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This study evaluated the feeding behavior and palatability of Etawa Crossbred (PE) dairy goats fed diets with partial substitution of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius forage. An in vivo field experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with four dietary treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of: (T0) Leucaena leucocephala (lamtoro) as the basal forage; (T1) lamtoro supplemented with concentrate; (T2) lamtoro plus concentrate with 10% substitution of lamtoro dry matter by C. aconitifolius; and (T3) lamtoro plus concentrate with 20% substitution of lamtoro dry matter by C. aconitifolius. Parameters observed included feed intake (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fiber), body weight change, and feeding behavior related to forage preference. The goats consistently consumed forage prior to concentrate and exhibited a higher preference for diets containing C. aconitifolius. Inclusion of C. aconitifolius reduced lamtoro intake; however, no significant differences were observed among treatments for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, or crude fiber intake (P>0.05). Body weight change showed a positive tendency in goats receiving 10% and 20% C. aconitifolius substitution, while goats fed the control diet experienced slight weight loss, although these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In conclusion, C. aconitifolius demonstrated good palatability and potential as an alternative forage for PE goats when used as a partial substitute for lamtoro. Nevertheless, its inclusion at the tested levels did not significantly affect nutrient intake or body weight change. Further studies are recommended to optimize inclusion levels and feeding strategies to enhance its practical application in small ruminant production systems.

Stunting is a complex public health problem that requires a multisectoral approach in its management. This community service aims to increase the capacity of village officials and Village Consultative Body (BPD) in handling stunting through the strategic role of management higher education institutions. The method used is a participatory approach involving 18 participants consisting of village officials and BPD members. The activities were carried out through stages of needs analysis, stunting program management training, action plan development assistance, and monitoring evaluation. The results showed a significant increase in participants' understanding of stunting program management (from 45% to 85%), the formation of a stunting management working team at the village level, and the preparation of a comprehensive stunting management action plan. The social change that has been realized is increased cross-sectoral coordination in handling stunting and the formation of a data-based monitoring system at the village level. Management higher education institutions play a strategic role in building the managerial capacity of village officials to manage stunting programs effectively and sustainably.

Herpes zoster is a skin infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, characterized by unilateral skin lesions corresponding to dermatome distribution and complaints of pain or itching. This disease is more common in adults and the elderly, especially in individuals with reduced immunity due to stress or work overload. A case was reported of a 40-year-old woman who worked as a nurse and came to a primary health care facility complaining of itching and red spots on her right breast area that had spread to the surrounding area two weeks before the examination and had worsened in the last few days. Physical examination revealed unilateral red skin lesions in a dermatomal pattern without crossing the midline of the body, consistent with the early phase of herpes zoster. Management was comprehensive, including medication, patient education about the disease and skin care, prevention of complications, and family support. A holistic approach is necessary to improve the success of therapy and the patient's quality of life.

Background: Adolescence is a transitional period from childhood to adulthood, with signs of entering adolescence including physical and psychological changes. The adolescent phase is marked by physiological maturation such as the growth of tissues and body organs. This requires adolescents to have sufficient nutritional intake. If the intake is inadequate, it can lead to disturbances in the body's metabolic processes. Nutrient deficiencies, particularly iron (Fe), can cause nutritional anemia. Low hemoglobin levels can occur due to insufficient nutrient intake from food, especially nutrients that support hemoglobin formation. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between hemoglobin levels and BMI scores in female adolescents at SMA N 3 Boyolali. Method: The research design was correlational analytic, with a sample of 76 female students at SMA Negeri 3 Boyolali. The sampling technique used random sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instruments included a digital hemoglobinometer, a digital step-on scale, and a microtoa. Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank test. Results: Bivariate analysis using the Spearman Rank statistical test showed r = 0.343 with a p-value of 0.002 < 0.05, indicating that Ha was accepted. An r of 0.343 is equivalent to 34.3%, indicating a low strength of association. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between hemoglobin levels and BMI scores in adolescent girls.

Typhoid fever is an infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi. Transmission can occur through air or food contaminated with the urine and feces of typhoid sufferers, such as air used for drinking, cooking, and washing food. Symptoms of typhoid fever include a prolonged high fever, defined as an elevated body temperature of >37.5°C. Other symptoms can include fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, and headache. This study aimed to treat children with typhoid fever. The method used was a case study of a five-year-old child with typhoid fever who was hospitalized for four days. The results showed that the child had fever, obesity, and decreased appetite. The child's problem was hypothermia, while cooling interventions were used to manage hypothermia, and one of the cooling procedures performed was the application of aloe vera compresses. The evaluation results showed that the hyperthermia resolved after four days of hospitalization. Based on this study, it is hoped that patients and their families can independently apply aloe vera compresses to treat hypothermia in children.

Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in resource-limited settings and among elderly populations, where timely diagnosis and continuous monitoring are often constrained by limited clinical infrastructure. This study presents an edge–cloud–integrated framework for early pneumonia risk monitoring, leveraging multimodal wearable sensors and deep learning to support continuous short-duration monitoring. The proposed system is designed to operate in near real time under simulated deployment conditions, continuously acquiring and analyzing physiological signals (respiratory rate, heart rate, SpO₂, and body temperature) alongside event-driven acoustic biomarkers (cough sounds) within a distributed architecture. A lightweight edge module performs local signal preprocessing and anomaly triage, selectively transmitting salient information to a cloud-based multimodal deep learning model for refined risk estimation and interpretability analysis. The framework was evaluated using a multi-source dataset comprising public repositories (MIMIC-III and Coswara) and a clinically supervised wearable study conducted in two Nigerian hospitals, resulting in 718  hours of quality-controlled multimodal monitoring data. In a pooled multi-source evaluation, the system achieved an AUC of 0.95, while in a clinically realistic local-only evaluation, the AUC was 0.86, reflecting a consistent but preliminary diagnostic signal. These results highlight the importance of local data adaptation for real-world applicability and suggest that multimodal AI can provide meaningful early risk indicators under resource constraints. Beyond predictive performance, this work demonstrates the feasibility of integrating multimodal learning, edge–cloud computation, and explainable analytics into a deployment-aware, privacy-preserving monitoring framework for low-resource healthcare environments.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that can cause impaired gas exchange due to lung tissue damage, increased mucus production, and decreased lung elasticity. This condition may lead to shortness of breath, decreased oxygen saturation, and ineffective breathing patterns. Non-pharmacological nursing interventions such as pursed lip breathing exercise and body positioning are needed to improve respiratory function. The combination of pursed lip breathing exercise and the high Fowler position is expected to enhance alveolar ventilation and improve oxygenation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Method: This study is a quantitative research with a pre-experimental/quasi-experimental design using a pre-test and post-test approach. The sample consists of pulmonary tuberculosis patients who experience impaired gas exchange and meet the inclusion criteria. The intervention provided is a combination of pursed lip breathing exercise and the high Fowler position. Gas exchange is measured by assessing oxygen saturation and respiratory rate before and after the intervention. Data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical tests to determine the effect of the intervention.Results: The expected results of this study are an increase in oxygen saturation and improvement in respiratory rate after the application of the combination of pursed lip breathing exercise and the high Fowler position in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Conclusion: The combination of pursed lip breathing exercise and the high Fowler position is expected to have a positive effect on improving gas exchange in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and can be applied as an independent nursing intervention in clinical practice.

Lifestyle changes, such as smoking habits, low physical activity, and suboptimal sleep patterns, have the potential to affect various health indicators. However, empirical evidence showing a direct link between lifestyle factors and objective health indicators still shows varying results. This study aims to analyze the relationship between lifestyle factors and health indicators in adult respondents, in an effort to provide an empirical picture of behavioral factors related to health conditions. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional observational analytic design. Data were obtained from 94 respondents who had complete lifestyle data and health examination results. Lifestyle factors analyzed included smoking habits, exercise frequency, and sleep duration, while health indicators included body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood sugar levels, cholesterol, uric acid, and pulse rate. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and the Spearman correlation test according to the characteristics of the data distribution. The results showed that smoking habits were significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), exercise frequency was significantly associated with BMI and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), and sleep duration was significantly associated with uric acid levels (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the relationship between lifestyle factors and other health indicators did not show statistical significance. These findings indicate that the influence of lifestyle on health is specific to certain indicators and is not evenly distributed across all health parameters. This study concludes that identifying lifestyle factors relevant to certain health indicators is important as a basis for formulating more targeted health promotion strategies.

