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This study aims to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness training in reducing academic stress levels in college students. The background of this study is based on the high academic pressure experienced by college students, which can impact mental health, learning motivation, and academic achievement. Mindfulness was chosen as an intervention because this approach focuses on increasing full awareness of the present moment in a non-judgmental manner, which is believed to help individuals manage stress more adaptively. The study population was college students, with a sample of 15 participants selected using a simple random sampling technique. The study was conducted in a psychology laboratory under controlled conditions to minimize confounding factors. The research approach used was quantitative with an experimental design. The academic stress measurement instrument consisted of 31 items compiled based on the theory of Sarafino and Smith, which has been tested for validity and reliability. The research procedure included measuring academic stress levels before and after mindfulness training. Data analysis was carried out using a t-test to examine differences in pre-test and post-test scores, and a correlation test to examine the relationship between mindfulness application and stress reduction. The results showed a significance value of 0.00 (p < 0.05) and a correlation value of 0.991, which means Ha was accepted. These findings indicate a very strong positive relationship between mindfulness training and reduced academic stress levels. Therefore, it can be concluded that mindfulness training is effective in reducing academic stress in college students. The implication of this study is the need for higher education institutions to consider mindfulness training programs as a preventive and curative intervention strategy to maintain student mental health, enabling them to face academic demands more healthily and productively.

This study addresses the issue of unit delays in providing goods receipt notes and routine distribution of supplies to the general logistics department, which impacts the inefficiency of the non-medical logistics management process at Ibnu Sina General Hospital, Bukittinggi. Untimely logistics management can hamper the availability of goods, disrupt the smoothness of services, and increase the risk of stock outs. The purpose of this study is to obtain a comprehensive overview of non-medical logistics management at the hospital, particularly in the aspects of planning, procurement, and control. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with in-depth interviews with five informants. The research informants include Mrs. D as triangulation, Mr. Y and Mr. B as general logistics staff, and Mrs. D and Mrs. S as unit staff. Data were analyzed to identify patterns and obstacles that occur in the non-medical logistics management process. The results show that the entire non-medical logistics management process at Ibnu Sina General Hospital, Bukittinggi is guided by requests from the unit. Logistics planning is carried out based on the receipt notes submitted by the unit, procurement can only be carried out after the receipt notes are received, and stock control is carried out by summarizing requests in the stock card. Although the procedures complied with the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) established by the hospital director, obstacles were identified, including delays in unit submissions and weak stock control at the unit level. This situation has the potential to lead to management inefficiencies and stockouts. The conclusion of this study confirms that the non-medical logistics management system at Ibnu Sina Islamic Hospital, Bukittinggi, complies with SOPs. However, improvements in timeliness in submitting orders and strengthening stock control within the units are needed to optimize logistics management efficiency.

This study examines the effectiveness of the SIM Nasional Presisi (SINAR) application in facilitating the renewal of driver’s licenses at the Driver’s License Administration Unit (SATPAS SIM) of Polda Metro Jaya, DKI Jakarta. The SATPAS is responsible for managing and issuing driver’s licenses, and recent technological advancements have enabled a transformation of the renewal process from an in-person service to an entirely online platform via the SINAR application. This innovation eliminates the need for applicants to physically visit the SATPAS office, offering greater accessibility and efficiency. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach, with data gathered through observation, structured interviews with relevant stakeholders, and documentation analysis. Campbell’s (1989) Program Effectiveness Theory serves as the analytical framework, utilizing five evaluation indicators: (a) program success, (b) program target determination, (c) program satisfaction, (d) input and output levels, and (e) overall goal achievement. Findings reveal that the SINAR application effectively integrates the issuance and renewal processes by connecting directly to the Korlantas Polri SIM Data Center. This integration ensures seamless verification and processing of applications. The program has achieved its intended targets, particularly in meeting public needs for a fast, accurate, and convenient service. The shift to online renewals has significantly reduced processing time and logistical burdens for applicants, contributing to a notable increase in the number of SIM renewals in 2023 compared to previous years. Furthermore, user feedback indicates high satisfaction levels, largely due to the convenience of remote access, the clarity of procedural instructions, and the reliability of the application’s features. Despite minor technical challenges, the overall implementation of the online SIM renewal service at SATPAS Polda Metro Jaya is deemed highly effective.

