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Drug interaction is a change in the effect of a drug due to the presence of other drugs taken simultaneously, which will cause a decrease in the therapeutic effect of the drug and toxicity in the body can increase. Changes in drug effects due to drug interactions vary greatly between individuals because they are influenced by various factors such as dose, drug levels in the blood, route of drug administration, drug metabolism, duration of therapy and patient characteristics. The potential for drug interactions can occur, one of which is in patients who take a large number of drugs simultaneously or Polypharmacy. Therefore, this study is related to the problem of drug interactions that occur due to Polypharmacy Prescriptions from internal medicine specialists at One of the Pharmacies in Bandung City which really needs to be considered, especially by a pharmacist. The results can be concluded that there are 22 drug interactions originating from 69 prescriptions with details of 10 minor interactions, 11 moderate interactions, and 1 major interaction. This shows that of the 69 prescriptions that have been studied, only 31.88% have interactions with minor, moderate, and major categories.

Introduction: Anesthesia is a complex pharmacological Response induced by a chemically heterogeneous class of Drugs, the so-called general anesthetics Every year, tens of Millions of patients are exposed to general anesthetics Drugs that remove the most precious human attribute Consciousness. By allowing for prolonged invasive Procedures, general anesthesia is one of the foremost Achievements of modern medical science However, there Is no objective or widely accepted definition of general Anesthesia. Aim of the study: The aim of study uses of prophylactic nebulized steroids therapy on postoperative cough in a heavy smoker patient under elective extra thoracic surgery. Results: The data was analyzed using the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistic 28 the results attached below were obtained based on the following hypotheses and aim of this study (The aim of study use of prophylactic steroids therapy on postoperative cough for heavy smoker patient under elective extra thoracic surgery). Discussion: In this study, it was attempted to determine the effect of steroids therapy on post-operative cough in patients ­smoking. And there was high-significant data for each drug group. From this data we note that from study questionnaire the use of nebulizer pulmicort which is making less side effect on patients from than using systemic dexamethasone to patients. and be better drug used for patient who have chronic disease such as (hypertension, diabetic mellitus, problem in respiratory system and complication. Conclusion: from all results in this study, we can conclude that there is a significant effect on shortness of breath and high significant data variable effect on cough according to data research. 

Medications used for gastrointestinal (GI) disease therapy are widely prescribed or over-the-counter, ranking among the top 10 prescribed and sold globally. These drugs are often concurrently used with other medications, leading to potential drug interactions that can impact their effectiveness. However, the identification of potential interaction severity remains limited. This study focuses on identifying drug interactions in patients with digestive disorders through common prescriptions in Bandung city in November 2023. Out of 50 analyzed prescriptions, 20 potential drug interactions were identified, comprising 8 minor and 12 moderate interactions, with no major interactions. The findings underscore the pharmacist's crucial role in counseling and providing drug information to enhance therapy effectiveness and patients' quality of life.

Fever is a symptom of all types of diseases, both infectious and noninfectious. Fever is also a symptom that often occurs in children. Children's body temperature defenses are still weak so they are very susceptible to infections, fungi and viruses. Fever can endanger a child's safety if treated quickly and appropriately and can cause seizures. Normal body temperature is 36.50C-37.50C. If the body temperature is more than 37.5 then a water tepid sponge compress can be applied. Able to apply a water tepid sponge compress to reduce fever in children. Able to determine body temperature before and after being given a water tepid sponge compress. In this study, a descriptive case study was used, three research subjects who received the fever-reducing drug paracetamol and were given water tepid sponge compress intervention to reduce fever in children. The data collection instrument uses an observation sheet. Based on the results of the study, it showed that children who were given fever-reducing medication and compressed water tepid sponge were used and for the three respondents for three days, the average result on the first day was 1.50C, on the second day the average was 1.50C. .3 0C and on the third day the average was 0.30C. Children who were given fever-reducing medication and given water tepid sponge compresses experienced a decrease in body temperature. Hospitals are expected to maximize the application of warm Tepid Water Sponge compresses to children to treat fever as a non-pharmacological therapy.

