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Diarrhea is a common health problem among school-aged children. Factors influencing its occurrence include knowledge of healthy food and the habit of consuming snacks within the school environment. The objective of this research was to examine the relationship between knowledge of healthy food and snack consumption habits with diarrhea cases at SDN 81 Manado. This research employed a descriptive-analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 50 respondents were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires addressing both variables. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of ρ ≤ 0.05. The findings revealed that 35 respondents (75.0%) had poor knowledge of healthy food, and 32 respondents (64.0%) experienced diarrhea. Additionally, 42 respondents (84.0%) reported poor snack consumption habits, with 37 respondents (74.0%) experiencing diarrhea (29 males and 21 females). Chi-Square analysis produced a ρ-value of 0.001, which is lower than the alpha level (α = 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between knowledge of healthy food, snack consumption habits, and diarrhea cases. The study concludes that both knowledge of healthy food and snack consumption habits are significantly associated with diarrhea among school-aged children. Parental involvement is essential in educating children about healthy food choices as a preventive measure against diarrhea.

Diarrhea is a common health problem among school-aged children. Factors influencing its occurrence include knowledge of healthy food and the habit of consuming snacks within the school environment. The objective of this research was to examine the relationship between knowledge of healthy food and snack consumption habits with diarrhea cases at SDN 81 Manado. This research employed a descriptive-analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 50 respondents were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection was conducted using questionnaires addressing both variables. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of ρ ≤ 0.05. The findings revealed that 35 respondents (75.0%) had poor knowledge of healthy food, and 32 respondents (64.0%) experienced diarrhea. Additionally, 42 respondents (84.0%) reported poor snack consumption habits, with 37 respondents (74.0%) experiencing diarrhea (29 males and 21 females). Chi-Square analysis produced a ρ-value of 0.001, which is lower than the alpha level (α = 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between knowledge of healthy food, snack consumption habits, and diarrhea cases. The study concludes that both knowledge of healthy food and snack consumption habits are significantly associated with diarrhea among school-aged children. Parental involvement is essential in educating children about healthy food choices as a preventive measure against diarrhea.

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), diabetes mellitus is a chronic and complex disease that requires ongoing management and various strategies to control blood sugar levels and reduce associated risks. Patient Mrs. J, a 52-year-old woman and farmer, presented with complaints of numbness and tingling in both legs that began approximately 2 months prior to her current visit and had worsened over the past week. The symptoms felt like being pricked and sometimes felt hot, especially at night, thereby interfering with daily activities. The symptoms were accompanied by frequent urination, especially at night, frequent thirst, frequent hunger, a feeling of weakness, and intermittent blurred vision. The patient had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus approximately 5 years ago but did not consistently take medication (glimepiride). The patient still frequently consumes sweet, coconut-based, and fried foods. Physical examination revealed reduced sensation in the lower extremities. Laboratory tests showed elevated blood sugar levels. Based on the medical history, physical examination, and supporting tests, the patient was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The patient was advised to record test results and changes in his health status in a health record book, and to involve family members in supporting treatment adherence and a healthy lifestyle. The patient works as a farmer with an irregular income, depending on the harvest. Daily expenses are shared with his son, so his economic condition

This research explores hedonistic lifestyle patterns as a social reality that grows within peer interactions, both in adolescence and adulthood. The investigation applies a qualitative descriptive literature review by examining national scholarly publications issued from 2016 to 2026. The findings indicate that hedonistic tendencies should not be interpreted merely as individual choices to seek enjoyment. Instead, they emerge from social processes shaped by interaction, peer influence, and shared norms that develop within a group. In this context, peer circles function as influential socialization agents, encouraging conformity so individuals can be accepted and avoid social exclusion. The study also identifies differences in underlying motivations across life stages. Among adolescents, hedonistic behavior is closely linked to identity exploration and self-definition. For adults, however, it is more associated with maintaining self-image, signaling social standing, and displaying markers of achievement. Overall, environmental dynamics, the expansion of consumer-oriented culture, and intensive exposure to social media play significant roles in strengthening this phenomenon in Indonesia.

Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) remain a major global challenge in healthcare services, contributing significantly to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Nurses’ compliance with the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a critical component in infection prevention and control programs. Supervision by Infection Prevention and Control Nurses (IPCNs) is considered a key factor in improving compliance. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between IPCN supervision and nurses’ compliance with PPE usage in inpatient wards at Grha Permata Ibu Hospital, Depok, in 2025. This study employed a quantitative approach using a correlational analytic design with a cross-sectional method. The population consisted of all 56 nurses working in four inpatient wards, and total sampling was applied. Data were collected using a structured IPCN supervision questionnaire and direct observation checklists of PPE compliance. Data analysis included univariate and bivariate analysis using the Chi-square test. The results revealed that most respondents perceived IPCN supervision as moderate (58.9%), while the majority demonstrated compliance with PPE usage (62.5%). Bivariate analysis indicated a statistically significant relationship between IPCN supervision and PPE compliance (p = 0.001). Nurses receiving high-level IPCN supervision were 33.85 times more likely to comply with PPE usage compared to those receiving moderate supervision. In conclusion, IPCN supervision plays a crucial role in enhancing nurses’ compliance with PPE usage. Strengthening IPCN supervisory functions through structured monitoring, continuous education, and consistent evaluation is strongly recommended to improve patient and healthcare worker safety and to reduce the incidence of HAIs in hospital settings.

The determination of a minimum marriage age is a central issue in Indonesian family law and Islamic legal discourse, particularly regarding the prevention of health, social, and psychological risks associated with child marriage. This study analyzes the alignment between the legal requirement of a minimum age of 19, as stipulated in Law No. 16 of 2019 and Constitutional Court Decision No. 22/PUU-XV/2017, and the framework of maqāṣid sharī‘ah, especially the hierarchical structure of dharuriyyāt, ḥājiyyāt, and taḥsīniyyāt. Employing a normative juridical method supported by extensive literature review, this research examines statutory regulations, classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources, works on maqāṣid, and empirical data from national and international institutions. The findings demonstrate that the minimum age of 19 substantively accords with maqāṣid sharī‘ah: at the dharuriyyāt level, it safeguards life, intellect, and lineage from medical, psychological, and social harm; at the ḥājiyyāt level, it prevents economic hardship, emotional instability, and the inability of young couples to assume household roles; and at the taḥsīniyyāt level, it preserves human dignity, ethical conduct, and the sanctity of marriage. Consequently, the regulation is not a departure from classical Islamic jurisprudence but rather an implementation of public interest (maṣlaḥah) adapted to contemporary societal realities. This study affirms that integrating maqasid-based reasoning into public policy strengthens the protection of families and future generations in Indonesia.

Land conversion associated with renewable energy expansion generates profound socio-cultural transformations in agrarian communities. This study aims to analyze how wind power development reshapes agrarian identity, social capital configuration, and the meaning of land within rural society from an anthropology of development perspective. This research applies qualitative literature-based analysis supported by recent peer-reviewed scholarship on land use change, rural transformation, social capital, and political ecology. Conceptual synthesis integrates sustainable livelihood framework, identity negotiation theory, and energy landscape analysis to construct an interpretive analytical model. Findings indicate that agricultural land conversion produces deagrarianization, occupational shifts, and reconfiguration of social stratification. Land is redefined from a genealogical and productive space into infrastructure and investment asset. Social capital grounded in kinship networks, customary institutions, and local organizations functions as a resilience mechanism through risk redistribution, collective solidarity, and participatory negotiation. Energy landscapes restructure symbolic and material relations between community and territory, generating both hybrid identities and conflict dynamics. Inclusive governance determines whether renewable energy fosters adaptive transformation or deepens commodification and exclusion. Renewable energy transition in rural areas requires socio-cultural recognition beyond technical implementation. Integrating local identity, participatory governance, and community ownership strengthens just and sustainable transformation pathways.

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common reproductive health problem among adolescents and women of reproductive age, significantly affecting quality of life and academic productivity. Psychological stress and dietary patterns are considered important contributing factors influencing the incidence and severity of menstrual pain. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between stress levels and dietary intake with the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents and women of reproductive age. A literature review was conducted using articles published between 2015 and 2025 retrieved from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed descriptively and narratively. The findings showed that the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea ranged from 54.4% to 90.6%. Higher stress levels were significantly associated with increased risk and intensity of menstrual pain (OR up to 4.03). Frequent consumption of sugary foods, fast food, and pro-inflammatory dietary patterns was linked to higher incidence and severity of dysmenorrhea (OR up to 4.8), whereas adequate intake of fruits, vegetables, iron, calcium, and magnesium demonstrated protective effects. Primary dysmenorrhea is multifactorial and significantly associated with stress and dietary intake; therefore, integrated stress management and nutritional education interventions are recommended in adolescent reproductive health programs.

