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Learning fatigue is a serious challenge in the world of education, including in Christian Religious Education (CRE) subjects. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of active learning methods in overcoming learning fatigue among students in CRE subjects. Furthermore, it aims to provide theoretical and practical contributions to the field of basic education, particularly in formulating more adaptive, interactive, and psychologically appropriate learning approaches. This article employs a qualitative research method by analyzing the effectiveness of active learning methods as a solution to address such boredom. Active learning methods, which include strategies such as group discussions, simulations, role-playing, and project-based learning, have proven to increase students' cognitive, emotional, and social engagement. In addition to providing an enjoyable learning experience, this approach also reinforces Christian values in the context of PAK learning. This article concludes that active learning is not only capable of reducing learning boredom but also improving the quality of the learning process holistically. Therefore, teachers need to continuously develop their pedagogical and spiritual competencies to achieve transformative PAK learning that frees students from boredom. This study is expected to serve as a practical reference for teachers and policymakers in designing relevant, interactive, and contextual learning strategies. Moreover, the implementation of active learning methods in CRE subjects can also foster a deeper connection between students and the spiritual teachings of Christianity. By engaging students through hands-on activities such as role-playing biblical stories or collaborating on projects related to Christian values, students are encouraged to actively reflect on their faith in a more meaningful and personal way.

This study explores the role of transformational leadership in driving digital innovation and management practices in SMP Negeri 4 Jombang, an Indonesian public junior high school navigating the shift toward digital-based education. The research was motivated by the challenges many schools face in adopting digital technologies, particularly in terms of limited resources, digital literacy, and leadership readiness. The objective of this study is to investigate how school leadership contributes to the successful implementation of digital transformation, focusing on collaboration, inclusivity, and innovation within school management. Using a qualitative approach, the study involved in-depth interviews and observations with the school principal and several teachers as key informants. Data were analyzed thematically to capture leadership strategies, teacher engagement, and institutional responses to technological change. The findings reveal three main insights. First, the principal’s transformational leadership acts as the primary catalyst for digital innovation, inspiring a shared vision, fostering trust, and encouraging a proactive culture among teachers. Second, the implementation of digital management is characterized by collaborative decision-making and teacher inclusivity, ensuring that policies and practices remain contextually relevant and broadly accepted. Third, significant barriers persist, particularly regarding insufficient technological infrastructure, inconsistent internet connectivity, and varying levels of digital literacy among staff, which often limit the pace and scale of digital adoption. These findings suggest that effective digital transformation in education requires not only strong visionary leadership but also collective engagement from teachers and systemic support from educational stakeholders. The study emphasizes the importance of aligning leadership practices with institutional readiness to create sustainable digital change. By offering a practical framework that highlights the interdependence of leadership vision, collaborative practices, and organizational capacity, this research contributes to the growing literature on educational leadership and digital innovation. Furthermore, it provides valuable implications for policymakers and practitioners seeking to strengthen school management practices in the era of digital transformation.

Background : Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) generally experience difficulties in communication skills, both verbal and nonverbal. These difficulties impact social interaction and academic development in children. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) in improving communication skills in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Method : Three children aged 4, 5, and 6 years, diagnosed with moderate-level ASD using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), participated in the study. A six-month ABA intervention was administered individually, incorporating Discrete Trial Training (DTT), prompting, and positive reinforcement. Communication outcomes were measured pre- and post-intervention using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS), supported by direct observation and parent interviews. Data were triangulated across multiple sources. Result : Participant A1, who participated for 4 years, showed modest improvements across all categories. For example, their RSP score increased from 45 (RSPe) to 60 (RSPo), while TTL scores rose from 30 (TTLPe) to 42 (TTLPo). Participant A2, with 5 years of engagement, exhibited more pronounced progress. Their RSP scores improved from 52 to 70, and TTL scores increased from 40 to 55, reflecting consistent gains across emotional expression and overall performance. Participant A3, who had the longest participation (6 years), achieved the highest scores in all areas. Their RSP scores increased from 60 to 78, EXPe to EXPo from 58 to 76, and TTL scores from 50 to 68, indicating strong developmental outcomes over time. Conclussion : The results of the VABS and CARS before and after the intervention showed significant improvement. These findings indicate that ABA therapy is effective in developing communication skills and reducing the severity of symptoms in children with ASD. Result : The implications of these results reinforce the importance of early behavioural-based intervention in therapy programmes for children with autism.