Changes in the behavior of drug users have a negative impact if the substance enters the user's body. So that the addictive behavior must be. This research was conducted at the Sakinah Harakah Bhakti Foundation, South Tangerang, to help addicts gradually change their addictive behavior using an eclectic approach, namely combining various therapeutic methods such as MI, CBT, and 12 steps of recovery. This study used a qualitative method with a purposive sampling technique in selecting informants. The results in this study indicate that changes in the behavior of clients undergoing rehabilitation occur in the ready to change phase, namely from the preparation stage to action using CBT therapy through topic sessions and 12 steps through JFT meetings. As for the initial phase when the client is still not ready to change, namely precontemplation using MI therapy through giving affirmations; and when the client starts to become aware but doesn't want to change yet, namely contemplation through giving MI open questions; the maintenance phase uses 12 steps through follow-up instructions regarding NA; and the ending phase of termination using MI through providing motivation when the client has successfully undergone a series of therapies.      

Drug interactions are part of drug-related problems that can affect patient therapy. These interactions can hinder the achievement of desired therapeutic outcomes. The incidence of drug interactions is increasing as the number of medications received by patients grows. This study aims to identify the presence of polypharmacy prescriptions and their potential drug interactions in cardiology clinic patients at Hospital X in Karawang. The research was observational with a retrospective design, utilizing data from outpatient cardiology clinic prescriptions from January to March 2023 through random sampling. The study results showed that out of 90 prescriptions, 87 (96.66%) had drug interactions, while 3 prescriptions (3.33%) did not. Drug interactions of moderate severity accounted for 239 cases (82.9%), with the most frequent interactions being Furosemide with Bisoprolol, totaling 45 cases (18.8%), and Spironolactone with Bisoprolol, totaling 44 cases (18.4%). Drug interactions of major severity were recorded in 53 cases (17%), with the most frequent being Spironolactone with Ramipril, totaling 20 cases (37.7%), and Spironolactone with Candesartan, totaling 12 cases (22.6%).

An adequate understanding on health workers on use antibiotics can prevent the treatment ineffective. Increased risk for the security patient and the spread resistence. The purpose of this research that is, to know the knowledge of midwives in provision of antibiotics for the patient. The kind of research non experiment by using the method case study a qualitative approach. The data using a method of in- depth interviews. The determination of inform with purposive technique. Inform were 6 people consisting of 3 informants midwives and 3 informants patients. Based on the results of the study, the knowledge of midwives' knowledge of rationality in the administration of antibiotics based on 4 T (exact patient, precise indication, proper drug, correct dose) and 1 W (side effect) is still not appropriate because in midwife antibiotics using empirical therapy, the use of antibiotics for empirical therapy is the use of antibiotics in cases of infection that have not been known to the type of bacteria the cause. And rician drug information submitted is the name of the drug, the purpose of therapy, how to take medication with a time interval of 3 x 1 in a day, the drug should be spent and back in case of abnormalities when taking the drug.

Mental health is essential to learn because it is the well-being of a person's condition in knowing and developing someone’s potential. Because it is considered an important issue, mental health is ultimately correlated with other sciences. One of them is the science of Sufism. The science of Sufism is very appropriate in discussing this mental health problem because the object of study in Sufism and psychology both discuss the human soul. Sufism is well known, and the science that examines mental health is the science of psychology. Combining knowledge between these two branches of knowledge, hoped that it can increase faith to achieve the goal of life, namely, to be happy and prosperous both in this world and in the hereafter.

Hypertension or what is also called high blood pressure is a medical condition where a person's blood pressure is at a high level. This condition is characterized by systolic pressure exceeding 140 mmHg and diastolic pressure exceeding 90 mmHg. Treatment for hypertension includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. Non-pharmacological treatments such as exercise, maintaining diet, and non-drug therapy through the use of herbal ingredients. In this era of globalization, there are still people who choose to consume medicinal plants rather than consuming chemical treatments. This research aims to review various types of plants that can be an alternative treatment for hypertension. The method used is a literature study via Google Scholar. Based on the results of a literature study, several journals were found that discussed plants that can treat hypertension, such as starfruit, green tea, African leaves, suruhan herbs, garlic, and celery leaves. This is because these plants contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins which can control blood pressure.    