The increasing sedentary lifestyle in the digital era has the potential to cause various health problems due to lack of physical activity. One approach that can be taken to encourage physical activity is through the use of digital games with body movement-based control mechanisms. This study aims to develop a body gesture-based game character control system using a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. CNN is used to extract spatial features from each video frame, while LSTM serves to model the temporal relationship between frames so that movement patterns can be recognized sequentially. The research method used refers to the Machine Learning Lifecycle stages, starting from data collection, preprocessing, model development, to implementation in the endless runner game genre. Testing results show that the CNN–LSTM model is capable of classifying body gestures and generating outputs that can be used as commands to control game characters. The implementation of this system enables more natural and interactive game interactions without conventional input devices, and has the potential to encourage players to lead a more active lifestyle.

The enforcement of election criminal law plays a crucial role in safeguarding democratic integrity and upholding the principle of popular sovereignty. Law Number 7 of 2017 establishes the Integrated Law Enforcement Center (Sentra Gakkumdu) as a coordinated mechanism involving the Election Supervisory Body, the Police, and the Prosecution Service in addressing election crimes. However, in practice, the Gakkumdu system has not fully ensured a balanced realization of legal certainty, substantive justice, and legal utility. This study aims to analyze the problems of election criminal law enforcement within the Gakkumdu system, examine the relevance of the Restorative Justice approach in election law, and formulate a reconstruction of election criminal law enforcement based on this approach. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, legal philosophy, and legal policy approaches. The findings indicate that the weaknesses in election criminal law enforcement arise from institutional fragmentation, normative ambiguity, and a legal culture dominated by legalistic and sectoral perspectives. The Restorative Justice approach is considered relevant as it prioritizes substantive justice and the restoration of democratic values. Therefore, reconstructing election criminal law enforcement based on Restorative Justice is essential to strengthening democratic legitimacy and public trust in elections in Indonesia.

Nutritional status plays an important role in shaping body image among adolescents, particularly female adolescents who experience rapid physical and psychosocial changes. Adolescents with nutritional problems are more likely to feel dissatisfied withitheiribody shape, whichimay lead to unhealthy behaviors such as strict dieting or excessive eating to gain weight. Thisistudy aimed toianalyze theirelationship betweeninutritional statusiand bodyiimage amongifemale adolescentsiat SMK Negeri 1 Palu. This research employedia quantitativeiapproachiwith aicross-sectionalidesign. Aitotal ofi169 femaleistudentsiwere selected using stratified random sampling. Body image data were collected using the Body Self Relation Questionnaire–Appearance Scale, while nutritional status was assessed using Body Mass Index for Age (BMI-for-Age) and Height for Age (HFA). Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results indicated that there was no significant relationship between nutritional status based on BMI-for-Age and body image, with a p-value of 0.329. Similarly, no significant relationship was found between Height-for-Age and body image among female adolescents, with a p-value of 0.892. Most respondents were aged 16–17 years, had a negative body image perception, normal BMI-for-Age nutritional status, and normal Height-for-Age category. These findings suggest that body image among female adolescents is not solely influenced by nutritional status but may also be affected by other psychosocial and environmental factors. Therefore, future research is recommended to apply a cohort study design and explore other determinants of body image, such as social media exposure, peer influence, and infectious diseases, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting adolescent body image.

Introduction: Maximal oxygen volume (VO2max) is the capability of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to muscle mitochondria, which is directly proportional to the level of stamina and is obtained from physical activity. Central obesity, which is characterized by excessive accumulation of visceral fat, can cause decreased stamina, so individuals with central obesity tend to have lower VO2max values. VO2max values can be determined by body composition, such as waist circumference, which is an indicator of central obesity. Methods: This study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach and involved 54 male respondents with high physical activity jobs who worked as building construction workers in Medan City, North Sumatra Province. Waist circumference measurements were carried out using a measuring tape, while VO2max was assessed using a 6-minute walk test. Statistical analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of 0.05. Results: A total of 47 respondents (87%) had a normal waist circumference, 31 respondents (57.4%) had a fair VO2max, and 16 respondents (29.6%) had an average VO2max. The analysis showed a significant relationship between waist circumference and VO2max, with a P value of 0.000 (P<0.05) and R = -0.658. Conclusion: There is a strong and significant negative correlation between waist circumference and VO2max. This indicates that a larger waist circumference results in a lower VO2max, and a smaller waist circumference results in a higher VO2max.