Manado City is highly vulnerable to hydrometeorological disasters due to its geographical conditions, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, and the intensifying impacts of climate change. These risks underline the importance of effective disaster mitigation strategies that go beyond government intervention and involve active participation from communities and non-governmental organizations. In this context, collaboration among various actors becomes a crucial foundation for developing an adaptive and participatory disaster governance system. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of actor collaboration in disaster mitigation efforts in Manado City, with particular emphasis on patterns of interaction, role distribution, and structural as well as cultural barriers that influence the effectiveness of multi-stakeholder synergy. Employing a qualitative case study approach, this research relies on secondary data gathered from official documents, government policy reports, and relevant academic publications. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes and relational dynamics among stakeholders. The findings reveal that although strong driving factors exist—such as a high level of disaster risk, increasing public awareness, and the availability of institutional frameworks—collaboration remains largely procedural and government-dominated, with limited engagement from non-government actors. Challenges such as weak trust among stakeholders, insufficient substantive dialogue, and the absence of an integrated disaster information system continue to hinder the realization of effective collaborative practices. The study concludes by highlighting the urgency of adopting a collaborative governance model that emphasizes equality, mutual trust, and meaningful participation. Theoretically, this research contributes to the discourse on disaster governance by providing insights into actor relations in a disaster-prone urban context. Practically, it proposes an adaptive collaboration framework that can be replicated in other cities facing similar disaster vulnerabilities, thereby strengthening resilience and community preparedness.

The phenomenon of charismatic pastors who simultaneously serve as merchants represents an increasingly common reality in contemporary Christian ministry, especially within urban contexts where economic and spiritual dynamics are closely intertwined. This dual role reflects both opportunities and challenges for the church, raising important theological, ethical, and practical debates concerning the integrity of pastoral calling in the midst of worldly interests, material pursuits, and potential temptations. On the one hand, the bivocational model may provide pastors with financial independence, reducing the burden on congregations and offering broader opportunities for engagement with society. On the other hand, it also carries the risk of blurring the boundaries between ministry and commerce, thereby creating possible conflicts of interest, diminishing spiritual authority, and weakening the congregation’s trust in pastoral leadership. This study aims to analyze the dual role of pastor-merchant in the light of New Testament theology by identifying potential tensions, examining the relevance of pastoral ethics in guiding decision-making, and evaluating the impact of this dual vocation on the life and witness of the church. Methodologically, this research employs a qualitative literature study, reviewing biblical, theological, and pastoral ethics sources to formulate a comprehensive understanding. The findings suggest that pastoral ethics serve as a vital compass for pastor-merchants, ensuring that ministry remains pure, Christ-centered, and untainted by financial motives. The Apostle Paul provides a theological and practical model for bivocational ministry, demonstrating how secular work and spiritual service can coexist without compromising the divine calling. Furthermore, a healthy, transparent, and accountable leadership framework is essential for sustaining integrity and strengthening congregational trust. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that the identity of the church as “a chosen people, a royal priesthood” (1 Pet. 2:9) must remain the guiding principle, ensuring that the integration of pastoral vocation and marketplace involvement contributes positively to the church’s witness and relevance in modern society.

