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This research is very important to understand more deeply about the Islamic-based multicultural education approach in forming a character of tolerance, as well as how to apply this approach in the educational environment. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of literature study (library research). This approach is used to examine in depth the concept of multicultural education in an Islamic perspective and introduce it in forming the character of tolerance of students through the analysis of various relevant library sources. Multicultural education basically aims to create a harmonious society through an educational process that respects differences and eliminates discrimination. In this case, multicultural education is a strategic solution because it does not only focus on cognitive aspects, but also on the formation of social attitudes, such as tolerance, empathy, and inclusive attitudes. In its implementation, multicultural education aims to enable students to appreciate differences, foster a tolerant attitude, and strengthen national identity within the framework of diversity. Therefore, the application of multicultural education needs to continue to be developed optimally in the education system in order to create a harmonious, inclusive, and character-based learning enviroment.

Criminal law socialization is a crucial form of community empowerment in building awareness, compliance, and legal order in the social environment. This activity is motivated by the limited understanding among some members of the public regarding what constitutes a crime, the potential legal consequences, and the appropriate steps to take when facing legal issues. This lack of legal literacy can leave people vulnerable to committing violations, becoming victims of crime, or resolving conflicts in ways that are inconsistent with legal provisions. Therefore, this socialization activity aims to provide a basic understanding of criminal law, raise public awareness of the importance of obeying the law, and encourage active community participation in creating a safe, orderly, and just environment. The activity is implemented through counseling, interactive discussions, questions and answers, and the presentation of simple case studies relevant to everyday life. The material presented includes the definition of criminal law, types of crimes frequently occurring in society, legal sanctions, the rights and obligations of citizens, and the role of the community in preventing legal violations. Through a communicative and participatory approach, it is hoped that the community will more easily understand the material and be able to connect it to real-world problems in their environment. The expected outcomes of this activity are increased public understanding of criminal law, increased awareness to avoid unlawful acts, and increased public courage to report criminal acts to the authorities. Thus, criminal law socialization serves not only as an educational activity but also as a community empowerment strategy in building a legal culture. This activity is expected to encourage the formation of a legally aware, responsible community that plays an active role in creating a law-abiding environment.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parenting styles on the development of social skills in early adolescence. The method used was a literature review. Researchers reviewed and synthesized the results of relevant previous studies, sourced from scientific journals and credible digital databases. The analysis results show a consistent relationship between the type of parenting style and the quality of social skills. Democratic parenting has been shown to make a significant positive contribution to communication skills, empathy, cooperation, emotional control, and adjustment in social environments. Adolescents raised with this parenting style tend to have better self-confidence and are able to build healthy social interactions at school and in the community. Conversely, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles tend to have less beneficial impacts. This is characterized by the emergence of social anxiety, low initiative, difficulty adhering to social norms, and limitations in establishing interpersonal relationships. These findings emphasize the crucial role of parents in shaping the social competence of early adolescents. The study concludes that implementing a balanced, consistent, and communicative parenting style is a key factor in supporting the development of social skills. Collaboration between the family and the educational environment needs to be strengthened.

This study examines the lexical and grammatical meanings of news headlines from the November 2025 edition of detik.com, posted on Instagram. The shift from a news site to a social media platform often necessitates adjustments to headlines, which can lead to shifts in meaning. To collect relevant headlines, this study employed a qualitative descriptive method with a listening and note-taking technique. The analysis shows that lexical meaning in headlines is evident through the use of words with basic dictionary meanings, such as names of people, places, objects, and actions. Grammatical meaning is discovered through affixation and reduplication, which can change or add to the meaning of basic words according to the context. These two types of meaning play a crucial role in creating concise, clear headlines that are appropriate for the way news is presented on Instagram. This study concludes that the formation of meaning in headlines on detik.com is influenced by a combination of lexical and grammatical meanings tailored to the communication needs of social media platforms.

