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This research is normative legal research that uses a normative judicial approach. The research results show that: (1) There are differences of opinion between judges, e-commers and notaries. regarding the strength of proof of a signature on an electronic document in proving civil procedural law in Indonesia. Judges and e-commers are of the opinion that electronic documents that have been signed with an electronic signature have the same evidentiary power as authentic deeds made by authorized officials, after the issuance of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. Meanwhile, the notary is of the opinion that an electronic document signed with an electronic signature only has the power of proof under the hand, because it does not meet the requirements as an authentic deed, that is, it does not appear before an authorized official; and (2) Settlement of disputes resulting from non-fulfillment of the agreement can be resolved using a court or an institution outside the court, but e-comers generally use institutions outside the court because it is considered easier and faster to resolve and the costs are cheaper.The use of an electronic signature on an electronic document can guarantee the security of an electronic information message, which uses a public network, because electronic signatures are created based on asymmetric cryptography technology. From this research, there are differences of opinion regarding the evidentiary power of electronic documents signed with electronic signatures that are used as evidence in trials. The use of an electronic signature on an electronic document can guarantee the security of an electronic information message, which uses a public network, because electronic signatures are created based on asymmetric cryptography technology. From this research, there are differences of opinion regarding the evidentiary power of electronic documents signed with electronic signatures that are used as evidence in trials. Furthermore, electronic signatures need to be certified so that they have evidentiary power such as authentic deeds and there is no need to carry out digital forensic tests in the evidentiary process at trial.    

Data security is an important aspect of information systems, especially in the widely used windows operating system environment. Modern encryption technology offers a variety of ways to increase data protection from security threats. This method utilizes literature insights and comparative analysis of various cryptographic techniques applied to the Windows operating system. Data sources were obtained from academic journals, books and technical documents from Microsoft and cyber security institutions. This article describes various modern cryptographic techniques that can be applied to the Windows operating system, including symmetric and asymmetric algorithms and end-to-end encryption. Protocol implementation security. This research also examines the effectiveness of cryptographic techniques in overcoming cyber security threats and provides the best recommendations for improving data security. It also provides a comparative analysis of various cryptographic techniques implemented in Windows operating systems. This study shows that evaluating encryption techniques can help overcome cyber threats and provide optimal solutions to improve data security. Data sources were obtained from academic journals, books, and technical documents from Microsoft and cyber security.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the cryptocurrency market on the performance stock market. It considers IDX Composite as dependent variable while monthly price and volume Bicoin as independent variables and monthly inflation and the Bank Indonesia benchmark interest rate (BI Rate) as controlled variables from January 2018 to May 2024. Applying multiple linear regression model. The results of the study indicate that Bitcoin price has positive impact on the performance of stock market while it notices a negative impact on the same of the volume. Both Inflation and BI Rate also has positive impact on the performance stock. This research provides empirical evidence of the relationship between the cryptocurrency market and the stock market in Indonesia, as well as providing implications for investors, regulators, and academics.

In the rapidly advancing digital era, information security has become a crucial aspect in maintaining the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data. This article discusses the relationship between information system auditing and the use of modern cryptographic combinations in securing text messages. Information system auditing serves as an evaluation mechanism to ensure that security policies, procedures, and standards are correctly and consistently applied. On the other hand, modern cryptography provides advanced encryption technology that protects text messages from unauthorized access and manipulation. By combining these two approaches, we can create a robust framework for securing text messages, ensuring that data remains safe and protected during transmission and storage. Research results indicate that integrating information system auditing with modern cryptographic techniques significantly enhances the security and reliability of information systems.      

Cloud-based systems are increasingly vulnerable to a range of cybersecurity threats, driving the need for advanced encryption methods. This paper investigates the potential of quantum cryptography in securing cloud environments, focusing on the use of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. By leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, the study demonstrates significant improvements in data security, offering enhanced protection against eavesdropping and paving the way for more resilient cloud security frameworks.