This study aims to examine the influence of self-efficacy and learning environment on learning outcomes, with learning motivation as a mediating variable, among students of SMK Negeri 44 Jakarta. Employing a quantitative approach with a survey method, the research involved a population of 175 students, all of whom were included as the sample through a total sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with SmartPLS 4.0 software. The analytical procedures encompassed measurement model analysis, structural model analysis, and hypothesis testing for both direct and indirect effects.The findings reveal a positive and significant direct effect of self-efficacy on learning outcomes, indicating that students with higher confidence in their abilities tend to achieve better academic performance. Similarly, the learning environment was found to have a positive and significant direct effect on learning outcomes, suggesting that supportive academic surroundings contribute meaningfully to student achievement. However, the study found no significant direct effect of learning motivation on learning outcomes, nor any significant mediating role of learning motivation in the relationships between self-efficacy and learning outcomes or between learning environment and learning outcomes. These results imply that while self-efficacy and a conducive learning environment are key determinants of academic success, the role of learning motivation as an intervening variable may not be as substantial in this context. The absence of mediation suggests that motivation alone may not bridge the gap between personal and environmental factors and actual academic performance. This study contributes to educational research by providing empirical evidence on the complex interplay between psychological, environmental, and motivational factors influencing student achievement, highlighting the need for educators to strengthen both self-belief and learning conditions to optimize outcomes.

Introduction the management of expired drugs is an important part of the hospital's pharmaceutical logistics system to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and to protect the environment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the implementation of procedures for returning expired drugs to the manufacturer or pharmaceutical company, as well as to examine the expired drug disposal system, particularly the methods of direct disposal to the Final Disposal Site (TPA) and open burning at RSUD Mohammad Natsir Solok. However, the implementation in the field has not been entirely effective. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation. The approach involved several informants who were directly involved in pharmaceutical logistics management in order to obtain in-depth and relevant data. The results of the study show that the hospital has not carried out expired drug destruction using the methods of direct disposal to the TPA or open burning. No clear information or official documentation was found regarding the use of these two methods. Informants stated that even if such methods were used, they occurred in the past and were not formally documented. The conclusion of this study is that open burning and direct disposal to the TPA have not become part of the expired drug management system at RSUD Mohammad Natsir Solok. The recommendation of this research is the development of clear operational procedures and increased staff awareness regarding the importance of safe and standard-compliant pharmaceutical waste managemen

This study aims to analyze the application of accounting information systems in cash receipts and expenditures and assess their contribution to the effectiveness of internal control at the Sekoto Putro Showroom in Kediri. The research methodology employed is a qualitative approach, with data gathered through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings reveal that the current accounting information system is still manual and lacks standard operating procedures (SOPs). The process of cash receipt and disbursement is managed by the finance department under the direct supervision of the owner, who also functions as the primary controller. The owner’s consent is required for all large transactions, and internal control is implemented informally through cash checks and transaction authorizations. However, there are notable weaknesses, including the absence of a clear separation of duties and a lack of a well-documented recording and authorization system. These weaknesses pose risks to the efficiency and reliability of financial management and internal control. Consequently, this study recommends the implementation of a computer-based accounting system, the creation of written SOPs, and a more defined separation of financial duties. Such changes are expected to enhance the effectiveness of internal control, improve operational efficiency, ensure more accurate record-keeping, and minimize the risk of financial losses in showroom cash management. By transitioning to a formalized and computerized system, the showroom can streamline its processes and safeguard its financial resources, ensuring long-term sustainability and growth. This research highlights the need for modernizing accounting practices to foster better financial governance and strengthen internal controls in small to medium-sized businesses.

This research started from the difference in understanding of mathematical concepts found in students in grades XI-1 of SMA Kanjeng Sepuh Sidayu. The main purpose of this study is to analyze students' understanding of mathematical concepts based on extroverted and introverted personalities, with an ethnomathematical approach on the building of the Kanjeng Sepuh Sidayu Mosque. The research subjects consisted of four students who were selected with two personality categories, namely two students with introverted personalities and two students with extroverted personalities, which were determined through a personality questionnaire. Data collection techniques were carried out using questionnaires to find out personality types, mathematical concept understanding tests, and in-depth interviews to further explore students' understanding. The results showed that there were significant differences in the understanding of mathematical concepts between students with introverted and extroverted personalities. Students with introverted personalities show good ability to meet indicators 1, 3, and 5. This indicator includes the ability to restate a concept, provide examples and non-examples of a concept, and apply concepts or logarithms in problem solving. Students with extroverted personalities, on the other hand, excel in indicators 1, 2, and 4. This indicator includes the ability to restate a concept, classify objects according to the concept, and use and choose certain procedures or operations in solving problems. This study provides insight that the understanding of mathematical concepts is not only influenced by cognitive abilities alone, but also by students' personality factors. Introverted and extroverted personalities affect the way they absorb and apply mathematical concepts. Therefore, it is important for educators to pay attention to these differences in designing teaching approaches that suit the characteristics of the students.