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a TB infection that attacks organs other than the lungs such as the pleura, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, skin, bones, joints and lining of the brain. Patients with extrapulmonary TB often present with symptoms and signs related to the site of involvement. Systemic symptoms (such as weight loss, fever, hyperhidrosis, dyspnea, malaise) are usually present, although not always present. In clinical practice, it is not uncommon for extra pulmonary TB in an unclear location to be detected incidentally. The diagnosis of Intestinal TB is sometimes difficult to make and is only known after the disease. Therefore, some experts recommend empiric OAT therapy even though a definite diagnosis has not yet been established. This is done mainly in patients from endemic areas. This case report presents a 17 year old male with complaints of abdominal pain. Complaints accompanied by decreased appetite and drastic weight loss. The patient underwent a number of therapies in the form of drugs and surgery. The patient's condition improved after treatment and he was able to go home provided he had to be checked again periodically.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT) are the most important component of TB treatment. CRP can be used as a marker of tuberculosis activity and severity and can predict the course of the disease. This study aimed to determine CRP levels in TB patients at the Oebobo Community Health Centre in Kupang City as a monitor of response to TB treatment. The research design was observational analytic using a cross sectional approach by measuring CRP levels in the form of high sensitivity CRP in pulmonary TB patients with OAT therapy. The results showed that of the 27 respondents (20 men, 7 women), 18 people (66.66%) had CRP ≤ 10 mg/L and 9 people (33.33%) had CRP > 10 mg/L. Based on the length of treatment, CRP levels > 10.0 mg/L were most prevalent in respondents who were undergoing intensive treatment, namely 6 people (22.22%). Respondents with advanced treatment had more CRP levels ≤ 10.0 mg/L (26.63%) than > 10.0 mg/L (11.11%).

Hemodialysis is one of the installations in the hospital that handles blood washing therapy, by removing excess waste or harmful compounds, through a semi-permeable membrane which is carried out to replace kidney function that is no longer functioning properly. Hemodialysis is given to patients with a diagnosis of acute renal failure, terminal renal failure and patients who have severe poisoning with certain drugs. The research design was carried out descriptively. The aim of this research was to determine whether there was formalin exposure to hemodialysis workers or nurses when reusing or cleaning hemodialysis equipment, using a qualitative test. In this research, the results were obtained from 15 blood plasma samples, namely 6 positive formalin blood samples, with Schiff, Tollens, KMnO4 and Fehling reagents. It is known from the table of analysis results of qualitative test of formalin exposure on hemodialysis workers in one of the East Java Hospitals. For further research, it is hoped that quantitative tests will be carried out in determining the level of formalin in the blood using the instrument.

Background: One of the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that has received a lot of attention is Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes management is divided into two ways. The first way is with non-drug therapy (non-pharmacological) and second with drug therapy. Drug therapy in the form of oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin. Non-pharmacological methods with food planning and physical exercise. The type of light physical exercise recommended for patients with type II diabetes mellitus is walking and brisk walking. Objective: To determine the effect of brisk walking to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: This review uses the literature review method. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Garuda, and Google Scholar. The search strategy used keywords with "brisk walking", "physical exercise", "glycemic control", "diabetes mellitus, type II",. Results: Seven articles were reviewed in this literature review. Six articles discussed brisk walking, one article discussed the difference in glycemic control in low - high intensity interval training with endurance training. The overall results of this review show that doing physical activity brisk walking has an effect in reducing blood glucose levels, reducing blood glucose levels by 49.75 mg/dL. Physical activity sessions can be done for 3 - 7 sessions per week with a duration of 15 - 60 minutes. Conclusion: The effect of brisk walking is proven to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This research discusses the Implementation and Inhibiting Factors of Rehabilitation of Children as Drug Users at the Gorontalo Children's Special Development Institution. The method used in the research is empirical with qualitative descriptive data analysis which describes and describes data and facts in the field. Based on the results of the research, the implementation of rehabilitation for children as drug users at the Gorontalo Province Special Child Development Institute is carried out through several stages, namely medical rehabilitation which begins with assessments and interviews as well as observations to examine the body and psychology in order to obtain information and history of narcotics addicts as supporting material for subsequent therapy. After the assessment, the next step is a routine examination process every 2 weeks by a health team or doctor, and administering medication according to the type of drug and the severity of the symptoms caused; Non-medical rehabilitation by carrying out a mental (spiritual) development process which is carried out routinely every day, in collaboration with religious foundations; and Social Rehabilitation by creating groups consisting of several people who have the same problem, then training in their skills to make work or crafts that have (economic) value. The Inhibiting Factors for Implementing Rehabilitation for Children who Use Drugs at the Gorontalo Province Special Development Institution for Children are limited human resources for officers; Limited Operational Funds; limited facilities and infrastructure, and lack of community support.Therefore, LKPA should continue to increase efforts to develop children so that they do not do similar things again in the future, by preparing rehabilitation infrastructure, including increasing competent and professional assistant staff. The community, especially families, must continue to provide full support for the process of coaching their children who are dealing with legal processes such as drugs, for the sake of the future of the nation and state.

