regency includes the utilization of ideas and creativity, strengthening MSMEs through digitalization, business mentoring, development of superior products, and connection with the people's economy. The challenges in the development of MSMEs include increasingly tight market competition both online and offline; limited access to capital; limited access to digital technology; lack of understanding of business management; limited product innovation; ineffective marketing; and business legality. The strategies implemented include enhancing digital marketing, improving product and service quality, strengthening business capital, increasing capacity and skills, utilizing technology, promoting and marketing products, and strengthening institutions and governance.

This community service activity aims to enhance the understanding and capacity of the Village Governments and Village Consultative Bodies (BPD) of Wonreli, Abusur, Lebelau, and Oirata in the process of formulating Village Regulations (Peraturan Desa or Perdes) that are aligned with legal principles and applicable statutory provisions. The socialization was motivated by the generally low level of understanding regarding both the procedures and substance of Perdes formulation, which has led to weak regulatory quality at the village level. The methods employed in this activity included lectures, interactive discussions, and simulations of Perdes drafting, all of which referred to Law Number 12 of 2011 on the Formation of Legislation. The results of the activity indicated a significant increase in legal awareness and participants’ understanding of the importance of legality, participation, and transparency in the village legislative process. This activity also succeeded in encouraging local initiatives to formulate village regulations that are more responsive, accountable, and tailored to the real needs of the local community. Therefore, this socialization made a tangible contribution to strengthening democratic and law-based village governance.

Violations of campaign regulations in Indonesian elections, such as using places of worship for legislative candidate campaigns, remain common and are strictly prohibited under Article 521 in conjunction with Article 280 paragraph (1) letter h of Law Number 7 of 2017 on Elections. A notable case is the decision of the Kotabumi District Court Number 43/Pid.Sus/2024/PN Kbu, which sentenced a legislative candidate to one month of imprisonment and a fine of IDR 5 million. This study analyzes the judge’s considerations in this case using normative and empirical juridical approaches through literature reviews and interviews. The findings show that the judge considered juridical, philosophical, and sociological aspects, not only relying on formal legality but also on social and moral values within the community. Factors influencing the judge’s considerations include personal integrity, institutional pressure, and understanding of law and justice. The sentence was imposed as a form of guidance and deterrence, not merely punishment. The study recommends enhancing judges’ understanding of philosophical and sociological values through continuous training, active legal education by the Election Supervisory Board (Bawaslu) to political parties and the public, and regulatory evaluation to ensure laws adapt to social changes. Judges are expected to maintain independence and act firmly without interference to establish a clean and integrity-based judicial system.  

The Nganjuk Regency Government shows a commitment to strengthen the capacity of MSME actors through activities such as digital training. However, the challenges of digital transformation demand a more adaptive strategy. The omah away program is present as a regional innovation in accelerating the digitalization of MSMEs, in line with the national vision towards the smart economy and digital transformation targets announced in the RPJMN. Based on the theory of Dynamic Governance with 3 variables such as Thinking Ahead, Thinking Again, and Thinking Across, this omah away program offers digital training, business legality facilitation, and marketing through digital platforms. This study highlights how the away house becomes an integrative model that not only provides technical training, but also builds a collaborative ecosystem between the government, business actors, the private sector, communities, education and society. Despite the impact on increasing the participation of digital MSMEs and reducing the unemployment rate, obstacles such as low business legality and online marketing effectiveness are still found. Therefore, critical reflection and cross-actor collaboration are key to the sustainability of the program. These findings strengthen the relevance of Dynamic Governance theory in the context of local-based digital transformation, as well as support efforts to achieve smart economy in areas with growing potential such as Nganjuk Regency.

This study discusses the implementation of the effectiveness of legal oversight of regional personnel management in the era of regional autonomy. Regional autonomy grants broad authority to regional governments to regulate and manage public interests, including in the management of state civil servants (ASN). However, this authority often gives rise to problems, such as nepotism, politically motivated job transfers, and weak accountability in personnel management. Legal oversight is an important instrument to ensure that all personnel policies and practices are implemented in accordance with the principles of legality, professionalism, and accountability. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory, conceptual, and case approach, as well as qualitative analysis of regulations and personnel oversight practices. The results of the study indicate that the effectiveness of legal oversight is greatly influenced by the consistency of regulatory implementation, the strength of supervisory institutions such as the State Civil Service Commission (KASN) and the State Civil Service Agency (BKN), and the legal culture of regional apparatus. Strict enforcement of sanctions against violations also plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the merit system. The conclusion of this study confirms that effective legal oversight can prevent abuse of authority, strengthen the professionalism of civil servants (ASN), and support the achievement of regional autonomy goals, namely improving the quality of public services and public welfare. Therefore, strengthening regulations, supervisory institutions, and internalizing the values ​​of good governance are necessary to realize transparent, accountable, and integrity-based regional personnel management.