In the ever-evolving creative industry, event management has evolved beyond mere entertainment to become a strategic tool for conveying messages and building public awareness. This study aims to examine the crucial role of coordination in the event production process, using the Pancaverse event, a case study that focused on a sustainable lifestyle. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the study analyzes the coordination structure implemented, the cross-team communication system, and the challenges and solution strategies employed in the event's implementation. Data were collected through internal documentation, technical observations, and informal interviews with the organizing team. The results indicate that the success of the Pancaverse event was significantly influenced by a well-organized coordination structure, involving key roles such as the event director, stage manager, and vendor liaison. Each team had clear responsibilities, facilitating task allocation and ensuring the smooth running of the event. The use of communication tools such as walkie-talkies, instant messaging groups, and logistics applications significantly assisted in supporting real-time communication between teams, enabling them to stay connected and responsive to changes occurring on the ground. Obstacles encountered in the event implementation process, such as miscommunication, changes to the rundown, and external factors like weather and permits, were addressed through various strategies. Developing clear SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures), technical simulations to prepare for potential issues, and incorporating buffer time into the event rundown are effective solutions to address these issues. The findings of this study confirm that solid coordination is a key element in unifying the vision, streamlining operations, and delivering an event that is not only technically successful but also emotionally and educationally impactful for the audience. Coordination in an event is not merely a technical mechanism, but also a strategic foundation that is crucial for organizing an effective and meaningful event.

In order to determine who has the right to take business assets implicated in money laundering offenses, this paper examines the legal loophole in Law Number 8 of 2010 about the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering offenses (UU TPPU). The efficacy of law enforcement may be weakened and the process of recovering assets from crimes may be hampered by the ambiguous authority and lack of regulatory synchronization. Combining a statutory and conceptual approach with a normative legal technique, this study examines the implications of legal uncertainty on the mechanism of asset confiscation in eradicating TPPU. This research result indicates that the lack of authority in implementing asset forfeiture consequences results in inconsistent legal procedures, overlapping institutional roles, and slows down the recovery of state assets. Therefore, legal reform is needed through amendments to Article 9 of the TPPU Law and alignment with the Criminal Code (KUHP) and other related regulations so that the mechanism of asset confiscation is more precise, more effective, and coordinated. In addition, synergy between investigators, prosecutors, The Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), and the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK) are essential for improving the efficiency of state asset recovery. Regulations and an integrated system make it possible to swiftly and publicly seize assets resulting from criminal activity, which deters criminals, enhances public trust in law enforcement, and ensures that assets obtained illegally can be returned for the benefit of the state and society, while reinforcing the integrity of the justice system.

This community service activity aims to increase the capacity of disaster archival document management and strengthen financial governance within the Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center (MDMC) in Palangka Raya City. Orderly, systematic, and accountable archive management is a crucial factor in supporting a rapid, precise, and coordinated disaster response. Furthermore, transparent and efficient financial governance is the foundation for program sustainability and public trust in the organization. This training program is designed to provide MDMC administrators and volunteers with a comprehensive understanding of the principles, procedures, and best practices in disaster archive management and organizational finances. The implementation method includes presentations through interactive lectures combined with group discussions to identify real-world problems and solutions. Participants also have the opportunity to engage in hands-on practice, such as compiling disaster archival documents, managing archive databases, and creating simple financial reports in accordance with nonprofit accounting standards. Furthermore, this training introduces national regulations related to archiving and data protection, ensuring that practices are aligned with statutory provisions. The results of the training demonstrated an increased understanding of the participants regarding the importance of archive management and financial governance, as evidenced by their ability to systematically organize documents and present accountable financial reports. It is hoped that, after the training, participants will be able to consistently apply these principles in MDMC's operational activities. This will create a well-organized documentation system, accountable financial management, and an MDMC institution that is increasingly professional, effective, and responsive to community needs in emergency situations. This activity is a strategic step to strengthen MDMC's role as the vanguard in disaster management at the local and national levels.

