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This study examines the constitutional systems of Denmark and Sweden as two of the most stable and advanced models of modern constitutional monarchy in the world. While maintaining the institution of monarchy, both countries have successfully integrated the principles of parliamentary democracy, parliamentary supremacy, and strict limitations on executive power, so that the monarch plays a purely symbolic role in the state. Using a normative-comparative legal research method that focuses on the 1953 Danish Constitution and the 1974 Swedish Instrument of Government, this study traces the historical evolution, constitutional structure, mechanisms of government formation, legislative oversight, and the role of the judiciary in both countries. The results of the study show that Denmark has retained a number of historical formulations regarding the power of the king in the text of the constitution, but all of these powers are symbolic in nature because they are controlled by parliamentary convention. Sweden, through its 1974 reforms, opted for a more decisive model by explicitly removing all political roles of the monarchy. Despite differences in constitutional design, both countries share fundamental similarities in their egalitarian political culture, bureaucratic professionalism, political consensus, and parliamentary rule mechanisms that create governmental stability.Further analysis shows that the continuity of the monarchy in both countries is inseparable from peaceful historical transformation, the monarchy's ability to adapt to democratization, and its role as

This study aims to identify the influence of profitability, liquidity, and asset structure on the capital structure of pharmaceutical sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2019–2023 period. The study spanned five years, from 2019 to 2023. Of the total 15 companies in the population, 7 companies were selected as samples using a purposive sampling method. The research data were sourced from annual financial reports accessed through the official IDX website. Data processing was carried out using multiple linear regression methods. Capital structure was measured using two indicators: the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and the Debt to Asset Ratio (DAR). The analysis results showed that profitability had no effect on these two capital structure indicators. Conversely, liquidity and asset structure were shown to influence both DER and DAR. This study provides insight into the factors influencing debt financing decisions in pharmaceutical companies and their implications for the company's financial stability.

The 17+8 demands voiced by the public reflect the accumulation of disillusionment with various government policies and violations committed, especially by the House of Representatives (DPR). Policies that are considered unfair and detrimental to the public trigger a strong push to carry out reforms that are more democratic and oriented towards the interests of the people. Various factors such as human rights violations, lack of transparency and accountability, economic inequality, and polemics related to official allowances are the main triggers for the birth of these demands. The demands of 17+8 not only contain burdens or criticisms, but also contain short-term and long-term goals that can be the basis for improving governance. This momentum should be seen as a strategic opportunity to strengthen democracy, improve state-citizen relations, and restore public trust. If these demands are taken seriously, the government has the potential to reduce the legitimacy crisis and improve the quality of public services. On the contrary, ignoring such demands can deepen public distrust and worsen political stability. Thus, the demands of 17+8 are an important signal for the need for structural change and a real commitment to realizing a fairer, more transparent, and responsive government.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of professional accounting ethics in maintaining the quality, transparency, and accountability of corporate financial reporting through a literature review of relevant journals, regulations, and cases, including the Garuda Indonesia case, which illustrates ethical violations in revenue recognition. The findings emphasize that the principles of integrity, objectivity, professional competence, confidentiality, and professional behavior serve as fundamental pillars for accountants in producing reliable financial information. Ethical misconduct can lead to declining public trust, weakened corporate governance, and increased legal and reputational risks. Therefore, ethical education, regulatory supervision, strengthened moral awareness, and effective internal control systems are essential to prevent financial reporting manipulation. Professional more than just an normative obligation but a strategic element in safeguarding the credibility of the accounting profession and ensuring economic stability.