Hypertension in pregnancy is a common pregnancy complication, affecting 2% of pregnant women worldwide. It is the cause of death of pregnant women in the world, hypertension is treated conventionally, namely hypertension-reducing drugs, but this conventional treatment has many problems because it is related to pregnant women which will definitely be related to the fetus they are carrying. At the Bestari Community Health Center, Medan Petisah District, the health status of mothers and children is good, but there are still problems for pregnant women who experience hypertension during their pregnancy, which is around 30%. The incidence of hypertension in pregnancy is high in the working area of the Bestari Community Health Center, Medan Petisah District, because people consume more than the amount of salt, the food menu is haphazard, and if they are treated with hypertension medication, they are not consumed because it will have a bad impact on their child, to solve the problem, to resolve the treatment. An alternative to non-pharmacological treatment is using music therapy and providing counseling about correct eating patterns. The aim of this community service is to increase knowledge and reduce the incidence of hypertension in pregnant women by using counseling methods and applying music therapy. Method: By providing counseling and music therapy, the results of the implementation of Beethoven's classical music therapy activities are: knowledge of the community (pregnant women) about eating patterns increased by approximately 89% and hypertension which was successful decreased in the 2-4th week of therapy, namely on average 110/70 mmHg..

Anxiety is one of the complaints of patients with Chronic Kidney Failure (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis. CAM (Complementary Alternative Medicine) therapy as a substitute for drugs using lavender aromatherapy is expected to reduce anxiety levels in CKD patients who are undergoing hemodialysis therapy. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of inhaled aromatherapy on reducing anxiety levels in CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital. This type of research is quantitative research with a pre-experimental research design with one group pre-test and post-test approaches. The sampling technique in this study was total sampling with a total of 20 respondents. Data analysis was carried out using the sample paired t-test. The results of the study obtained a p-value of 0.00 where the p-value was <0.05, it can be concluded that there was a significant effect after being given inhaled aromatherapy to decrease anxiety values in CKD patients at Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital. The conclusion in this study is that lavender inhalation aromatherapy has a significant effect on reducing anxiety levels in CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis and it is recommended for health workers to further improve anxiety management with non-pharmacological measures.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is an escalating global health issue, particularly with the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), which complicate treatment and control efforts. Resistance to both first-line and second-line drugs weakens the effectiveness of standard WHO-recommended therapies, while alternative drugs can cause severe side effects and reduce patient adherence. This study aims to explore the integration of bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics in supporting personalized TB treatment to improve therapeutic success and reduce the risk of further resistance. The research employed a laboratory-based experimental design with a bioinformatics approach, involving TB patients with clinical evidence of drug resistance. Clinical samples were analyzed through whole genome sequencing to identify gene mutations associated with resistance, followed by pharmacogenomic mapping to predict pharmacological responses based on patients’ genetic variations. The results revealed several specific gene mutations consistently linked to resistance and produced individualized therapeutic recommendations that were more targeted than standard protocols. Effectiveness evaluation demonstrated that genome-based personalized therapy yielded higher treatment success rates, faster recovery times, and lower rates of subsequent resistance. These findings highlight the significant potential of precision medicine in TB management, particularly for resistant cases that are difficult to treat with conventional approaches. In conclusion, the integration of bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics plays an essential role in strengthening TB treatment strategies through a personalized, adaptive, effective, and sustainable approach. Nevertheless, its implementation still faces challenges such as high costs, limited infrastructure, and the need for clear regulations regarding the use of patients’ genomic data.