This community service activity aims to increase the capacity of disaster archival document management and strengthen financial governance within the Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center (MDMC) in Palangka Raya City. Orderly, systematic, and accountable archive management is a crucial factor in supporting a rapid, precise, and coordinated disaster response. Furthermore, transparent and efficient financial governance is the foundation for program sustainability and public trust in the organization. This training program is designed to provide MDMC administrators and volunteers with a comprehensive understanding of the principles, procedures, and best practices in disaster archive management and organizational finances. The implementation method includes presentations through interactive lectures combined with group discussions to identify real-world problems and solutions. Participants also have the opportunity to engage in hands-on practice, such as compiling disaster archival documents, managing archive databases, and creating simple financial reports in accordance with nonprofit accounting standards. Furthermore, this training introduces national regulations related to archiving and data protection, ensuring that practices are aligned with statutory provisions. The results of the training demonstrated an increased understanding of the participants regarding the importance of archive management and financial governance, as evidenced by their ability to systematically organize documents and present accountable financial reports. It is hoped that, after the training, participants will be able to consistently apply these principles in MDMC's operational activities. This will create a well-organized documentation system, accountable financial management, and an MDMC institution that is increasingly professional, effective, and responsive to community needs in emergency situations. This activity is a strategic step to strengthen MDMC's role as the vanguard in disaster management at the local and national levels.

White-collar crime has evolved to a transnational scale, transcending national boundaries. The crimes are increasingly sophisticated and well-organized, making them difficult to detect and eradicate effectively. Criminals continually seek to secure their proceeds through various means, including complex schemes of money laundering involving international financial networks. To enforce the law on money laundering, proof of the occurrence of money laundering is necessary. Therefore, prior to carrying out the investigation, several key elements must be understood, including the basic concepts of money laundering, the methods of money laundering, and indirect methods of evidence. The crime of money laundering is based on Law No. 15 of 2002 and has been carried out in accordance with the applicable provisions, namely Law No. 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), and the Procedural Law contained in Law No. 15 of 2002 concerning the Crime of Money Laundering as amended by Law No. 25 of 2003 concerning Amendments to Law No. 15 of 2002 concerning the Crime of Money Laundering. Obstacles that arise in investigating money laundering crimes can be categorized into two categories: legal and non-legal. Legal obstacles include provisions on bank secrecy, investigators' obligations to protect reporters and witnesses, investigators' incomplete perceptions of money laundering, and incomplete information from the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK). Non-legal obstacles include reporters not necessarily being victims, limited human resource capacity of investigators, lack of adequate facilities, minimal public awareness, insufficient institutional coordination, and technological gaps that hinder optimal enforcement efforts.

Neonatal jaundice is a common health problem in newborns, characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera due to increased bilirubin levels in the blood. This condition, if not detected and treated properly, can lead to serious complications such as kernicterus, which can lead to long-term neurological developmental disorders. Risk factors contributing to jaundice include suboptimal breastfeeding practices, delayed initiation of breastfeeding, and low birth weight. Adequate breastfeeding from an early age plays a crucial role in accelerating the excretion of bilirubin through feces, while monitoring birth weight can help identify infants at risk of hyperbilirubinemia. This outreach activity aims to increase mothers' and families' knowledge about the importance of early and exclusive breastfeeding, as well as monitoring birth weight as a preventive measure for neonatal jaundice. The activity was conducted at Andi Makkasau Regional Hospital using lectures, interactive discussions, and the use of educational media such as leaflets and posters. The training materials covered the definition, risk factors, signs and symptoms of jaundice, early detection procedures, the benefits of breastfeeding in preventing jaundice, and the importance of recording and monitoring infant weight. The activity was evaluated through pre- and post-tests to gauge participants' understanding. The evaluation results showed a significant increase in participants' knowledge, particularly regarding the relationship between delayed breastfeeding, low birth weight, and an increased risk of neonatal jaundice. Furthermore, participants gained a better understanding of home-based measures to detect early symptoms and when to immediately take their baby to a health facility.