The book on the City of God and the City of Man is a masterpiece by St. Augustine that is very influential in the history of philosophy and theology. This book contains the background of Augustine's philosophical and theological reflections on the accusation of the destruction of the Roman Empire against Christianity. The City of God described in Augustine's perspective is a city that prioritizes love for God. While the City of Man is a city that reflects self-love. The implications of both types of cities in Augustine's perspective are very relevant to be discussed in the discourse on the concept of statehood. This paper also aims to analyze the relationship between democracy and capitalism in the perspective of Augustine of Hippo's thought, especially through the concept of civitas Dei (City of God) and civitas terrena (World City). This study uses a qualitative method with a library research approach. The results of this study show that democracy and capitalism, although providing space for freedom, are vulnerable to deviations when not guided by the correct moral orientation. In light of Augustine's thought, the crisis in modern democracy such as; Money politics, media manipulation, and anarchic demonstrations reflect the dominance of self-love (amor sui) that characterizes the civitas terrena. Therefore, democracy can only operate fairly if it is rooted in moral values ​​that lead to the common good (Bonum communae).

Diabetes mellitus, as a persistent non-infectious metabolic pathology increasingly prominent in the global epidemiological spectrum, is fundamentally characterized by dysfunctional hyperglycemia rooted in primary disruptions of pancreatic insulin hormone synthesis or peripheral resistance to its biological action, thereby inducing dynamic imbalances in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways; amid the hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) as a measure of central adiposity potentially mediates variability in serum glucose levels, this quantitative observational study with a cross-sectional design rigorously tests the causal relationship between BMI and fasting/random blood glucose concentrations in a cohort of 134 adult subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus affiliated with primary care services at Puskesmas Bongo II, Boalemo Regency, through an inclusive total sampling recruitment strategy, precision anthropometric measurement instruments (height, weight, WHO BMI categorization), and laboratory-validated glucometric validation, with multivariate inferential processing based on the Chi-Square independence test at a Type I error rate of α=0.05 using the latest edition of the SPSS analytical suite; the demographic profile highlights female gender supremacy (90 individuals, 67.2%), the normoweight group (78 cases, 58.2%), concurrent with substantial glycemic elevation prevalence (78 subjects, 58.2%), but the crucial statistical output reveals a p-value of 0.831 (>0.05) that negates any probabilistically meaningful association, thus the substantive conclusion affirms the non-significance of the BMI-glucose relationship in this local context, while implying the dominance of alternative etiopathogenic factors such as hypercaloric macronutrient intake patterns, deficits in aerobic/anaerobic physical activity, non-adherence to multidisciplinary pharmacological protocols (e.g., metformin/oral hypoglycemics), and a comprehensive management paradigm integrating behavioral education, continuous monitoring, and personalized interventions to mitigate long-term cardiovascular risks across the diabetes mellitus spectrum.

Diabetes mellitus, as a persistent non-infectious metabolic pathology increasingly prominent in the global epidemiological spectrum, is fundamentally characterized by dysfunctional hyperglycemia rooted in primary disruptions of pancreatic insulin hormone synthesis or peripheral resistance to its biological action, thereby inducing dynamic imbalances in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways; amid the hypothesis that body mass index (BMI) as a measure of central adiposity potentially mediates variability in serum glucose levels, this quantitative observational study with a cross-sectional design rigorously tests the causal relationship between BMI and fasting/random blood glucose concentrations in a cohort of 134 adult subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus affiliated with primary care services at Puskesmas Bongo II, Boalemo Regency, through an inclusive total sampling recruitment strategy, precision anthropometric measurement instruments (height, weight, WHO BMI categorization), and laboratory-validated glucometric validation, with multivariate inferential processing based on the Chi-Square independence test at a Type I error rate of α=0.05 using the latest edition of the SPSS analytical suite; the demographic profile highlights female gender supremacy (90 individuals, 67.2%), the normoweight group (78 cases, 58.2%), concurrent with substantial glycemic elevation prevalence (78 subjects, 58.2%), but the crucial statistical output reveals a p-value of 0.831 (>0.05) that negates any probabilistically meaningful association, thus the substantive conclusion affirms the non-significance of the BMI-glucose relationship in this local context, while implying the dominance of alternative etiopathogenic factors such as hypercaloric macronutrient intake patterns, deficits in aerobic/anaerobic physical activity, non-adherence to multidisciplinary pharmacological protocols (e.g., metformin/oral hypoglycemics), and a comprehensive management paradigm integrating behavioral education, continuous monitoring, and personalized interventions to mitigate long-term cardiovascular risks across the diabetes mellitus spectrum.