Background: Hand grip strength is an essential indicator of physical capacity and nutritional status that can identify obesity risk. Adipose tissue accumulation in central obesity contributes to decreased hand grip strength quality through impaired muscle force transmission. Previous studies showed inconsistent results regarding the relationship between waist circumference and hand grip strength, especially in populations with high physical activity. Objective: To analyze the relationship between waist circumference and hand grip strength in male construction workers with high physical activity in Medan City. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study with cross-sectional design involved 100 male construction workers aged 30-39 years selected using purposive sampling technique. Waist circumference was measured using measuring tape, while hand grip strength was measured using handgrip dynamometer. Data analysis used Chi-Square test with significance level α=0.05. Results: The majority of respondents had normal waist circumference (64%) with mode 70 cm and normal grip strength category (53%) with mode 41.7 kg. Chi-Square test showed significant relationship between waist circumference and hand grip strength (p=0.039). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between waist circumference and hand grip strength in construction workers. High physical activity does not completely prevent central obesity, therefore nutritional management and health education programs are needed for optimization of body composition and muscle functional capacity.

The dynamics of the development of Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) Al Hikmah cannot be separated from the role of the principal’s communication. Analogous to the human body, communication functions as blood that must flow to all parts. This constitutes one of the foundations for quality development. The communication strategy of the principal of MTs Al Hikmah in quality development exhibits distinctive characteristics. The principal is able to establish highly effective communication despite not having an educational background in communication studies. The principal employs prophetic-based communication strategy to enhance institutional quality. This study is qualitative research employing a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through interviews with the principal, foundation caretakers or administrators, teachers, parents or students, and stakeholders. In addition, interview data were systematically dialogued with documents and observations. After data collection, the data were analyzed using prophetic and quality-based approaches. The analytical process involved data condensation and triangulation to ensure the scientific accountability of the findings. The communication implemented operates effectively according to its roles as persuasive, informative, collective-regulative, and integrative, with a linear pattern through channels of direction, instruction, and task assignment aligned with institutional objectives. (b) The direction of the communication strategy is predominantly top-down rather than bottom-up within formal school contexts, guided by ethics of liberation, humanization, and decentralization. Diagonal communication is conducted with several informants, such as vice principals for curriculum, student affairs, and facilities and infrastructure, through various communication platforms. Interpersonal communication is also well established, with a strong emphasis on motivating subordinates from multiple perspectives.

This research explores how the theology of embodiment in 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 can serve as a biblical foundation for integrating the embodied dimension in Christian Religious Education (CRE) pedagogy. The research background is the tendency of CRE in Indonesia to be highly cognitive-centric and neglect the embodied dimension, despite contemporary research showing the importance of sensory experience in constructing religious experience. The research objective is to conceptually explore the theological foundation and pedagogical implications of the theology of embodiment for CRE. The research method is library research with grammatical-historical exegesis analysis of 1 Corinthians 6:19-20 and conceptual synthesis with embodied cognition theory and body pedagogics. The findings show that the body has intrinsic sacred value as the temple of the Holy Spirit and the glorification of God occurs explicitly through the body. Religious knowledge is embodied, rooted in sensory-motor experience. The pedagogical implication is that CRE needs to integrate systematic embodied practices such as somatic inversion, participatory rituals, and cultivation of enactive mastery for experientially transformative learning. This research contributes theoretically by bridging biblical exegesis and embodied cognition theory, and provides practical direction for developing holistic CRE that integrates the body as an authentic and biblical medium for learning faith.

Knee osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that commonly affects older adults and causes pain and functional limitations. Age, obesity, a sedentary lifestyle, and comorbidities influence disease severity and response to medical rehabilitation. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of geriatric patients with knee osteoarthritis receiving medical rehabilitation therapy at Ibnu Sina Hospital, Makassar, in 2024. This was a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. The results showed that most geriatric patients with knee osteoarthritis undergoing medical rehabilitation at Ibnu Sina Hospital in 2024 were in the 60–70 year age group and were predominantly female. The majority of patients had a body mass index in the overweight to obese category. Most patients had no history of smoking but had one or more comorbidities, particularly hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Medical rehabilitation therapy was generally provided as a combination of several modalities. In conclusion, geriatric patients with knee osteoarthritis receiving medical rehabilitation were predominantly aged 60–70 years, female, overweight or obese, and had comorbidities. These findings highlight the importance of individualized and multidisciplinary rehabilitation approaches based on patient characteristics