This service activity was carried out in the Domestic Trade Sector, Central Java Provincial Industry and Trade Office with the aim of supporting the data collection process and updating the prices of basic necessities. This activity focuses on providing accurate and up-to-date price data as the basis for making price stabilization policies by local governments. The implementation of activities includes observation of the internal data collection system, daily price data input, data validation, and preparation of price development reports. In addition, the service team also coordinates with field officers and market managers to ensure the completeness of information and consistency of the data received. The technical assistance process related to the use of data collection application tools is also carried out to improve the competence of apparatus in managing information more effectively. The results of the activity show that systematic data updates are able to improve administrative efficiency, database accuracy, and support decision-making processes related to regional economic stability. Furthermore, the availability of more reliable price data allows local governments to detect potential price fluctuations early and formulate more timely and targeted intervention steps.

This study aims to analyze the development of debit card, credit card, and e-money usage and inflation in Indonesia, while also examining the effect of these three payment instruments on inflation from January 2015 to July 2025. The method used is the Error Correction Model (ECM) with the help of Eviews 12 software, while data was obtained from Bank Indonesia (BI) and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The results show that in the long term, debit cards do not have a significant impact on inflation. Conversely, credit cards have a positive and significant impact, indicating that increased credit card usage can drive up inflation. On the other hand, e-money has a negative and significant effect on inflation in the long term, so that increased e-money transactions actually tend to suppress inflation. In the short term, these three payment instruments—debit cards, credit cards, and e-money—do not show a significant impact on inflation in Indonesia. These findings provide insight into the dynamics of non-cash payment instruments and provide assurance regarding price stability.

In international relations, it is very necessary to pay attention to what a country can and cannot do when interacting with other countries as a form of respect for sovereignty and international norms. Relations between countries in international life also include the involvement of international organizations that have an important role in maintaining global stability. In accordance with the goal of international organizations to resolve conflicts between countries, one of the conflicts that must be of concern to the world is armed conflict. One of the wars that is still in the spotlight to this day is the war between Israel and Palestine in the Gaza Strip. The research method used in this article is a normative legal research method with a literature approach and a case approach, namely related to war crimes in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Gaza Strip. The United Nations as part of an international organization within the framework of the Law of the International Organization has made various efforts to maintain peace in Palestine. However, because this war is one of the most complicated, protracted, and fraught with international political importance, its resolution still faces various obstacles that make it difficult to end the conflict to this day.

This study examines how Christian marriage is represented in the modern era through theological, symbolic, and contextual perspectives. Although Christian marriage is traditionally understood as a sacred covenant emphasizing unity, fidelity, and permanence, contemporary social realities reveal shifts in how Christians interpret and express marital life. Economic pressures, evolving family roles, digital communication patterns, and cultural influences shape the modern experience of marriage. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature-based research, this study analyzes the theological foundations, ritual symbols, and contextual factors that influence changes in the representation of Christian marriage today. The findings indicate that while the core theological essence of Christian marriage remains, its practical expressions undergo adaptation to remain relevant within modern life. Symbols such as wedding rings, marital vows, and liturgical blessings continue to convey theological meaning, while premarital education and pastoral support play a crucial role in strengthening marital stability. The study highlights the need for a contextual and integrative ecclesial approach that responds to the realities faced by Christian couples in contemporary society.    

This study aims to describe students' perceptions of the impact of international trade on national development strategies amidst economic globalization. In this context, cross-border trade plays an important role in accelerating economic growth and improving the competitiveness of domestic products. Students' understanding, as part of the generation that will drive the future economy, is crucial to assess the extent to which they perceive the relationship between international trade and national development. This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach with data collection techniques through the distribution of questionnaires to economics students. The findings show that the majority of students have a positive perception of the contribution of international trade, especially in terms of increasing exports, absorbing foreign investments, and creating job opportunities. However, a small proportion of respondents also noted the risks of dependency on global markets, which could affect domestic economic stability. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of international trade in supporting sustainable and inclusive national development, balancing the benefits of globalization with domestic economic protection.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between online shopping activities and personal financial management among university students in Indonesia. The background of this research lies in the increasing digitalization of daily consumption, which has encouraged students to engage more actively in e-commerce transactions. Using a quantitative correlational design, data were collected from 100 undergraduate students through an online questionnaire based on Likert-scale indicators. The independent variables consist of buyer characteristics (age, gender, and income sources) and online shopping activities (frequency, spending amount, and shopping motivation). Meanwhile, personal financial management is measured through financial planning and spending control. The findings show that students demonstrate very high levels of online shopping activity and acknowledge the strong influence of demographic factors on their consumption behavior. Descriptive analysis also indicates high scores for financial planning and spending control, although intensive online shopping remains a potential risk to financial stability. The implications of this study highlight the need to strengthen financial literacy among students to help them develop healthier budgeting habits and reduce impulsive buying driven by digital platforms. This research is expected to contribute to the understanding of digital consumer behavior and support the development of financial education programs for young adults.