Breast tumors are classified into two types, namely benign and malignant tumors, the latter commonly referred to as breast cancer. Breast cancer is one of the major health problems affecting women worldwide, including in Indonesia. According to WHO data in 2022, there were 2.3 million breast cancer cases with 685,000 deaths globally, while in Indonesia, 396,914 cases and 234,511 deaths were reported. The high incidence rate is exacerbated by low public awareness in recognizing early symptoms and performing early detection, resulting in 60–70% of cases being diagnosed at an advanced stage, supported by findings that 65.6% of female students still have a low level of knowledge. Female students were selected as research subjects because they are in a vulnerable reproductive age group and have an important role in increasing awareness of early detection, yet they still have limited knowledge. Based on this, this study aims to design a web-based early detection system for breast tumor risk using the Forward Chaining method, which functions as a tool to identify early symptoms, assess risk levels, and provide information on prevention and initial management. This study employed the method with the Expert System Development Life Cycle (ESDLC) model, consisting of the stages of assessment, knowledge acquisition, design, testing, and documentation, along with the Forward Chaining inference method.

Travertine is a non-marine carbonate rock precipitated from calcium- and bicarbonate-rich waters, commonly associated with hot springs, streams, and lakes in tectonically active regions. This study presents a systematic literature review of travertine deposit characteristics, encompassing mineralogical composition, geochemical signatures, petrographic textures, morphological types, isotopic properties, biotic–abiotic controls on formation, early diagenesis, and petrophysical implications. The synthesis indicates that travertine is predominantly composed of calcite, with aragonite forming under conditions of elevated temperature, high Mg/Ca ratios, and rapid CO₂ degassing. Travertines display exceptional textural diversity, ranging from abiotic crystalline crusts to microbially mediated fabrics such as shrub, peloidal, and stromatolitic structures. Major morphologies include fissure ridges, mounds, terraces, cascades, and slopes, strongly governed by tectonic setting, topography, hydrology, and substrate geology. Stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O), strontium isotopes, trace elements, and REE patterns effectively constrain fluid provenance and distinguish thermogene from meteogene travertines. Microbial activity plays a crucial role in biomineralization, influencing precipitation rates, crystal morphology, and lamination patterns. Early diagenetic processes occurring during active deposition may significantly modify primary fabrics and geochemical signals. Travertine petrophysical properties exhibit distinctive porosity–velocity relationships, making them valuable analogues for subsurface carbonate reservoirs. This review highlights that travertines record complex interactions among physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes and hold significant value for paleoenvironmental reconstruction and carbonate reservoir studies.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is largely caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly types 16 and 18. The development of this cancer is influenced by the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which disrupt the function of p53 and Rb proteins, as well as the involvement of cellular signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and EGFR. Limitations of conventional therapies, such as resistance and side effects, drive the need for more targeted and selective therapeutic agents. This study aims to analyze the main molecular targets of cervical cancer and the medicinal chemistry approaches used in its therapeutic development. The method involved a review of 12 open access articles using molecular docking, molecular dynamics, QSAR, and network pharmacology approaches. The findings identified two main target groups: viral targets comprising the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins, and cellular targets including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, EGFR, PARP1, CDK1, and VEGFR. Various medicinal chemistry strategies, from structure-based and ligand-based drug design to multi-target network pharmacology approaches, proved effective in identifying potential inhibitor candidates. Bioactive compounds such as quercetin, gossypol, bixin, and rutin demonstrated stable interactions with these targets. However, further experimental validation is needed to support the development of clinically effective and safe therapies.