This study analyzes how Abuela Alma Madrigal's behaviors toward her family in Disney's Encanto (2021) are influenced by Jungian archetypes. The psychological analysis of matriarchal characters in animated films has received little attention, despite the widespread usage of Jungian theory in film analysis. The aim of this study is to identify the Jungian archetypes that Abuela embodies and analyze how they influence her relationships with the Madrigal family. Data was gathered by repeatedly watching the movie using a qualitative, descriptive approach. Jung's archetypal theory (1959) served as the main framework for the analysis of a selection of dialogues that were transcribed and classified based on specific archetypes. The results show that Abuela's behavior is greatly influenced by five archetypes. She is motivated by the persona archetype to maintain a public persona of magical perfection, valuing each family member according to how they contribute to this image. The trauma of losing her husband Pedro is the source of the Shadow archetype, which takes the form of denial and blame projection until Mirabel confronts it. The Great Mother archetype illustrates how her parental love turned into conditional acceptance and overprotection. The Wise Old Woman archetype highlights the difference between her appearance of authority and the personal doubt she carries. Finally, the Self archetype signifies her psychological transformation as she completely accepts the value of each family member and integrates her suppressed fears, completing Jung's individuation process. These results validate that Jungian theory provides a useful framework for analyzing matriarchal characters in animated films and show how universal psychological patterns associated with trauma, authority, and family dynamics can be meaningfully reflected in modern animated films.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by progressive and not fully reversible airflow limitation. Dyspnea is the primary symptom experienced by COPD patients and significantly affects their quality of life, especially among those hospitalized. This condition may lead to activity limitation, psychological distress, and decreased social functioning. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of dyspnea and the quality of life of COPD patients in the pulmonary inpatient ward of Cut Nyak Dhien General Hospital Meulaboh. This study employed an analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of hospitalized COPD patients selected using purposive sampling. Dyspnea severity was measured using the Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale, while quality of life was assessed using the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test to determine the relationship between variables.The results showed that most respondents experienced moderate to severe dyspnea and had poor quality of life. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between dyspnea level and quality of life (p < 0.05) with a negative correlation.In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between dyspnea severity and quality of life in COPD patients, where higher dyspnea levels are associated with lower quality of life.

Atrophic rhinitis or ozena is a chronic infection of the nasal cavity characterized by progressive atrophy of the nasal mucosa and turbinate bones accompanied by the formation of foul-smelling nasal crusts. This condition is more commonly found in females, particularly during puberty, and is frequently associated with populations of low socioeconomic status and poor environmental sanitation. The exact etiology of atrophic rhinitis remains unclear; however, several factors are believed to contribute, including chronic infection by *Klebsiella ozaenae*, vitamin A and iron deficiency, chronic sinusitis, hormonal imbalance, collagen diseases, trauma, and genetic predisposition. Common clinical manifestations include nasal obstruction, thick greenish nasal discharge, crust formation, epistaxis, anosmia, and *foetor ex nasi*, which is often more noticeable to people around the patient. Anterior rhinoscopy typically reveals widened nasal cavities, turbinate atrophy, thin and dry nasal mucosa, as well as purulent secretions and greenish crusts. Diagnosis is established through history taking, ENT physical examination, and supporting investigations such as microbiological culture, histopathological examination, radiological imaging, and paranasal sinus CT-scan. Management may be conservative with antibiotics, nasal irrigation, nasal drops, vitamin A supplementation, and iron preparations, or surgical in severe cases or those unresponsive to conservative therapy.