The lack of public knowledge about hypertension and information about drugs is an obstacle to success in the healing process. In line with this, Gebriet et al. (2017) explained that the level of knowledge and understanding of hypertensive patients regarding their disease can support the success of therapy so that the patient's blood pressure can be well controlled. The more patients understand their disease, the more aware patients will be in maintaining a lifestyle, regularly taking medication, and the level of patient compliance will also increase. Before conducting counseling, participants were given a pre-test to find out how much knowledge the community had about hypertension. During the implementation of the activity, participants paid attention enthusiastically and actively. This can be seen from the many questions from the participants and the right answers to questions from the community service team. At the end of the activity, participants conducted an evaluation. The results of the evaluation conducted from 10 participants showed that the pre-test results were 45% good, 55% fair value, the post-test results showed that 85% good 15% fair. So there has been an increase in knowledge from before and after counseling.

Pharmacological treatments such as vitamin B6 can be used to treat nausea, vomiting. However, pregnant women can use natural remedies such as ant sugar to prevent drug side effects. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of giving ant sugar and ginger on reducing nausea vomiting in pregnant women in the first trimester. This type of research uses pre post with control group design. The sample was 10 respondents of the intervention group and 10 respondents as a control group. Bivariate analysis is a statistical homogeinity test. The results of the study that the incidence of nausea vomiting in pregnant women trimester 1 before being given a combination therapy of ant sugar and ginger was obtained as many as 3 respondents (30%) mild category, 6 respondents (60%) medium category and 1 respondent (1%) weight category. After being given ant sugar and ginger, there was a decrease in vomiting to 3 respondents (30%) not nauseated vomiting, 3 respondents (30%) mild category, 3 respondents (30%) moderate category and 1 respondent (1%) weight category. The results of statistical tests using marginal homogeinity tests in this study showed a p value of 0.014 (< 0.05). The implication that giving ant sugar and ginger has an influence on reducing nausea vomiting in first trimester pregnant women.    

Control efforts with the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-course) strategy have been implemented. The side effects of this drug will continue as long as the sufferer takes it, furthermore anti-TB drugs (OAT) will change the metabolism in the sufferer's body. Chronic effects that arise from OAT treatment include increased levels of uric acid, glucose and hemoglobin in the blood. From the results of a preliminary study, data collection was carried out on the number of pulmonary TB sufferers in Kupang City in 2021, amounting to 385. Of this number, 72 cases were found at the Oesapa Community Health Center who were smear positive for pulmonary TB and had recovered and were still undergoing treatment. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out research to determine blood glucose, uric acid and hemoglobin levels in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients who take OAT (anti-TB drugs) before taking, after taking 2 months and 6 months of treatment. This research method is descriptive and statistical. Statistical analysis using One Way Anova and Linear Regression tests was used to determine the effect of length of treatment on blood profiles in pulmonary tuberculosis sufferers. TB sufferers with anti-tuberculosis drug therapy at the Oesapa Community Health Center based on the age of the patient, there were 11 sufferers aged <30 years (55%), 9 sufferers aged >30 years (45%). Based on gender, 13 sufferers were female (65%), 7 sufferers were male (35%). Hemoglobin levels checked before treatment showed a mean of 13.015 g/dL, during 2 months of treatment 13.185 g/dL, and after 6 months of treatment the mean was 11.94 g/dL. The current blood sugar levels from table 1.3 above which were checked before treatment showed an average of 137.7 g/dL, during 2 months of treatment 145.15 g/dL, and after 6 months of treatment the average was 144.15 g/dL. Uric acid levels were based on the respondent's length of treatment with an average uric acid level before treatment of 6.16 mg/dL, 2 months of treatment 5.92 mg/dL and 6 months of treatment 6.43 mg/dL. Hemoglobin levels, instant blood sugar and uric acid before, 2 months and 6 months of treatment showed a p value <0.05, meaning the data was not normally distributed. The results of the analysis using the Friedman anova test showed a p value (0.137) > 0.05. This means there is no difference in uric acid measurement values ??before, 2 months and 6 months of treatment. The results of the analysis using the Friedman anova test showed a p value (0.142) > 0.05. This means that there is no difference in blood sugar measurement values ??before, 2 months and 6 months of treatment. The results of the analysis using the Friedman anova test showed a p value (0.378) > 0.05. This means there is no difference in Hb measurement values ??before, 2 months and 6 months of treatment