The democratic system implemented in Indonesia is realized through general elections, which are held every five years as a manifestation of people’s sovereignty. Elections provide an arena for political contestation where political parties compete to gain votes and legislative seats, including the National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa/PKB). In the 2019 general election, PKB in Tanjungpinang City obtained 5,188 votes or 4.67%, securing two parliamentary seats. By contrast, in the 2024 general election, its vote share increased significantly to 9,765 votes or 7.94%, allowing the party to gain three seats. This increase indicates that the political strategies applied by PKB in Tanjungpinang had a substantial impact and are worth analyzing, as they succeeded in attracting voter support and expanding parliamentary representation. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the strategies used by the National Awakening Party in the 2024–2029 Tanjungpinang City Legislative Election. This research also explores strategic approaches not only at the party level but also by individual legislative candidates, who applied their own methods to secure voter trust. The study adopts Peter Schroder’s (2010) theoretical framework on political strategy, which includes situation analysis, strategy control, strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and strategy evaluation. This framework is employed to examine how PKB designed, executed, and assessed its strategic efforts during the electoral process. The findings demonstrate that PKB’s success was not merely due to party-level strategies but also the result of synergy between collective organizational moves and personalized campaign tactics by candidates. These strategies involved effective grassroots engagement, optimized use of political networks, and adaptation to the socio-political context of Tanjungpinang. The implications of this research suggest that comprehensive and adaptive political strategies are essential for increasing electoral gains, and that combining party-driven initiatives with candidate-level innovations can enhance both vote acquisition and seat attainment in legislative elections.

This study aims to examine the implementation of the Great Commission in the growth of the Mahanaim Community Church Semarang youth community. The focus of the study is directed at discipleship, evangelism, and development strategies based on the principles of the Great Commission and their impact on community growth. The growth referred to is not only related to the increase in the number of members, but also concerns the depth of faith, the formation of spiritual character, and the active involvement of the younger generation in church services. The research method used is a qualitative case study approach. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with youth leaders and community members, direct observation of development and service activities, and analysis of internal documents held by the church. Triangulation techniques were used to ensure the validity of the data and strengthen the research findings. The results show that the implementation of the Great Commission carried out systematically, directed, and consistently proved very effective in encouraging the holistic growth of the youth community. Discipleship strategies through small groups and personal mentoring play a significant role in instilling strong faith values. Evangelism implemented creatively and contextually is able to attract the interest of the younger generation to join. Meanwhile, ongoing development provides space for youth to grow in service skills and channel their potential. Thus, the implementation of the Great Commission not only impacts the quantity of members but also the spiritual quality, commitment to service, and engagement of the younger generation with the church. This research provides a practical contribution to other churches seeking to develop youth ministry through a holistic and transformative approach based on the Great Commission.

This study examines in depth how English learning motivation plays a role in influencing the level of engagement of physiotherapy students with English-language educational materials. The theoretical basis of this study refers to Self-Determination Theory, which emphasizes intrinsic and extrinsic motivational aspects, and Gardner's socio-educational model, which highlights the difference between integrative and instrumental motivation in second language learning. This study involved 44 students of STIKES Bethesda Yakkum Yogyakarta who had taken at least one semester of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The research design used a quantitative correlational approach, with data collection through a standardized questionnaire that measured integrative motivation, instrumental motivation, and the level of student engagement with English-language academic learning resources. The results showed that integrative motivation had a significant positive correlation with student engagement (r = 0.56, p < 0.01), while instrumental motivation also showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.62, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that both were significant predictors of engagement, with instrumental motivation being slightly more dominant in explaining variance in engagement (β = 0.40, p < 0.001). This suggests that physiotherapy students are more motivated to use English-language academic materials when motivated by practical needs such as professional career preparation and global communication. This finding confirms that motivation is a key factor that can drive student engagement with English-language academic content. Practical implications of this study include the need for contextualized ESP learning strategies, career-relevant curriculum design, and institutional policies that support increased student exposure to international academic materials to strengthen global competency.  