Electronic-Commerce (e-commerce) or electronic commerce is a way to sell and buying goods and services via the internet network Electronic-Commerce (e-commerce) or electronic commerce is a way to sell and purchase goods and services via the internet network. When a customer finds a product they want to purchase, they can add it to their shopping cart and check out using their debit or credit card. Some payment processors even allow to accept payments via cryptocurrency and other alternative payment methods

This research aims to identify lichens as bioindicators of air pollution in the area of ​​the Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Campus, Bandung. Research was carried out to evaluate the amount and types of lichen present and to assess the air quality in the campus environment. In this research, observations were made of several types of lichens growing in various locations on campus. Observation results showed the presence of several types of lichens such as Dirinaria sp., Cryptothecia striata, Dirinaria picta, and Diploicia canescens. The number of colonies and morphological characteristics of each lichen type were identified to interpret the level of air pollution at each location. Observation results show that the campus has a variety of lichen types, each of which shows tolerance to different environmental conditions. Among the types found, Dirinaria sp. and Cryptothecia striata were found in relatively large numbers of colonies, while Dirinaria picta showed good adaptability even though it was found in small numbers, and Diploicia canescens indicated fairly polluted air conditions. Thus, this research concludes that lichens can be used effectively as bioindicators to monitor air quality around campus, with the number and diversity of lichen types providing an overview of overall environmental conditions.    

The rapid development of the current era has given rise to various advances in the world of technology, one of which is marked by the presence of crypto assets. Crypto assets themselves have been widely used for various purposes in various countries, including Indonesia. However, of all the regulations regarding activities related to crypto assets, there is not a single regulation that explains the actual status of the property rights of these crypto assets. The purpose of writing this article is to determine the status of property rights and the acquisition of property rights from crypto assets. The type of research used is normative research by examining legal materials consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Based on the results of this research, it was found that crypto assets can be said to be objects, in this case specifically intangible objects, movable objects, and some are consumable objects and non-consumable objects. According to the Civil Code, the method of obtaining the right is divided into several ways, namely claim, handover, inheritance, expiration, and withdrawal.  

The rapid advancement of quantum computing has significantly impacted data security, as classical cryptographic algorithms such as RSA and ECC are increasingly vulnerable to quantum attacks. This study aims to evaluate the performance of classical and post-quantum cryptographic algorithms in a quantum simulation environment, focusing on stability, efficiency, and computational time. The research method employed experimental simulations using Qiskit, where cryptographic algorithms were modeled into quantum circuits and tested across varying qubit sizes of 128, 256, 512, and 1024. The simulation results indicate that classical algorithms face substantial limitations, with exponentially increasing computational time and drastically reduced stability beyond 512 qubits. In contrast, post-quantum algorithms demonstrated superior performance, maintaining high stability up to 1024 qubits, achieving greater quantum efficiency, and showing resilience against quantum attacks such as Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms. These findings highlight the urgent need to transition toward post-quantum cryptography as a more adaptive and reliable approach to safeguarding data in the quantum era. Although post-quantum algorithms still face certain challenges, such as larger key sizes and slightly higher computational costs at smaller scales, their overall benefits are far more significant in ensuring sustainable information security. Therefore, adopting post-quantum cryptography represents a strategic step that must be prioritized to address the evolving risks posed by quantum computing technologies.

Digital currencies can now be utilized by people in various countries, including Indonesia. The Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency (Bappebti) noted that as of November 2023, the number of registered crypto asset customers reached 18.25 million. Every month it has a growth of 437.9 thousand customers calculated since February 2021. The problem in the study, how is the use of crypto assets in Indonesia for investment and transaction purposes in Indonesia.The purpose of the study, to analyze the use of crypto assets in Indonesia for investment and transaction purposes in Indonesia.  This research is normative juridical, legal material collection techniques using library research. Data analysis technique, by collecting data, analyzing data, followed by drawing conclusions. Every transaction uses a currency benchmark. The definition of currency is money issued by the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, hereinafter referred to as Rupiah. It is money that is a legal tender. Article 2 of Bappebti Regulation No.5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Crypto Asset Physical Market on futures exchanges, crypto asset trading must be based on legal certainty. Conclusion, that crypto assets in Indonesia can be used as a means of investment for the community. with provisions in accordance with the Minister of Trade Regulation Number 99 of 2018. Buying and selling crypto can only be done on the futures exchange.

Blockchain, originally developed as the technology behind cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, has gained attention for its potential to revolutionize cybersecurity. It offers a promising solution to the vulnerabilities of centralized systems by decentralizing data storage and implementing advanced encryption techniques. Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies have presented significant challenges in the realm of cyber law to regulate them in the future, varying blockchain and crypto regulatory approaches in various countries, including regulations on crypto exchanges, ICOs, and compliance with anti- money laundering ( AML) regulations. and getting to know customers (KYC). explores the issue of data protection in blockchain transactions and i ts implications for cyber law, as well as the legality and enforcement of smart contracts. the impact of cryptocurrency use on cyber law, including challenges in tax compliance, law enforcement, and consumer protection. In the midst of various complexities regarding the direction of regulation of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies in cyber law. with blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies and prepare views to face future challenges.