Melasma is a chronic acquired hyperpigmentation disorder affecting sun-exposed facial areas and associated with ultraviolet exposure, hormonal influences, and genetic predisposition. This review aims to describe the mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and safety of topical depigmenting agents in melasma management. Hydroquinone remains the traditional gold standard through tyrosinase inhibition, while triple-combination therapy with retinoids and corticosteroids demonstrates superior reduction in Melasma Area Severity Index scores compared with monotherapy. Non-hydroquinone agents such as tranexamic acid, azelaic acid, niacinamide, cysteamine, and thiamidol show comparable efficacy with improved tolerability. Common adverse effects include erythema and irritation, with rare ochronosis linked to prolonged hydroquinone use. In conclusion, individualized multimodal strategies with strict photoprotection are essential for effective and sustained melasma control.

Stroke often causes hemiparesis, which impairs hand motor skills and independence in daily activities. Mirror therapy is a rehabilitation intervention that stimulates motor function through visual feedback, while patient motivation plays a crucial role in exercise adherence. This study aims to analyze the effect of mirror therapy and patient motivation on hand motor skills in patients with hemiparesis.The study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest approach in 30 hemiparesis patients undergoing rehabilitation at the Ciherang Community Health Center. Mirror therapy intervention was administered for 20–30 minutes, three times per week for four weeks. Hand motor skills were measured using Manual Muscle Testing on a scale of 0–5, while patient motivation was assessed using a questionnaire.The results showed a significant increase in hand motor skills after mirror therapy (p < 0.05) and higher patient motivation was associated with greater motor score improvement (p < 0.05). Mirror therapy and patient motivation have been shown to have a positive effect on hand motor skills in hemiparesis patients, so this combined intervention can be considered as part of a stroke rehabilitation program.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder that frequently affects elderly patients and is often accompanied by multiple comorbidities. The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the aging population contributes to higher morbidity and mortality, especially when complicated by geriatric syndromes, electrolyte imbalances, and infections such as pneumonia. This study aims to present a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus in an elderly patient with associated geriatric problems, electrolyte disturbances, and pneumonia. The method used is a descriptive case report based on clinical findings, laboratory examinations, and radiological assessment. A 76-year-old male presented with generalized weakness, weight loss, decreased appetite, respiratory symptoms, and functional decline. Physical examination and laboratory findings revealed uncontrolled diabetes, electrolyte imbalance, hypoalbuminemia, and signs of infection. Chest radiography confirmed pneumonia. Management included pharmacological therapy such as antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte correction, and supportive care, along with non-pharmacological interventions including dietary regulation and monitoring. The findings highlight the complexity of managing elderly patients with multiple comorbid conditions, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. Early detection and appropriate management are essential to improve clinical outcomes and prevent further complications in geriatric patients with diabetes mellitus.

Chronic Coronary Syndrome (CCS) is a contemporary term that replaces stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and describes a spectrum of clinical conditions resulting from chronic abnormalities of the coronary arteries. This condition is characterized by a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand that is transient and reversible, commonly presenting as stable angina pectoris. CCS contributes significantly to global cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, including in Indonesia. The underlying pathophysiology primarily involves atherosclerosis and microvascular dysfunction leading to myocardial ischemia. Diagnosis is established through comprehensive history taking, physical examination, and both invasive and non-invasive investigations such as electrocardiography, stress testing, and cardiac imaging. Risk stratification using pre-test probability plays a crucial role in guiding further diagnostic evaluation. The management of CCS aims to relieve symptoms and prevent adverse cardiovascular events through pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, as well as revascularization when indicated. Pharmacological therapy includes antianginal agents, antiplatelet drugs, and lipid-lowering agents, while lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, healthy diet, and regular physical activity are essential in preventing disease progression. With accurate diagnosis and comprehensive management, the morbidity and mortality associated with CCS can be reduced.

This study aims to examine the differences in stock prices before and after the Palestine-Israel ceasefire event in fast-food restaurant companies,  Pizza Hut and KFC. International-scale events may influence investor perceptions, as reflected in stock price movements in the capital market. This study employs a comparative quantitative approach using stock price data collected over 30 days before and 30 days after the ceasefire event. The analyzed data consist of secondary data processed through descriptive statistics, normality tests, and hypothesis testing. The findings indicate that the average stock price of PZZA increased after the event, whereas FAST experienced a decline in its average stock price. These results reveal differences in stock prices between the periods before and after the ceasefire event in both companies. The findings further suggest that geopolitical events are associated with changes in stock prices in the fast-food restaurant industry, although market responses differ across companies. Therefore, future studies are recommended to expand the scope of research objects and extend the observation period to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of market responses to international events.