Economic development strategies play a crucial role in achieving sustainable growth through increased national productivity and equitable welfare distribution. The stability of macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, exchange rates, and gross domestic product growth reflects the effectiveness of government development policies. This study aims to analyze the relationship between economic development strategies and macroeconomic equilibrium in Indonesia by examining the interconnection between the product market and the money market. The research adopts a qualitative approach using literature studies derived from scholarly journals, academic articles, and economic publications obtained from Google Scholar and other credible sources. The findings indicate that maintaining balance between the product market and the money market contributes significantly to national economic stability. A well-coordinated synergy between fiscal and monetary policies is essential to preserve macroeconomic stability and ensure that economic development progresses inclusively and sustainably amid global challenges.

Inflation, unemployment, and deflation are three fundamental macroeconomic phenomena that are closely interconnected in influencing a nation’s economic stability. These variables illustrate the equilibrium between production capacity, consumption behavior, and government intervention in achieving sustainable economic growth. The main purpose of this study is to explore the interrelationship between inflation, unemployment, and deflation, and to assess their implications for Indonesia’s economic stability. This research applies a qualitative descriptive method, employing literature reviews, document analysis, and secondary data evaluation derived from credible institutions such as the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), Bank Indonesia (BI), and the Ministry of Finance. The results suggest that a moderate level of inflation can positively stimulate economic expansion through increased consumption and investment activities. In contrast, excessive inflation tends to erode consumer purchasing power and potentially elevate unemployment rates. Meanwhile, prolonged deflationary conditions may lead to a decline in product prices, reduced business profitability, and slower economic momentum. The interaction among these three factors is complex and dynamic, necessitating a coordinated balance between fiscal and monetary policies to safeguard overall economic stability. This study concludes that effective inflation control, job creation, and deflation prevention are critical elements in strengthening Indonesia’s long-term economic resilience.

Many nonprofit organizations in Indonesia face challenges in managing resources, operations, and Fundraising strategies, particularly in maintaining financial stability. Only about 13% have sustainable financing strategies, making this study relevant to evaluate the Fundraising model implemented by a nonprofit organization. This research analyzes the implementation of the “Berkala Baik” Fundraising program at the Janji Baik nonprofit organization, focusing on organizational management, functional strategies, and the supporting and inhibiting factors of the program. The study employs a qualitative case study approach with data collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation review. Data analysis involves reduction, presentation, conclusion drawing, and triangulation validation. The findings indicate that Janji Baik operates under the Baik Media Indonesia Foundation, focusing on education, social welfare, and technology. The Berkala Baik program is an innovation for sustainable funding through monthly donations over one year (ranging from IDR 25,000 to IDR 100,000) accompanied by exclusive merchandise. Fundraising strategies include membership systems, volunteer engagement, campaigns, and special events. Supporting factors consist of timely member payments, high public interest, and active volunteer participation. Inhibiting factors include delayed donations, limited public understanding of Fundraising concepts, and communication challenges. This study is expected to enrich the literature and practical insights on nonprofit management and Fundraising practices in Indonesia.