This study explores the relationships between digital marketing content, value co-creation, and product branding on perceived product exclusivity within the Indonesian batik industry. As traditional industries face increasing pressure to modernize while preserving cultural heritage, understanding these marketing dynamics is crucial for achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. The study employed a quantitative methodology with saturated sampling, analyzing data from 92 batik enterprises using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) through SmartPLS 4.0. The measurement model demonstrated strong reliability and validity, with all constructs meeting the established criteria for internal consistency and discriminant validity. Structural model results revealed that all three marketing variables significantly influence perceived product exclusivity. Among these variables, product branding showed the strongest effect (β = 0.358, p < 0.001), followed by digital marketing content (β = 0.312, p < 0.001) and value co-creation (β = 0.276, p < 0.001). This indicates that the branding strategies implemented by batik enterprises play a pivotal role in shaping consumers' perceptions of exclusivity. The integrated model explained 61.5% of the variance in perceived product exclusivity (R² = 0.615), with strong predictive relevance (Q² = 0.438). These findings underscore the importance of developing a strategic brand that not only reflects the unique qualities of batik but also resonates with contemporary consumer expectations. Additionally, the study highlights the role of digital marketing content in strengthening these perceptions and the significance of facilitating customer co-creation to enhance engagement and exclusivity. In conclusion, batik enterprises are encouraged to prioritize brand development while implementing comprehensive digital marketing strategies and fostering customer involvement in co-creation activities. This approach will enhance the exclusivity of their products and improve their market positioning within the contemporary cultural products landscape.

This study discusses the communication strategy implemented by the Karanganyar Police Public Relations Department in delivering an anti-hoax campaign during the 2024 Regional Head Election (Pilkada) through the Instagram platform. The background of this study departs from the phenomenon of the rampant spread of false information ahead of the election, which has the potential to trigger disinformation, polarization, and disrupt social order and stability. Hoaxes during political periods can erode public trust in state institutions, so strategic efforts are needed to address this through effective public communication. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the digital communication strategy used by the Karanganyar Police Public Relations Department in increasing public literacy, encouraging public participation, and maintaining the quality and stability of information circulating in the digital space. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with Public Relations personnel, direct observation of campaign activities on Instagram, and documentation of published content. The strategy analysis refers to the Cutlip, Center, and Broom model which includes four stages: fact-collecting, planning, implementing communication actions, and evaluation. The results show that the use of Instagram was chosen because of its ability to reach a young audience, the flexibility of content formats, and opportunities for two-way interaction. The campaign content was dominated by educational materials presented visually through infographics, digital posters, and short videos, ensuring the anti-hoax message was clearly and persuasively conveyed and easily shared by users. Evaluations showed an increase in public engagement, including comments, content sharing, and participation in online discussions, as well as a significant decrease in the number of hoax reports circulating in the Karanganyar region during the campaign period. This study recommends optimizing the use of Instagram features such as live broadcasts, reels, and interactions through polls or quizzes, along with increasing the creativity of the Public Relations team to further enhance the effectiveness of digital public communication in the future.

This study examines the communication strategy employed by the Public Relations Division of Karanganyar Police in delivering an anti-hoax campaign during the 2024 regional election stages through Instagram. The background of this research lies in the widespread dissemination of misinformation leading up to elections, which can disrupt social order. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of digital communication strategies in increasing public literacy and maintaining the stability of public information. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques including interviews, observations, and documentation. The results show that the communication strategy was implemented systematically through the four stages of the Cutlip, Center, and Broom model: fact-finding, planning, action and communication, and evaluation. Instagram was chosen for its ability to reach a younger audience and enable two-way interactions. Educational content presented in visual formats such as infographics and posters proved effective in delivering anti-hoax messages clearly and persuasively. The evaluation showed increased public engagement and a decline in the spread of hoaxes. This study suggests optimizing Instagram features and enhancing the creativity of the PR team to improve the effectiveness of future digital public communication.