The use of cryptocurrency assets in Indonesia is still prohibited as a means of payment but as an investment instrument it can be included as a commodity that can be traded on a term exchange as regulated in the regulation of Law No. 10 of 2011 concerning amendments to Law No. 32 of 1997. The positive impact of cryptocurrencies in consumer protection such as cryptocurrency financial access can provide access to the traditional banking system, thereby increasing financial inclusion. There are also negative impacts to consider in consumer protection: security risks associated with theft or hacking of cryptocurrency exchange platforms and digital wallets can threaten the security of consumer funds. This study aims to analyze about consumer protection of cryptocurrencies in the digital age. This research uses normative research methods and uses qualitative data types. The results of this study show that consumer protection in cryptocurrency in the digital era, among others, preventively, in cryptocurrency trading transactions as assets is also strengthened by the Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 9 of 2019 concerning Amendments to the Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 5 of 2019 concerning Textile Arrangements for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Cryptocurrency Assets on Futures Exchanges. Meanwhile, if repressively to protect what is given after a dispute arises in the form of sanctions, fines, imprisonment, and penalties imposed a dispute occurs, regulated in Article 22 of PerBappeti Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Cryptocurrency Assets on the Futures Exchange, that dispute resolution is carried out by deliberation to reach consensus if it does not reach consensus the parties can resolve through the Futures Trading Arbitration Agency Commodity (BAKTI) and the State Court as stated in the agreement between the parties. Bank Indonesia reaffirms the ban on the use of virtual currencies in cryptocurrency, both in the form of selling, buying, and trading with these currencies. 

The rapid evolution of smart cities, driven by the integration of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, has brought about significant advancements in urban infrastructure and services. However, these developments also introduce new cybersecurity challenges. Introduction: Smart cities are increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats due to the extensive use of interconnected devices and systems. A key security concern is the management of digital identities, which is essential for maintaining the integrity and reliability of city services. Literature Review: Traditional centralized identity management systems face significant security issues, including a single point of failure, data breaches, and limited user control over personal information. In contrast, decentralized solutions, particularly blockchain-based systems, offer enhanced security through their distributed nature, eliminating vulnerabilities associated with centralized models. Materials and Method: This research focuses on blockchain technology’s application in smart city identity management. A decentralized framework is proposed, leveraging cryptographic techniques, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts to ensure data security, integrity, and privacy. Results and Discussion: The implementation of blockchain for identity management significantly improves attack tolerance, data integrity, and transparency. The decentralized approach mitigates the risks associated with central authorities, ensuring that user data remains secure and verifiable. However, scalability, interoperability, and regulatory compliance challenges remain. Blockchain solutions must be optimized for large-scale smart city applications and aligned with legal standards to achieve widespread adoption. Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges to create a more secure and resilient smart city infrastructure.

The protection of heirs' rights to digital assets in Indonesia is becoming increasingly important as digital technology usage grows. Digital assets, including social media accounts, emails, digital files, and cryptocurrencies, present new challenges in inheritance law due to their unique nature. This article discusses how heirs' rights to digital assets can be effectively regulated within the existing legal framework. The main challenges include access and control issues, an incomplete legal framework, and rapid technological advancements. Proposed solutions include updating legal regulations, collaborating with digital service providers, enhancing digital literacy, and developing supportive systems and services. With these measures, it is hoped that heirs' rights to digital assets can be well-protected, providing legal certainty and ensuring that digital assets are not lost or misused.

Cryptocurrency has emerged as a disruptive force in the financial sector, presenting new regulatory challenges. This article investigates the current legal landscape surrounding cryptocurrency, addressing issues such as tax compliance, fraud prevention, and investor protection. Through a comparative study, the paper evaluates different regulatory approaches and their effectiveness in achieving financial stability while fostering innovation. The findings offer insights into the balance required between regulation and the growth of digital currencies.

This research discusses the criminal act of money laundering through crypto assets and the form of criminal liability for crypto assets as an object of money laundering in Indonesia. Crypto assets function as an investment not for currency as a means of payment, but crypto assets are legally designated as digital commodity objects in the form of assets. Crypto assets have the threat of being misused as a new mode of money laundering to hide and disguise the proceeds of criminal acts. This research is structured with a statutory approach, concept approach and case approach with data collection based on literature and secondary materials.The results of the discussion of this research show that legitimate crypto assets as digital commodities can turn into illegitimate or illegal crypto assets as a result of the object of the means of criminal acts of money laundering. Money laundering through crypto assets that fulfill the elements of the criminal act of money laundering has criminal liability. The perpetrators of money laundering through crypto assets can be reached and held accountable according to the money laundering article violated in Law Number 8 Year 2010.