The family is the primary and primary environment that plays a crucial role in shaping a child's personality, emotional development, and psychological stability. Through the family, children receive love, a sense of security, and values ​​that form the basis for developing their identity. However, broken homes can disrupt a child's emotional balance and lead to childhood trauma that impacts them into adolescence. This study aims to understand the experiences of adolescents from broken homes in coping with childhood trauma and the process of building resilience. The method used was a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. The study subjects consisted of three adolescents aged 20–23 who experienced broken families since childhood. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed using an interactive analysis model through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that childhood trauma emerged in the form of emotional, relational, physical, and existential trauma due to the loss of parental figures, conflict, emotional neglect, and verbal abuse. The impacts felt include low self-confidence, anxiety, mild depression, and difficulty relating to social relationships. Social support from extended family, friends, and the community has been shown to aid the recovery process and increase resilience. This study emphasizes the important role of parents, educators, and counselors in providing emotional support and a safe environment for adolescents from broken homes.

Corruption in Indonesia has become a systemic and complex issue, posing a threat to economic, social, and political stability. Despite various efforts, including the establishment of the Corruption Eradication Commission and robust law enforcement, Indonesia’s Corruption Perception Index has remained stagnant or declined in recent years. This is primarily due to the inadequacy of conventional audit methods, which struggle to detect complex and hidden corruption schemes. This study examines how the role of investigative audits by the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) can be optimized through synergy with the Whistleblowing System (WBS) to enhance corruption eradication efforts in Indonesia. Investigative audits, which focus on detecting fraud, are crucial as they can convert audit evidence into legal proof in corruption cases. However, the BPK’s role is often hindered by limited human resources, independence, and weak coordination. Using qualitative research and a literature review, this study analyzes relevant documents, books, scientific journals, and official reports to identify and classify relevant data. The findings indicate that strong synergy between BPK's investigative audits and the WBS is essential. Optimizing these two instruments requires significant reforms, including strengthening whistleblower protection laws, improving inter-agency collaboration, and fostering a robust anti-corruption culture. The study concludes that BPK’s investigative audits are effective in uncovering state losses, but their success depends on follow-up actions and coordination with law enforcement. The WBS can detect corruption early, but its effectiveness is limited by weak whistleblower protection and lack of trust in internal reporting channels.

Economic forecasting is becoming increasingly important year after year, especially during crises such as the pandemic of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war. Its development can be seen from the use of basic statistical models to the increasingly widespread use of machine learning technology. Economic forecasting plays an important role in helping to formulate policies and is also a reliable tool for researchers in dealing with uncertainty. Global crises, such as inflationary pressures due to the pandemic and supply chain disruptions from the Russia-Ukraine conflict, have prompted increased research in this field in an effort to anticipate economic shocks and emphasize the urgency of forecasting to prepare strategies for dealing with future uncertainty. This literature review uses the Scopus database with 2561 publications from 2020 to 2025, analyzed using R Studio with a bibliometrix approach (specifically biblioshiny) and VOSviewer to map relevant thematic connections. This analysis shows that economic forecasting is greatly influenced by market uncertainty and geopolitical factors, and at the same time influences public policy formulation and financial stability. Research contributions from Indonesia are still limited, with only 40 documents, thus emphasizing the need to strengthen economic forecasting studies in Indonesia to support monetary policy and national financial stability.

This study maps the regulatory landscape of financial technology (fintech), focusing on cryptocurrency regulation at both global and Indonesian levels. Cryptocurrency, one of the fastest-growing fintech instruments, functions as a virtual currency secured by cryptography. Despite lacking physical form, it is widely used for investment, transactions, and speculation, with trust supported by blockchain’s transparency and immutability. However, regulatory frameworks remain fragmented across countries. The research applies a bibliometric approach, using Bibliometrix (R Studio) for descriptive analysis and VosViewer for keyword network visualization. Data were retrieved from Scopus with the keywords “cryptocurrency regulation” and “fintech regulation,” covering 2016–2025. Findings reveal 1,178 documents from 484 sources, contributed by 4,693 authors, with an average of 7.43 authors per document and an international collaboration rate of 24.79%. The annual growth rate reaches 44.31%, with an average of 14.01 citations per document. Keyword analysis identifies four main clusters: financial regulation, green finance and sustainability, decentralized finance (DeFi), and blockchain cybersecurity. This study provides a knowledge map of regulatory evolution from conventional finance to blockchain-based fintech, offering insights for academics, regulators, and industry to balance innovation, consumer protection, and financial stability.