This study is motivated by the difficulty students face in understanding the concept of food chains, which is attributed to the conventional teaching methods still in use. Therefore, the researcher believes that the application of a new teaching model is expected to enhance student engagement in the teaching and learning process, ultimately improving learning outcomes. Natural Science is often considered difficult because of its many theories and the lack of variation in teaching methods, leading to poor student performance. Given these issues, an innovative teaching model is necessary. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on students' knowledge in the Natural Science subject. The research method used is an experimental method with a quasi-experimental design. The study population consists of 50 fifth-grade students, with 25 students in the experimental group and 25 students in the control group. The hypothesis tested is that there is an effect of the Problem-Based Learning model on Natural Science learning outcomes. The results of the study show that the Problem-Based Learning model has a significant effect on students' knowledge. This is evidenced by the t-test results, which show a t-value of 12.400, greater than the t-table value of 2.01. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Problem-Based Learning model positively affects the understanding of food chain concepts in fifth-grade students. The findings of this study are expected to be beneficial for teachers in improving the quality of their teaching, for students to better understand the material through more engaging methods, and for the school environment in developing innovative and effective teaching practices.

This community service program aims to improve the quality of services at Puskesmas (community health centers) through intensive assistance in content creation and digital communication media. The main issue addressed is the low digital literacy among healthcare workers at Puskesmas in managing effective communication media to reach the public. This has led to low community participation in health programs run by Puskesmas. Therefore, this program is designed to enhance healthcare workers' skills in utilizing digital technology for health promotion and improving communication effectiveness with the public. The program implementation involves several stages: (1) an initial survey to assess the condition of existing communication media, (2) training on creating engaging and informative health education content, (3) workshops on graphic design and health promotion video creation, (4) guidance on using social media platforms to disseminate health information, and (5) continuous evaluation and monitoring to ensure the sustainability of the program. This activity involves 25 healthcare workers from 5 selected Puskesmas, with a mentoring duration of 6 months. The results show significant improvements, including: an increase in healthcare workers' ability to create digital content from 30% to 85%, a 200% increase in public engagement with health information, and a 150% increase in the coverage of health promotion services. Additionally, the program has produced 120 pieces of health education content, 15 health promotion videos, and 8 successful digital campaigns that have successfully enhanced public participation in health programs. The long-term impact of this program is the increased public awareness of preventive health and improved access to Puskesmas services. This program can also be replicated in other regions as a model for improving the quality of primary healthcare services through optimal use of digital technology, which can accelerate the achievement of national health development goals.

This study aims to analyze the mediating role of motivation in the relationship between digital servant leadership and collaborative coworker relationships on employee engagement among Generation Z employees at CV. Anugrah Garment Wonogiri. The focus of this study was directed at Gen Z employees working in the sewing department, with a sample of 79 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. This study used a quantitative approach with primary data obtained through the distribution of closed questionnaires. The variables used in this study include digital servant leadership as the first independent variable, collaborative coworker relationships as the second independent variable, motivation as the mediating variable, and employee engagement as the dependent variable. The data analysis technique was carried out using Structural Equation Modeling - Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) through SmartPLS software version 4.0, which allows for the analysis of causal relationships between variables as well as simultaneous mediation tests. The results showed that digital servant leadership has a positive and significant correlation with employee engagement. Similarly, collaborative coworker relationships were shown to have a positive and significant correlation with employee engagement. In addition, motivation also has a positive and significant impact on employee engagement. Furthermore, digital servant leadership and collaborative coworker relationships each have a positive and significant impact on motivation. Furthermore, motivation has been shown to significantly mediate the influence of digital servant leadership on employee engagement, as well as collaborative coworker relationships and employee engagement. Therefore, it can be concluded that motivation plays a significant role as a mediator in strengthening the influence of leadership style and workplace social relationships on employee engagement, particularly among the younger generation working in the garment industry.