In the era of Big Data, securing sensitive information and ensuring data integrity have become paramount concerns due to the unprecedented volume and intricacy of data. Traditional security algorithms face significant challenges in adapting to the distinct characteristics of Big Data. This literature review explores the evolution of data security algorithms tailored explicitly for the Big Data landscape, aiming to address the increasing demand for robust security solutions capable of handling the unique challenges posed by the massive scale and complexity of data. By scrutinizing existing literature, the review unveils advancements, trends, and innovations developed by researchers and practitioners to mitigate vulnerabilities associated with handling vast datasets. The review also sheds light on emerging technologies and cryptographic techniques specifically designed for Big Data security, contributing to enhanced confidentiality, integrity, and availability in the face of evolving cyber threats. While these developments offer advantages such as improved data protection and threat detection, the review highlights challenges, including algorithmic bias, computational complexity, privacy trade-offs, and a shortage of skilled workforce. By considering these factors and emphasizing continuous improvement and ethical considerations, organizations can responsibly leverage data security algorithms to enhance information security in the era of Big Data.

The rapidly evolving landscape of cryptanalysis necessitates an urgent and detailed exploration of the high-degree non-linear functions that govern the relationships between plaintext, key, and encrypted text. Historically, the complexity of these functions has posed formidable challenges to cryptanalysis. However, the advent of deep learning, supported by advanced computational resources, has revolutionized the potential for analyzing encrypted data in its raw form. This is a crucial development, given that the core principle of cryptosystem design is to eliminate discernible patterns, thereby necessitating the analysis of unprocessed encrypted data. Despite its critical importance, the integration of machine learning, and specifically deep learning, into cryptanalysis has been relatively unexplored. Deep learning algorithms stand out from traditional machine learning approaches by directly processing raw data, thus eliminating the need for predefined feature selection or extraction. This research underscores the transformative role of neural networks in aiding cryptanalysts in pinpointing vulnerabilities in ciphers by training these networks with data that accentuates inherent weaknesses alongside corresponding encryption keys. Our study represents an investigation into the feasibility and effectiveness of employing machine learning, deep learning, and innovative random optimization techniques in cryptanalysis. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art advancements in this field over the past few years. The findings of this research are not only pivotal for the field of cryptanalysis but also hold significant implications for the broader realm of data security.

In the era of technology 4.0, Indonesia is pursuing progress through the adoption of smart contracts on the blockchain. The government responded to this by establishing technology regulations to address emerging challenges. Legal principles demonstrate their adaptability in the digital era by utilizing information technology to build a modern legal and administrative framework, in line with the vision of industrial development 4.0. This normative juridical legal research evaluates the application of legal norms in a concrete context, using statutory and conceptual approaches. Data collection was carried out through literature study using primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptive methods. Smart contracts are increasingly widely used, especially in electronic transactions such as stock trading, crypto and hotel reservations. As a form of electronic agreement, smart contracts facilitate the automation of contract processes. However, its use must comply with the law and technology neutral principles in the ITE Law. Even though it is automatic, this technology is recognized as an Electronic Agent in accordance with Article 1 Number 8 of the ITE Law. The validity of these automated contracts is only questioned if it is proven that the automated system is problematic. Smart contracts in Indonesia are recognized in the context of contract law based on freedom of contract and the legal basis of the Civil Code. This recognition occurs because the Civil Code is open and complementary. However, the use of smart contracts must comply with statutory regulations, principles of decency and public order. Regulations governing smart contracts include the ITE Law, PP PTSE, and PP PMSE. These three regulations stipulate the procedures for using electronic contracts, providing a clear legal basis for the implementation of smart contracts.

This research proposes a combination of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) based on the BB84 protocol with Improved Logistic Map (ILM) to improve data transmission security. This method integrates quantum key formation from BB84 with ILM encryption. This combination creates an additional layer of security, where by default, the operation on BB84 is only XOR-substitution, with the addition of ILM creating a permutation operation on quantum keys. Experiments are measured with several quantum measurements such as Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER), Polarization Error Rate (PER), Quantum Fidelity (QF), Eavesdropping Detection (ED), and Entanglement-based detection (EDB), as well as classical cryptographic analysis such as Bit Error Ratio (BER), Entropy, Histogram Analysis, and Normalized Pixel Change Rate (NPCR) and Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI). As a result, the proposed method obtained satisfactory results, especially perfect QF and BER, and EBD, which reached 0.999.