The food and beverage industry are generally known for its stability. Nevertheless, this sub-sector underwent fluctuations as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, one of which was in its firm value. The study investigates how firm value is affected by key organizational characteristics, including financial performance, the scale of the firm, and the rate of sales growth. A firm's value is measured by its PBV (Price to Book Value). The study's measure of financial performance is a combination of Return on Equity (ROE) and the CR, DER, and TATO ratios. This study uses a quantitative approach. The study's population is composed of F&B firms publicly traded on the Indonesia Stock Exchange throughout 2019–2023. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample based on predefined requirements, leading to a total of 125 samples from 25 companies. Data were processed using WarpPLS version 8.0 to evaluate the research model through model fit, structural testing, and hypothesis testing. The results show that the model meets the required fit indices and has strong explanatory power. The findings reveal that profitability (ROE) and leverage (DER) have a positive and significant effect on firm value, while liquidity (CR) and sales growth exert a negative and significant effect. On the other hand, activity ratio (TATO) and firm size do not significantly influence firm value.

The climate crisis is no longer just a concern for environmental activists, but has evolved into a strategic threat affecting global stability. The climate crisis is now worsening into a serious threat to the sustainability of human life and the existing ecosystems on Earth. In his book, "The Uninhabitable Earth," Arne Naess provides deep insights thru the Deep Ecology approach, which emphasizes the intrinsic value of all forms of life. This study explores the relationship between the environment and cosmology and its impact on human policies and behavior toward nature. By analyzing the interaction between humans and the environment, we show that a paradigm shift toward a holistic understanding can offer sustainable solutions to this climate crisis. The impact of the climate crisis is highly complex and widespread, leading to unstable weather patterns. These unstable weather patterns threaten agriculture, food security, and also result in more frequent and severe natural disasters. We need to explore the root causes of the current climate crisis, the impacts that have already occurred and may come, and the efforts that can be made by individuals, communities, and the international community to address such challenges. This research strongly highlights the importance of collective consciousness and moral responsibility in protecting the planet, while also inviting readers to reflect on their position within the broader web of life. Thru this approach, it is hoped that synergy between human development and environmental sustainability can be achieved.

This study examines the influence of credit interest rates and third-party funds on the credit distribution of PT BPR BKK Banjarharjo, Brebes Regency, using a quantitative approach based on secondary data from monthly financial reports between 2020 and 2024, amounting to 60 observations. The results show that, partially, credit interest rates exert a negative and significant effect on credit distribution, while third-party funds demonstrate a positive and significant impact. Simultaneous testing further confirms that both variables collectively have a significant influence on credit distribution. These findings emphasize the importance of banking institutions in carrying out their intermediation function effectively, where the ability to maintain competitive credit interest rates and strengthen public fund mobilization becomes a strategic necessity to improve credit growth and financial stability. Moreover, the study highlights the role of micro-banking as a foundation for regional economic development, particularly in rural areas where local banks serve as drivers of community empowerment and sustainable economic activity. By reinforcing prudent management of interest rates and optimizing fund collection, banks can ensure not only improved financial performance but also the expansion of credit access for micro, small, and medium enterprises. The outcomes of this research are expected to provide practical contributions to policymakers in the banking sector, enrich scientific literature in financial management, and serve as a relevant reference for subsequent studies focusing on credit distribution, financial intermediation, and the development of microfinance institutions.