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This study examines the absence of clear time limits in civil procedural law and its impact on the effectiveness of the principle of simple, fast, and low-cost justice in Indonesia. Normatively, this principle serves as a fundamental guideline in ensuring efficient and accessible dispute resolution. However, in practice, civil proceedings often take a prolonged and complex course, leading to increased costs and legal uncertainty. This research aims to analyze whether the principle has real normative force and how the lack of time constraints in each stage of civil litigation contributes to procedural delays. The study employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that the absence of strict and binding time limits allows procedural flexibility to be misused, resulting in repeated delays, inefficiency, and case accumulation. Consequently, the principle of simple, fast, and low-cost justice tends to remain declarative rather than operational. The study concludes that the effectiveness of this principle is significantly weakened by the lack of time regulation and suggests the need for reform through time-bound case management, stricter procedural control, and the integration of digital judicial systems to enhance efficiency and legal certainty.

Introduction: Additive Manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized the production of complex geometries, offering flexibility, customization, and precision across various industries. However, optimizing multiple process parameters simultaneously to enhance AM performance remains a significant challenge. This study focuses on improving both mechanical properties and surface quality by utilizing multi-objective optimization techniques. Literature Review: The research reviews existing approaches in AM optimization, highlighting the limitations of single-objective optimization and the potential of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). Previous studies demonstrate the difficulty of balancing competing objectives, such as tensile strength and surface roughness, within AM processes. Materials and Method: This study employs NSGA-II, MOEA/D, and SPEA2 algorithms to optimize AM parameters like layer thickness, build orientation, and infill density. The optimization aims to improve mechanical performance, including tensile strength and impact resistance, while reducing build time and surface roughness. The methodology integrates experimental validation with computational predictions to evaluate the effectiveness of these algorithms. Results and Discussion: The optimization process yielded Pareto-optimal solutions that balanced mechanical strength and surface quality. The results demonstrated improvements in tensile strength and surface finish without significantly increasing build time. Trade-off analysis highlighted the inherent conflicts between mechanical performance and surface quality, allowing for better decision-making in industrial applications. The study contributes to the AM industry by offering a comprehensive optimization framework for improving both efficiency and product quality.

Administrative letter services at the village (nagari) level are still largely conducted using conventional methods, resulting in various issues such as limited service hours, slow processing times, and risks of document loss. This study aims to develop a web-based letter service system with the implementation of digital signatures in Nagari Bukit Bais to improve efficiency, security, and transparency of public services. The research adopts the Agile Development method with an iterative approach, including requirement analysis, system design, implementation, and testing. The developed system enables citizens to submit requests online and is equipped with features such as officer verification, digital signing by the village head, automatic notifications, digital archiving, and document verification using QR Codes. Security mechanisms are implemented using SHA-256 cryptographic hashing and RSA-2048 digital signature algorithms, supported by X.509 digital certificates. Functional testing using end-to-end methods shows that all system features operate successfully without failures, while non-functional testing confirms the reliability of document security and integrity. The resulting system is able to automate the entire service process, reduce processing time, and ensure document authenticity and security. Therefore, this system can serve as a solution to support the digital transformation of public services at the village level.

The steering gear is a vital component in ship operations, functioning to control the ship’s direction accurately. The reliability of this system highly depends on the performance of the hydraulic system, where the mechanical seal plays a key role in maintaining system pressure and preventing oil leakage. This study aims to identify the main factors causing mechanical seal damage and analyze its impact on the performance efficiency of the steering gear AHTS Logindo Stamina. Qualitative data were obtained through participatory observation and in-depth interviews with the second engineer. Meanwhile, quantitative data were gathered by measuring technical parameters such as oil pressure, operating temperature, and rudder movement time, which were then compared with SOLAS standards. This damage results in oil leakage through the mechanical seal gap, abnormal noise in the hydraulic system, and a significant decrease in working pressure of -25,86%. The operational impacts include the occurrence of steering gear failure alarms, decreased hydraulic efficiency of 25.87%, and the risk of system failure that could endanger ship maneuverability. This study recommends preventive maintenance through oil quality monitoring, environmental condition control in the steering gear room, and periodic mechanical seal replacement in accordance with operational standards to maintaining optimal steering system performance.

This study aims to examine how an online bajaj-based pick-up and drop-off service developed by a kindergarten is implemented. The bajaj application is considered an innovation in a community-based educational transportation system. The limitations of conventional pick-up and drop-off systems in providing optimal efficiency, transparency, and safety form the basis of this research. This study employed a qualitative approach using a case study method, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that the use of the online bajaj application improves service quality through features such as booking services, real-time location tracking,and notifications to parents, which enhance time efficiency, transparency, and a sense of security. Compared to commercial transportation services, the community-based service model allows for more controlled operational management. However, challenges such as low digital literacy among users, limited network infrastructure, and potential data security risks were also identified. Critically, this innovation contributes significantly to the development of the smart mobility concept in the education sector, although it still requires improvement in terms of system sustainability and user data protection.