This study aims to analyze the effect of combining bait types and immersion durations on the catch yields of blue swimming crabs (Portunus pelagicus) in the waters of Kuala Penet, East Lampung. The research method employed was a field experiment utilizing a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The focus of the study was directed toward two types of bait, namely goldstripe sardine (Sardinella spp.) and chicken intestines, with three variations of immersion duration: 6 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, and 24 hours. Through statistical analysis, it was discovered that the combination of goldstripe sardine bait and a 6-hour immersion duration provided the most optimal catch yields. Nevertheless, chicken intestines demonstrated strong potential as an economical and sustainable alternative bait at a 12-hour immersion duration. The interaction between the bait type and immersion duration variables proved to be significant, thereby supporting an integrated approach to the management of collapsible pots. These findings provide a scientific basis for formulating sustainable crab fishing guidelines that can be adopted by local fishermen and relevant authorities to support the ecosystem-based conservation of coastal fishery resources in East Lampung.

This community service activity focused on waste management and composting in elementary schools. Daily activities in schools generate organic and inorganic waste, which, if not managed properly, can cause environmental pollution and increase the risk of health problems. Students' lack of knowledge and habits in sorting and processing waste is one of the contributing factors to this problem. Therefore, early environmental education is needed to foster caring and responsible behavior in waste management. Improving students' knowledge and skills in sorting waste and processing organic waste into compost is an effort to create a clean and environmentally friendly school environment. The activity was carried out over one day through counseling, interactive discussions, demonstrations, and hands-on practice of waste sorting and making simple compost using presentation media and real-world examples. Students demonstrated active and enthusiastic participation throughout the activity. There was an increase in understanding of the types of waste, the importance of proper waste management, and the stages of composting. Students were able to practice sorting organic and inorganic waste and understand the basic process of composting. This activity was effective in increasing students' knowledge, awareness, and skills related to waste management and composting. The combination of interactive outreach methods and hands-on practice contributes to fostering environmentally conscious behavior and supporting the creation of a clean, healthy, and sustainable school environment.

The oil and gas industry requires efficient initial processing to separate reservoir fluids into oil, gas, and water phases. The Separator Unit is the main facility that plays a vital role in the surface facility production stage. This study aims to evaluate the type of separator used, identify control components, and understand the working principles and operational procedures of separators in the Main Production Facility (MPF) area. The methodology used is direct observation and literature studies during the implementation of practical work in July 2024 at PT. Citic Seram Energy Limited, Seram Non Bula Block, Maluku. The observation results show that the type of separator used is a Horizontal Three Phase Separator with tag codes 03-V-001A and 03-V-001B operating alternately. The separation process is carried out based on differences in fluid density utilizing gravity, supported by internal components such as deflector plates, mist extractors, weirs, and straightening vanes. Separator operation is maintained at an operating pressure of around 55 psig to ensure optimal separation efficiency and work safety. The conclusion of this study indicates that effective separator operation requires stable pressure and temperature control as well as routine maintenance to prevent sediment buildup and maintain product quality.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest infectious diseases that has been present throughout human history and remains a significant public health problem worldwide today. Technological developments have enabled TB detection using the GeneXpert® MTB/RIF Molecular Rapid Test (TCM). Fast and accurate laboratory testing is essential in healthcare services. This study aims to analyze the timeliness of sputum sample delivery at the Pangala Community Health Center (UPT Puskesmas Pangala), using a qualitative research design, namely a descriptive type of research by observing sputum samples stored at the Pangala Community Health Center (UPT Puskesmas Pangala) before being sent to the reference laboratory. The sample in this study was 36 samples taken by total sampling. The results showed that there were 29 samples sent within a period of <7 days and 7 samples sent within a period of 8-14 days. This finding proves that there is inaccuracy in sending sputum samples at the Pangala Community Health Center (UPT Puskesmas Pangala). It is hoped that future researchers can touch on aspects of sample quality such as sample volume, sample color, and sample consistency.

Speaking skills are regarded as one of the most difficult skills to be acquired by EFL students, especially high school EFL students, because of language and psychological factors. This paper attempts to examine high school EFL students’ speaking difficulties as identified by peer feedback in TikTok speaking activities. Qualitative descriptive design was adopted in this study by involving 15 tenth-grade students in carrying out speaking activities in the form of recording TikTok video clips and commenting on their peers’ videos. The data obtained include speaking clips, peer feedback comments, and reflective statements of the participants, which were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The results found that there were four different types of speaking difficulties, namely fluency difficulties, pronunciation difficulties, organizational difficulties, and difficulties related to confidence and anxiety levels of students when conducting a speaking activity. This can be evidenced by the students’ hesitation, frequent pauses, mispronunciation, disorganized speaking, and lack of confidence when speaking. Peer feedback comments play an important role in discovering this problem pattern among high school EFL students.