This study aims to examine the role of the Village Government in enforcing customary law sanctions of Wake Uru Sorong Tada and to analyze the effectiveness of its implementation in Heo Puat Village, Hewokloang District, Sikka Regency. Wake Uru Sorong Tada is a form of customary law that functions as a traditional prohibition to regulate and protect community ownership of agricultural products and commodities. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving key informants such as the village head, Village Consultative Body members, traditional leaders, and community members. Data analysis was conducted using the interactive model proposed by Miles and Huberman, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the Heo Puat Village Government plays an active role as a facilitator, mediator, and guarantor in enforcing customary sanctions in accordance with Village Regulation Number 2 of 2009. The village government does not directly determine the sanctions but collaborates closely with customary institutions in resolving violations. The enforcement of Wake Uru Sorong Tada customary law sanctions is considered effective in maintaining social order, security, and a sense of safety in property ownership among community members. The strict and binding nature of customary sanctions has significantly increased legal awareness and minimized social conflicts within the village.

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a severe inflammatory form of psoriasis characterized by widespread sterile pustular eruptions. Pro-inflammatory mediators released during chronic inflammation may contribute to comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A 65-year-old woman presented with pustular eruptions over almost the entire body for seven days, accompanied by burning sensation and pruritus. Some pustules coalesced forming “lakes of pus,” while others appeared as erythematous plaques with coarse white scales. The patient had a history of T2DM. Based on clinical findings, the patient was diagnosed with GPP. She was hospitalized for seven days and followed up weekly until week 10. Inflammatory mediators such as Th-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-17, and IL-23 in psoriasis may inhibit insulin receptor signaling and glucose uptake, leading to insulin resistance and increased blood glucose levels. The duration of treatment until remission in psoriasis patients with T2DM tends to be longer than in non-diabetic patients. In patients with comorbidities, low-dose methotrexate (5–7.5 mg/week) was administered. The coexistence of GPP and T2DM may lead to more severe exacerbations, prolonged treatment duration, and reduced quality of life, posing challenges in management.

Hypertension, a global health issue, is increasingly prevalent and significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality. It often coexists with obesity, a key risk factor for hypertension and vascular complications. The combination of hypertension and obesity leads to metabolic changes, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress that damage retinal blood vessels, directly affecting visual acuity. This literature review examines the relationship between hypertension, obesity, and visual acuity, analyzing 20 articles published between 2021 and 2025, sourced from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The study found a significant association between hypertension and obesity with decreased visual acuity. Obesity not only serves as a comorbidity but also as a mediator, worsening hypertension's effects through mechanisms like insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. Longitudinal studies indicate that visual impairment is progressive, while cross-sectional studies highlight its high prevalence in hypertensive obese populations. The review emphasizes the need for routine eye exams, blood pressure control, and weight management as preventive measures. In conclusion, hypertension and obesity together significantly increase the risk of visual impairment, necessitating a multidisciplinary approach to care and promoting preventive strategies to preserve eye health and enhance patients' quality of life.

Stroke is one of the non-communicable diseases that is the leading cause of disability and death in the world. Clinical factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, body mass index (BMI), and unhealthy lifestyle are known to contribute to the incidence of stroke. Oe-Cusse Referral Hospital serves as the main referral center in the treatment of stroke cases, but data on contributing clinical factors and medical treatment and rehabilitation strategies are still limited. This study aims to analyze the clinical factors that contribute to the incidence of stroke and describe medical treatment and rehabilitation strategies in stroke patients at Oe-Cusse Referral Hospital.This study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional observational design. The research sample amounted to 50 stroke patients who were treated in the January-November 2025 period, selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected through medical records and questionnaires related to medical treatment and rehabilitation. Data analysis was carried out using the SPSS program, including descriptive analysis and logistic regression to see the relationship between clinical factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lifestyle, BMI, and other factors) and stroke incidence. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the average age of stroke patients was 56.2 ± 9.8 years, with an age range of 39–78 years. The average BMI of the patient was 27.5 ± 3.1 kg/m² which indicates a tendency to be overweight. The average systolic blood pressure of the patient was 150 ± 18 mmHg, indicating the predominance of hypertension in stroke patients. The average length of rehabilitation lasted 6.3 ± 1.8 weeks. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between clinical factors, especially hypertension, BMI, and diabetes mellitus, and stroke incidence. Clinical factors such as hypertension, high BMI, and diabetes mellitus contribute significantly to the incidence of stroke at Oe-Cusse Referral Hospital.