Nutritional problems among children under five, particularly stunting, remain a significant public health challenge associated with inadequate nutrient intake and unfavorable eating behaviors such as picky eating, poor appetite, and feeding difficulties. These conditions may lead to imbalanced macronutrient and micronutrient intake, which adversely affects child growth and development. This Community Service Program (PkM) aimed to improve parental knowledge and skills in fulfilling child nutritional requirements through education and training on innovative food processing based on local ingredients, namely mandu formulated with anchovy (Stolephorus spp.) and yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis). The methods included educational sessions, hands-on training, mentoring, and evaluation using a structured questionnaire. The evaluation involved 18 participants, where 83.3% achieved an excellent category and 16.7% a good category.The practice-based educational approach combined with the utilization of locally available nutrient-dense ingredients was effective in enhancing community capacity and shows potential as a preventive strategy to reduce the risk of stunting at the household level.

The quality of interaction between physicians and patients plays a crucial role in the healthcare system, as it directly affects patient satisfaction. Ineffective communication by physicians may reduce patient satisfaction and increase the risk of complaints and medical disputes. This study aims to analyze the relationship between doctor–patient communication patterns and patient satisfaction in outpatient services. This research employed a quantitative approach with an observational analytic design using a cross-sectional method. The study population included all outpatient patients, with a sample of 110 respondents selected through accidental sampling. The independent variable was doctor–patient communication, while the dependent variable was patient satisfaction. Data were collected using a questionnaire, and analysis was performed using the Chi-Square test with a 95% confidence level. The results showed that the majority of respondents rated doctor–patient communication as good (80.9%) and reported high levels of satisfaction (75.5%). The analysis revealed that among respondents who experienced good communication, 84.3% reported high satisfaction, whereas the proportion of high satisfaction decreased significantly in the groups with moderate and poor communication. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between the quality of doctor–patient communication and patient satisfaction in outpatient services, where improvements in communication quality are consistently associated with increased patient satisfaction.

This study aims to analyze the difference in anxiety levels before and after the administration of Qur’anic murottal therapy among third-trimester pregnant women. The third trimester is often associated with increased physical discomfort and psychological stress, which may lead to higher anxiety levels. This research employed a pre-experimental design using a one-group pretest-posttest approach involving 25 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Anxiety levels were measured using the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale (PASS), and the data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. The findings showed that before the intervention, 48% of respondents experienced moderate anxiety and 52% experienced severe anxiety. After the intervention, 40% experienced mild anxiety, 48% moderate, and only 12% severe anxiety. The statistical test result indicated a Z value of -4.376 with a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), which means there was a significant difference in anxiety levels before and after the intervention. These results suggest that murottal therapy is effective in reducing anxiety among third-trimester pregnant women and can be considered as a safe non-pharmacological intervention.

Lumbar flexibility refers to the maximum capacity of the muscles in the lumbar spine to move freely. Impairment in functional movement may lead to restricted mobility, which can be influenced by disruption of biomotor components, particularly lumbar spinal flexibility. Flexibility may be affected by both internal and external factors, including age and duration of sitting during work. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between sitting duration and age with lumbar flexibility using the Modified Schober Test among employees of PT Bank Syariah Indonesia, Lhokseumawe City. This study applied a cross-sectional design and was conducted in December 2023 in the prayer room area of the PT Bank Syariah Indonesia branch office. Sampling was carried out using a total sampling technique involving 46 respondents. Data collection was performed by measuring lumbar flexibility using the Modified Schober Test method. The results showed that the highest proportion of respondents had limited lumbar flexibility, accounting for 24 respondents (52.2%). The majority of respondents had a sitting duration of 7–9 hours, totaling 26 respondents (56.5%), while the largest age group was 26–35 years, consisting of 23 respondents (50%). Spearman-Rank correlation analysis demonstrated a relationship between sitting duration and lumbar flexibility measured by the Modified Schober Test (r = 0.662). In addition, the relationship between age and lumbar flexibility also showed a correlation based on the Spearman-Rank test (r = -0.321). The study concluded that longer sitting duration and increasing age were associated with greater limitation in lumbar flexibility among employees of PT Bank Syariah Indonesia, Lhokseumawe City.