An abstranct is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any-depth analysis of a particular subject or disipline, and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper purposes. When used, an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript or typescript, acting as the point-of-entry for any given academic paper or patent application. Absatrcting and indexing services for various academic discipline are aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject. Abstract length varies by discipline and publisher requirements. Abstracts are typically sectioned logically as an overview of what appears in the paper.

This study analyzes the role of supporter fanaticism and loyalty in influencing the purchase decisions of official PSMS Medan merchandise. A qualitative descriptive method was employed through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, supported by secondary data from literature studies. The results show that fanaticism is reflected in emotional attachment, active involvement, long-term support, and social environmental influences. Supporter loyalty appears in consistent attendance at matches, following games, discussing the club, and repeated purchases of official merchandise. Purchase decisions are influenced by product type, design/form, and quantity, while also considering financial capability. Overall, fanaticism shapes emotional bonding, whereas loyalty drives repeated purchasing behavior; both contribute significantly to merchandise purchasing. These findings highlight the importance of design innovation, product quality improvement, and marketing strategies based on emotional and historical attachment to the club. Keywords: Consumer Behavior; Fanaticism; Merchandise; Purchase Decision; Supporter Loyalty.

This study aims to determine the effect of tax planning and capital structure on firm value, with firm size as a moderator. The population in this study is all non-cyclical consumer companies in the food and beverage subsector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the 2020-2024 period. The type of research used in this study is quantitative associative with secondary data. The research sample was determined using a purposive sampling technique. Based on this technique, 24 companies were obtained that met certain criteria. The panel data regression technique used in this study is the Random Effect Model. Testing of panel data regression and moderation regression uses the E=views 13 application. The results of this study indicate that tax planning partially has no effect on firm value, while capital structure does affect firm value. The results simultaneously show that tax planning and capital structure affect firm value. The results of this study also indicate that firm size weakens the relationship between tax planning and firm value, and firm size is also unable to moderate or weaken the relationship between capital structure and firm value.

The use of building materials plays a crucial role in determining the quality of the built environment, particularly in the context of row housing in densely populated urban areas. This study aims to evaluate the types of materials used in the construction of row housing in Cemara Asri, Medan, with a focus on sustainability and environmental friendliness criteria. The methods employed include direct site surveys and literature studies related to the characteristics of both interior and exterior materials applied to housing units. The research findings indicate that most of the materials used—such as red bricks, ceramic tiles, clay roof tiles, and concrete ventilation blocks—possess good energy efficiency and durability potential. However, they do not fully meet sustainability standards in terms of production processes and waste management. The study also found that residents' awareness of environmentally friendly material selection remains limited, and the procurement of materials tends to follow local availability and economic considerations. These findings are expected to serve as a foundation for improving environmentally friendly material planning in row housing developments in other urban areas.

Stunting is a condition of growth failure in toddlers due to chronic malnutrition characterized by height below the age standard. This study aims to analyze the dietary patterns of stunted toddlers in the Parigi Community Health Center, Muna Regency, in 2025. The study used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design. Informants consisted of mothers who had stunted toddlers as key informants and Posyandu cadres as supporting informants selected by purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions with triangulation validity tests. The results showed that feeding practices for stunted toddlers were still not in accordance with recommendations. All informants had carried out Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (IMD), but exclusive breastfeeding was not optimal due to the perception of insufficient breast milk. Complementary breastfeeding (MP-ASI) tended to be given before the age of 6 months, influenced by the assumption that babies were hungry when they cried and cultural habits. The frequency of toddler meals was irregular, the type of food was dominated by porridge, and food variety was still limited. Consumption of animal side dishes, vegetables, and fruit was also not routinely provided. In conclusion, the dietary patterns of stunted toddlers in the study area do not meet the principles of balanced nutrition and are still influenced by family knowledge and habits. Therefore, increased education for mothers and families regarding appropriate feeding practices is needed to support optimal toddler growth and development.