The imposition of criminal penalties must be based on careful legal consideration and in accordance with the principle of Negatief Wettelijk, which is enshrined in the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). This principle requires that judges may only impose criminal penalties if there are at least two valid pieces of evidence that can fully explain the occurrence of the criminal act and the involvement of the defendant. In the case of the murder of Wayan Mirna Salihin, Jesica Kumala Wongso was designated as a suspect and sentenced by the prosecutor and judge. However, this designation sparked controversy because it did not meet the requirement of two valid pieces of evidence as stipulated in the Criminal Procedure Code. The decision against Jesica was deemed not to be based on complete and objective evidence, and therefore could be considered legally flawed when viewed from the principle of Negatief Wettelijk. Therefore, it is important for the criminal justice system to uphold the principles of legality and caution when rendering decisions.

Child marriage in Indonesia is still a serious problem despite regulations that limit the minimum age of marriage. The revision of Law No. 16/2019 sets the minimum age at 19 years, but the practice of marriage dispensation has actually increased. This phenomenon reflects the gap between formal legality and social reality which is influenced by factors such as low education, patriarchal culture, conservative religious interpretations, social pressure, and poverty. Dispensation for marriage is often granted without an in-depth assessment of the child's readiness, ignoring the principle of the best interests of the child. Law enforcement has not been effective due to the lack of legal literacy, weak supervision, and the dominance of local values. Prevention efforts require an interdisciplinary approach through reproductive health education, strengthening social protection, community participation, and synergy between institutions. Therefore, the elimination of child marriage must be a strategic policy based on the transformation of social norms and the protection of children's rights in a holistic and sustainable manner within the framework of gender perspective development and social justice.

This study aims to analyze the policy of digitizing public services at the sub-district level in the perspective of state administrative law. Digital transformation in the public bureaucracy in the modern era is an important step in creating effective, efficient, and accountable services. However, the implementation of digitalization is often not accompanied by an adequate legal framework, resulting in the potential for administrative irregularities and violations of the principles of good governance. Using a normative research approach, this study examines the compatibility of digitization policies with the principles of state administrative law, such as the principles of legality, legal certainty, proportionality, professionalism, openness, and accountability. The results of this study show that the digitization of public services at the sub-district level requires strengthening technical regulations, increasing the capacity of the apparatus, and integrating digital service systems and standards based on legal principles. This research not only focuses on technological innovation, but is also supported by a strong legal foundation to ensure the protection of public rights and the legitimacy of public services.

Pretrial proceedings play a strategic role in Indonesia's criminal justice system as a judicial oversight mechanism to ensure the legality of law enforcement actions and the protection of suspects’ human rights. In corruption cases, however, pretrial motions are often exploited as procedural loopholes to invalidate ongoing investigations due to the absence of rigid legal standards and inconsistent interpretations by judges sometimes extending into the merits of the case, which should fall outside the scope of pretrial jurisdiction. This study examines the ideal concept of pretrial review using a normative juridical approach, emphasizing the due process of law principle, the primacy of lex specialis under Article 26A of the Anti-Corruption Law, and its harmonization with the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). The research concludes that pretrial mechanisms should function solely as limited judicial review, restricted to evaluating procedural legality. Additionally, the study highlights the significance of establishing Preliminary Examination Judges (Hakim Pemeriksa Pendahuluan) as proposed in the Draft Criminal Procedure Code. These judges would proactively supervise investigative actions, ensuring procedural compliance and minimizing the misuse of pretrial remedies by corruption suspects. Strengthening normative frameworks and judicial guidelines is thus essential to foster coherent, fair rulings and support the integrity and effectiveness of anti-corruption law enforcement.

This study explores the issue of slum settlements in Ledhok Timoho Village, located along the banks of the Gajah Wong River in Yogyakarta. The area faces complex social, economic, legal, and environmental challenges, mainly due to the legal uncertainty of Sultan Ground land where many residents live. A descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach was applied. The findings reveal that unclear land ownership hinders residents’ access to public services and decent housing. Local initiatives such as TAABAH have been instrumental in advocating for residents’ rights, yet structural limitations persist. The study recommends implementing long-term residential concession schemes, replicating the livable village model through community participation, revitalizing basic infrastructure, and integrating human rights-based and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) approaches. An inclusive and collaborative strategy is essential for slum settlement upgrading that is sustainable, equitable, and respectful of human dignity.