Free trade provides significant opportunities for developing countries to increase exports, expand market access, and drive economic growth. Through engagement in global markets, products and services can reach a wider range of consumers, creating the potential for increased national income. However, global economic integration also presents serious challenges, particularly in terms of the protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). As national boundaries in economic activity become increasingly blurred, intellectual property—including patents, trademarks, industrial designs, copyrights, and trade secrets—becomes increasingly vulnerable to infringement. Common forms of infringement include piracy, counterfeiting of branded products, and theft of technology or innovation. These practices not only harm creators or rights owners but can also hinder the development of innovation, reduce industrial competitiveness, and undermine consumer confidence. Adequate IPR protection requires a combination of strong national regulations and an effective international legal framework. Instruments such as the TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement under the WTO provide global standards to which compliance must be adhered, but implementation at the national level is crucial for their success. Weak or inconsistent law enforcement can open the door to violations that harm both domestic and foreign businesses. Beyond legal aspects, effective IPR protection also impacts the investment climate. Investors tend to invest in countries that can guarantee the security of their intellectual assets. Therefore, IPR protection is not only a legal issue but also a long-term economic development strategy. Therefore, in the era of free trade, developing countries need to balance market openness with strengthening IPR protection systems to create a conducive environment for innovation, sustainable economic growth, and public welfare.

This study aims to describe the types and functions of directive speech acts found in Indonesian language learning interactions at SMP Negeri 3 Gianyar. Employing a descriptive qualitative research design, the data were obtained through note-taking and recording of teacher–student interactions during classroom activities. The analysis followed four main stages: data reduction, data collection, data display, data interpretation, and conclusion drawing. Directive speech acts, which are utterances intended to prompt the listener to perform a specific action, are an essential component of classroom discourse, as they directly influence student participation, classroom management, and instructional clarity. The findings reveal a total of 109 directive speech act utterances produced by both teachers and students. These utterances are categorized into six types: 18 requests, 52 questions, 22 commands, 3 prohibitions, 10 permissions, and 4 pieces of advice. Each type of directive speech act is used to achieve specific communicative purposes. Further analysis identified 11 distinct functions realized within these utterances, namely: requesting, inviting, pleading, asking, wishing, demanding, directing, instructing, prohibiting, permitting, and advising. For instance, teachers predominantly employed questioning and commanding functions to guide learning processes, check comprehension, and maintain classroom order, while students tended to use requesting and asking functions to seek clarification or assistance. The results of this research highlight the significant role of directive speech acts in facilitating interactive and goal-oriented communication in the language learning environment. Understanding the types and functions of such speech acts can provide valuable insights for educators in designing effective communication strategies that foster active learning, encourage student engagement, and create a positive classroom atmosphere. This study contributes to the broader field of pragmatics and educational linguistics by emphasizing the practical application of speech act theory in Indonesian language teaching contexts.

Mission constitutes a fundamental dimension of the Catholic Church’s identity, intrinsically linked to the divine mandate to participate in God’s work of salvation in the world. Within this framework, the consecrated life of the Congregation of the Missionary Sisters Servants of the Holy Spirit (SSpS) embodies a distinctive expression of Trinitarian spirituality and a prophetic missionary vocation. In the context of Timor Island, this charism is concretely manifested through ministries that directly engage with the realities of local communities. This study adopts a qualitative methodology with a literature review approach, drawing on theological sources, congregational spirituality, and the SSpS Constitution to explore the theological and practical dimensions of the sisters’ mission. The research aims to analyze how the life and apostolate of the SSpS Sisters serve as a tangible witness to the presence of the Triune God, particularly through works in education, healthcare, social services, and pastoral ministry. The findings indicate that the sisters’ mission is deeply rooted in a faith experience centered on the Most Holy Trinity, which shapes their incarnational and intercultural approach to ministry. Their service reflects a prophetic commitment to empowering marginalized communities, promoting human dignity, and fostering social transformation. Furthermore, the integration of religious vows with active engagement in societal issues illustrates a spirituality that bridges contemplation and action, grounded in both fidelity to the Gospel and responsiveness to contextual needs. In conclusion, the consecrated life of the SSpS Sisters on Timor Island stands as a visible and dynamic sign of God’s salvific and prophetic presence. Through their holistic and transformative ministries, they contribute significantly to the mission of the Church and the common good of society, embodying a vision of the “civilization of love” rooted in Trinitarian communion and expressed in concrete service to humanity.