Background: Urinary catheter insertion is an invasive medical procedure that often causes pain due to friction between the catheter and the urethra. This pain can lead to discomfort and stress for the patient. Based on initial observations in the Emergency Department (ED) over a period of three days, it was found that all patients undergoing urinary catheter insertion complained of pain. As an alternative pain management approach, one non-pharmacological method that can be used is a combination of Quranic murotal therapy and deep breathing relaxation techniques. This therapy is chosen because it is believed to have a calming effect and can reduce the perception of pain without the need for medication. Objective: This study aims to determine the difference in pain levels before and after the application of the combination of Quranic murotal therapy with deep breathing relaxation techniques during urinary catheter insertion in the ED. Method: This research uses a descriptive case study design involving two respondents. Both patients received an intervention consisting of Quranic murotal therapy played during the procedure, accompanied by instructions to practice deep breathing relaxation techniques. The therapy was applied during the urinary catheter insertion to assess changes in pain levels experienced by the patients. Results: The results showed that the pain level of the first respondent decreased from moderate pain to mild pain after the intervention. The second respondent experienced a reduction in pain from severe to moderate after the combined therapy was applied. Both respondents reported improved comfort after the therapy. Conclusion: The combination of Quranic murotal therapy with deep breathing relaxation techniques was proven effective in reducing pain levels in patients undergoing urinary catheter insertion in the ED. This therapy can serve as a beneficial non-pharmacological alternative for reducing pain during invasive medical procedures.

This study aims to comparatively analyze the effects of two types of inhalation anesthetics, ether and chloroform, on Wistar rats, focusing on three main parameters: induction time, duration of anesthesia, and side effects. Selecting the appropriate anesthetic method is crucial in animal studies to ensure animal welfare and the validity of the results. Twenty male Wistar rats, with an average body weight of 200–250 grams and 10–12 weeks of age, were randomly divided into two treatment groups of 10 rats each. The first group was anesthetized using ether, while the second group was anesthetized using chloroform, with doses adjusted to achieve adequate levels of anesthesia. Measurements were made of the induction time, which is the interval from the start of anesthetic exposure until the loss of the pedal reflex; the duration of anesthesia, which is the length of time until the rat regains consciousness; and clinical observations of any side effects that appear, both during and after anesthesia. The results showed that the ether group had a relatively longer induction time than the chloroform group. However, ether provided a longer and more stable duration of anesthesia, with a better recovery rate. In contrast, chloroform produced a shorter induction time but was accompanied by a shorter duration of anesthesia and a higher risk of side effects, particularly liver dysfunction and respiratory depression. These findings reinforce previous reports that chloroform has significant potential toxicity, and its use in animal research should be limited. Based on these results, ether is recommended as a relatively safe inhalation anesthetic option for laboratory procedures in Wistar rats, although its use still requires strict supervision and appropriate handling procedures to ensure the safety of both researchers and experimental animals.

Ownership rights to houses and buildings are the highest form of ownership recognized in the land law system in Indonesia. The legality of this ownership right is vital to ensure legal certainty for the owner and prevent potential disputes that may arise due to unclear ownership status. The study analyzes the legal aspects of ownership rights to houses and buildings, including the legal basis, acquisition procedures, and legal protection mechanisms available to the owner. In addition, this study also examines various problems that often arise in the ownership of property rights, such as overlapping certificates, ownership conflicts, and legal implications in the process of transferring rights. The analysis uses a normative legal method with a conceptual and statutory approach. The Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), Government Regulations, and Regulations of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency (ATR/BPN) are among the regulations that control ownership rights to land and buildings. The statutory approach is carried out by examining these regulations. Meanwhile, the conceptual approach is applied to examine the concept of ownership in land law and the underlying legal principles. The data used in this study are sourced from literature studies, including legal literature, academic journals, and official documents related to land regulations in Indonesia. The results of this study are expected to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the legality of ownership rights to houses and buildings, as well as being a reference for landowners, legal practitioners, and the government in managing the legal aspects of land and building ownership. With firmer legal certainty, it is hoped that a more transparent and equitable land system can be created for all interested parties.