In the modern legal system, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) testing has become an important tool in the resolution of criminal and civil cases in Indonesia. The use of DNA can assist in determining blood relations, uncovering sexual abuse cases, and proving involvement in other crimes. Nonetheless, there are various legal issues that arise regarding the collection of DNA specimens without the consent of the sample owner. In Indonesia, although there are personal data protection regulations such as the Health and Population Administration Law, there are no specific provisions regarding the legality of unauthorized DNA sampling. This creates uncertainty in the legal system, especially in terms of evidence being recognized in court. Unauthorized DNA sampling can violate an individual's right to privacy guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution and the Criminal Procedure Law. This potentially makes DNA test results inadmissible as valid evidence in court. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the legality of the practice of unauthorized DNA sampling and its impact on the legal evidentiary system in Indonesia. The study also highlights the importance of medical ethics and legal protection of privacy in determining the validity of DNA evidence in judicial proceedings. It also explores the role of medical ethics and privacy law in determining the validity of DNA test results in the judicial process, and provides recommendations for clearer regulations regarding DNA sampling procedures.

This study aims to examine and compare the expenditure and income patterns between traditional market traders in Sukaramai Market and MMTC with street vendors operating around the State University of Medan (UNIMED). This study is based on the main differences between the two groups, especially related to business legality, sales location, and operational costs, which have the potential to affect business effectiveness and the economic welfare of the actors. The comparative quantitative method was used to collect data through questionnaires and Simple Random Sampling sampling techniques on 45 respondents, consisting of 30 market traders and 15 street vendors. The collected data were then analyzed using statistical inference techniques to obtain accurate and reliable parameter estimates. The results of the study show that market traders have an average income of IDR 9.37 million with expenses of IDR 6.7 million per month, so that the net profit obtained reaches IDR 2.67 million. Meanwhile, street vendors have an average income of IDR 7.2 million and expenses of IDR 5.53 million, so that their net profit is around IDR 1.67 million. Although market traders' expenses are higher, they still get a greater net profit. This study confirms that business location, legality, and management system factors significantly affect the efficiency and economic success of traders. This finding is very relevant as a basis for formulating fair and sustainable policies for empowering the informal sector, especially for small and micro traders in urban areas, in order to optimally improve their economic welfare.

As the world’s largest archipelagic state, Indonesia holds a strategic geographical position that simultaneously renders it vulnerable to multifaceted maritime security threats. One of the most pressing recent issues is the construction of a coastal barrier (pagar laut) along the Tangerang coastline in Banten Province, which has raised significant legal, social, and environmental concerns. This study examines the legality of such structures through the lens of international maritime law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982. Employing a normative legal approach and qualitative analysis, this research assesses both national and international legal instruments relevant to maritime space governance. The findings indicate that the unauthorized construction of the coastal barrier violates several national regulations namely, laws governing coastal management, marine utilization, and environmental protection while also infringing upon core UNCLOS principles such as the right of innocent passage, freedom of navigation, and marine environmental protection. This study underscores the urgent need for integrated national maritime governance, regulatory harmonization, and cross-sectoral coordination to ensure compliance with international legal standards and safeguard public access to marine spaces. The Tangerang coastal barrier case exemplifies the rise of non-traditional maritime security threats in Indonesia, calling for more assertive and structured legal and policy responses.

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has led to the creation of various works, including images generated without direct human involvement. One of the platforms that facilitates the buying and selling of AI-generated images is Adobe Stock. However, this raises legal issues regarding ownership status and copyright protection of such images, considering that Indonesia's positive law has not explicitly regulated ownership of works produced by non-human entities. This research aims to examine the legality of ownership over images generated by Generative AI in transactions through Adobe Stock and to analyze its compatibility with the Indonesian legal system. This study uses a normative juridical method with statutory, case, comparative, and conceptual approaches, as well as a literature study relevant to the issues discussed. The results show that under the Indonesian legal system, a work must have a creator who is a legal subject. Therefore, images generated by AI cannot automatically be granted copyright status unless there is significant human intervention in the creation process. In transactions through Adobe Stock, the platform's policy serves as the main reference in determining ownership and legal responsibility over AI-generated images. The legality of AI-generated image ownership in Indonesia remains a gray area and requires regulatory updates to accommodate technological developments. Legal clarity is needed to protect parties involved in AI-based digital transactions and to ensure legal certainty in the protection of creative works.

The acceleration of globalization and advances in information technology have brought about significant changes in the economic field. In this context, collaboration between individuals is a key element in forming business groups that aim to achieve economic benefits. These business groups can take the form of informal businesses that do not yet have legality, as well as legal entities known as corporations. When individuals join a corporation, this also strengthens the corporation's position as a legal subject in economic activities. A legal subject (subject tumjuris) is an entity that can have and exercise rights and obligations. This situation can trigger abuse of power by corporations against the public interest, which is then known as corporate crime. Such crimes are usually committed for the sake of the company's business interests and fall into the category of white collar. crime. One form of corporate crime that is rampant is the violation of the economic rights of creators and copyright owners