This study aims to examine the influence of host interaction and flash sale discounts on consumer interest in live shopping on Shopee among the community in Surabaya City. The research employs a quantitative approach using a structured questionnaire as the primary data collection method. A total of 96 respondents, all of whom actively engage in online shopping via Shopee, were selected as the study sample. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, applying both t-tests and F-tests to evaluate the hypotheses. The t-test results reveal that host interaction significantly affects consumer interest, with a t-count value of 5.252 exceeding the t-table value of 1.986, and a significance level of 0.000, which is below the 0.05 threshold. Similarly, flash sale discounts also demonstrate a significant effect on consumer interest, with a t-count value of 3.217 surpassing the t-table value of 1.986, and a significance level of 0.002, indicating statistical significance. Furthermore, the F-test results indicate that host interaction and flash sale discounts have a simultaneous and significant influence on consumer interest, as evidenced by an F-count value of 26.37 exceeding the F-table value of 3.9434, with a significance level of 0.000. These findings suggest that both host interaction and flash sale discounts play a crucial role in shaping consumer purchasing interest during live shopping events. The results highlight the importance for resellers and online sellers to enhance host engagement skills and strategically implement time-limited discount offers to attract and retain consumers. In the increasingly competitive e-commerce environment, optimizing these two factors may significantly contribute to improving customer engagement and driving sales performance. This research provides practical insights for online retailers seeking to strengthen their marketing strategies on live shopping platforms

Agreement is one of the most important sources of engagement in civil law. In practice, agreements become the legal basis for parties to regulate mutual rights and obligations. As in credit agreements where credit agreements are one of the most common forms of agreements in banking practices and financing activities in Indonesia. This agreement becomes the legal basis for the relationship between creditors and debtors in the context of providing loan facilities. This article discusses the juridical aspects of credit agreements, starting from the elements of a valid agreement, the principles that underlie it, to the legal consequences that arise in the event of default or unlawful acts by one of the parties. The research was conducted using a normative juridical method that focuses on analyzing laws and regulations, especially the Civil Code and the Banking Law. The results of the study show that credit agreements are not only civilly binding, but also contain potential criminal law consequences in the event of misuse. Therefore, it is important for the parties to understand the contents and legal consequences of the credit agreement thoroughly.

This study aims to explore the communication strategies implemented in the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) blood donation activities organized by McDonald’s in Solo City. The research adopts a descriptive qualitative approach to gain a comprehensive understanding of how communication plays a role in the success of these CSR initiatives. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, direct observations during the CSR events, and the analysis of documentation related to the activities. The findings reveal that interpersonal communication is a key factor in the effective implementation of blood donation CSR programs at McDonald’s Solo City. This approach enables the establishment of strong relationships with strategic partners, particularly the Indonesian Red Cross (Palang Merah Indonesia/PMI) Solo City, which serves as the main collaborator in organizing the events. Furthermore, McDonald’s successfully engages and mobilizes opinion leaders within the community to disseminate information widely and encourage public participation. These opinion leaders, trusted by the local community, play an important role in influencing people’s awareness and willingness to participate in the blood donation activities. The success of the program is also supported by consistent follow-up communication, mutual trust, and the ability to adapt messages to the cultural and social context of the target audience. In conclusion, the research highlights that well-developed interpersonal communication strategies—characterized by trust, collaboration, and community engagement—significantly contribute to the effectiveness and sustainability of CSR blood donation programs. These findings imply that companies aiming to enhance their CSR initiatives should prioritize building and maintaining strong interpersonal communication channels with both partners and the community to achieve impactful and long-term results.