Choking is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children, particularly those aged 3 years or younger. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011, there were approximately 17,537 reported cases of choking, with the majority of these incidents occurring in children aged between 12 to 36 months. In 2013, about 34 children per day were taken to emergency departments due to choking (Pendigrot et al., 2019). Furthermore, in Indonesia, it was reported that around 10% of the 430 infant deaths were caused by choking during breastfeeding (Suartini & Kusniawati, 2020). Given this, the need for effective first aid knowledge, especially among mothers of young children, becomes imperative. This community service activity aimed to empower 27 mothers with toddlers in the village of Bangun Rejo, Tanjung Morawa, Deli Serdang, North Sumatra, on the essential skills for performing first aid in cases of choking. The program was structured in three phases: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. During the implementation, the participants received theoretical lectures, live demonstrations, and informational leaflets on how to perform first aid for choking. Following the training, an evaluation was conducted to assess the mothers' proficiency in performing the procedure. The results showed a promising outcome, with 19 mothers (70.3%) becoming proficient in first aid for choking, while 8 mothers (29.7%) still lacked the necessary skills despite the training. This outcome highlights the importance of continuous education and practice for parents, especially mothers, to ensure that they can act quickly and effectively in emergency situations. This activity is expected to equip mothers with the skills needed to perform first aid for choking as an immediate response before seeking medical assistance, ultimately helping to reduce the risks associated with choking incidents.

In the context of Indonesia’s evolving insurance landscape, this study examines the legal protection afforded to policyholders of the BLife Plan MultiPro unit-linked life insurance product against uncertainties in end-of-contract benefit payments. Employing a doctrinal-normative and historical approach, the research analyzes statutory provisions from Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection through Law No. 40 of 2014 on Insurance and POJK regulations to evaluate the efficacy of preventive (transparency requirements), corrective (mediation and arbitration), repressive (administrative sanctions), and restorative (insurance guarantee scheme) mechanisms. Integrating Fuller’s internal morality of law, Hart’s open-texture theory, and Knight’s risk-uncertainty distinction, the findings reveal that regulatory evolution has progressively enhanced policyholder protection from 65% under the 1999 framework to 95% under the forthcoming 2028 guarantee scheme yet practical gaps persist in consumer education and claims standardization. The study recommends clarifying policy clauses, streamlining administrative procedures, and enhancing judicial discretion to fortify legal certainty and restore consumer confidence

This study examines the role and challenges of evidence management in the criminal justice system in Indonesia, focusing on issues such as damage, loss, and inconsistency of evidence, which can significantly impact the evidentiary process and the outcome of criminal trials. Effective evidence management is crucial in ensuring the integrity of the legal process and upholding justice. The study employs a normative legal approach using statutory and conceptual methods to analyze the legal provisions that govern the confiscation, storage, and handling of evidence, specifically referring to Article 39 of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code. This article sets forth the procedures for evidence confiscation by law enforcement authorities and outlines their responsibilities in maintaining and presenting the evidence in court. A major concern in the management of evidence is the potential damage or loss of evidence during the investigation or trial stages. Such issues undermine the validity of the evidence and can lead to unjust verdicts, affecting the principle of fairness in the criminal justice process. Additionally, inconsistencies in how evidence is handled, including mislabeling or failure to maintain chain-of-custody records, can raise doubts about the authenticity of the evidence and erode public trust in the legal system. This study highlights how these problems directly impact the judicial outcomes and the overall credibility of the justice system in Indonesia. Furthermore, this study discusses the challenges faced by law enforcement agencies and legal professionals in returning evidence that does not conform to its original condition. The return of damaged or improperly handled evidence not only violates the principle of justice but also affects the accused's right to a fair trial.

Pempek is a traditional Indonesian food that is widely loved by people because of its delicious taste and easy availability in various regions, especially in coastal areas. However, although pempek is made from ingredients that are generally safe for consumption, the unhygienic production process has the potential to cause contamination by pathogenic bacteria. The process of making pempek involves many hands, unsterile processing, and inadequate storage can increase the risk of bacterial proliferation, especially in food served by street vendors. This study aims to identify the presence of pathogenic bacteria in pempek sold by street vendors around the campus environment. By using sample dilution methods, inoculation onto Nutrient Agar (NA) media, as well as colony morphology differentiation and Gram staining, this study successfully identified several pathogenic bacteria that have the potential to harm health. The bacteria found included Staphylococcus sp., known as a pathogen causing food poisoning, E. coli which can cause gastrointestinal disorders, and Pseudomonas sp. which can cause skin and respiratory infections. Based on the results of this study, it is important for local food producers to maintain cleanliness and ensure hygienic production processes so that the food sold is safe for consumption. Furthermore, food quality monitoring by authorities and education for producers on the importance of hygiene in food preparation need to be strengthened to prevent the risk of foodborne illnesses. Furthermore, regular inspections of food sold by street vendors are crucial to ensure it is free from harmful microbial contamination. Implementing proper sanitation procedures at every stage of pempek production, from selecting raw materials to serving, can minimize the risk of microbial contamination.