This research is prompted by legal complications within civil procedural law, specifically regarding the failure of judges to identify formal defects in special powers of attorney during the preliminary stages of trial. The central focus of this study examines Decision Number 14/Pdt.G/2025/PN Kba, in which a lawsuit was declared inadmissible (Niet Ontvankelijke Verklaard) only after a seven-month litigation process that had already progressed through evidentiary hearings and local inspections. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the dominus litis principle in empowering judges to provide procedural guidance for lawsuit amendments, while testing its alignment with the principles of simple, fast, and low-cost justice. Employing a normative legal research method with statutory and case-based approaches, the legal materials are analyzed qualitatively using the legal syllogism technique. The findings indicate that the application of the dominus litis principle in the a quo case remains ineffective due to the judges' passive and formalistic tendencies. Such an approach neglects the ex-officio authority mandated under Articles 119 and 132 of the HIR. This ineffectiveness results in significant judicial inefficiency, causing undue loss of time and financial resources for justice seekers. Consequently, this study recommends strengthening rigorous initial screening mechanisms by the panel of judges at the first hearing. This preventive measure is essential to curb the waste of judicial resources and ensure the realization of substantial justice for all disputing parties.

This study aims to analyze the optimization of regional expenditure in the education sector of Surabaya City for the 2025 fiscal year in supporting regional development. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach through observation, interviews, and documentation studies conducted at the Surabaya City Education Office. Data were obtained from relevant stakeholders involved in education budget management and supported by official documents related to policies and the implementation of education programs. The results show that the management of education expenditure has been aligned with the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) and applies the money follow program principle, which prioritizes programs based on community needs and development priorities. Programs such as Regional School Operational Assistance (BOPDA), educational assistance for students, school infrastructure development, and community-based learning innovations have contributed to expanding access to education, improving the equity of educational services, and reducing dropout rates. In addition, the use of monitoring systems, periodic evaluation, and the involvement of multiple stakeholders in supervision has strengthened transparency and accountability in budget management. However, several challenges remain, including limited implementation time, procurement constraints, and economic conditions such as inflation. Overall, education expenditure in Surabaya has been managed relatively well in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability while still requiring continuous improvement

The Community Service Program (PKM) collaboration organized by LLDikti Wilayah III represents a synergistic initiative among higher education institutions to support village digitalization based on the Smart Village Smart Governance concept. The program involved Universitas Nasional as the lead university, in collaboration with Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA and Institut Transportasi dan Logistik Trisakti as partner institutions, and was implemented in Kademangan Village, Mande District, Cianjur Regency. The activity focused on developing and socializing the Kademangan.net village service website as a digital platform to enhance transparency and efficiency in public services, including access to village information, public complaints, and MSME promotion. The program began with a socialization session at the Village Hall involving village officials and residents, followed by field surveys at the local Posyandu and residents’ homes to identify community needs and preferences regarding digital services. The results indicate that village service digitalization improves accessibility and time efficiency for residents, although assistance is still needed for those less familiar with technology. Overall, this collaborative PKM initiative contributes to strengthening digital-based village governance and serves as a sustainable model of inter-university collaboration in empowering rural communities through information technology.

This research was conducted with the aim of developing an automation system for recording warehouse inventory based on Google Sheets to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the stocktaking process at the Cresta Management warehouse. This research was based on problems in the semi-manual process that used logbooks and separate files for each group of goods, which caused problems such as data duplication, limited data access, lack of data transparency, and lengthy recapitulation process. This research used the Research and Development method using the ADDIE model (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate). Data were collected through observastion, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The result of this development is a system consisting of a login page, goods transcation recording, warehouse dashboard, stock reports, stock cards, and PDF report exports. This study also produced evaluation scores regarding the system’s feasibilty: 93,3% from the first media expert, 80% from the second media expert, 73,3% from the material expert, and 91,75% from users through User Acceptance Testing. These evaluation results indicate that the system is feasible for use and implementation in supporting warehouse operations, as it provides real time data updates, improves the efficiency of goods reporting, and enhances warehouse transactions.

The rapid development of information technology requires adaptation across various business sectors, including small and medium enterprises (SMEs). BUMDes Poto Bo’o, located in Wolotopo Village, Ndona Timur District, still manages sales data manually using ledger books. This practice leads to several issues, such as data inaccuracies, lack of automatic inventory updates, and delays in report generation.This study aims to design and implement a basic necessities (sembako) sales information system for the BUMDes. The system development method used is the waterfall model, which consists of requirement analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance stages. The system is developed using PHP programming language and MySQL database.The main features of the system include product management, customer management, transaction processing, tracking of incoming and outgoing goods, and real-time sales reporting. The results show that the developed information system improves transaction recording accuracy, enhances inventory data accuracy, and accelerates the sales reporting process.Therefore, the system is expected to improve the operational efficiency of BUMDes Poto Bo’o, support financial management transparency, and increase public trust in the performance of the village-owned enterprise.

This study aims to analyze digital transformation in public administration as a strategy to improve the efficiency and transparency of government services in Poso Regency. The study uses a qualitative approach with library research methods, sourced from various scientific literature, both national and international journals relevant to the research topic. The results show that digital transformation plays a significant role in improving the efficiency of public services through the automation of administrative processes, thereby accelerating service times and reducing the potential for human error. Furthermore, digital transformation also increases transparency and accountability through the openness of public information that is widely accessible to the public. However, the implementation of digital transformation in the regions still faces various challenges, such as limited technological infrastructure, low readiness and competence of human resources, and suboptimal system integration and data security. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is needed, including strengthening digital infrastructure, increasing the capacity of government officials, and optimizing open data-based policies. This research is expected to contribute to the development of sustainable digital transformation policies at the regional level.

This study aims to analyze innovations in official travel administration based on information technology in supporting the efficiency of regional government budgets. This research employs a qualitative approach using the Qualitative Secondary Analysis (QSA) method by utilizing various secondary data sources, such as policy documents, government reports, and relevant research and academic journals. The results indicate that the implementation of an information technology-based official travel administration system has successfully transformed bureaucratic processes from manual to digital systems. The submission, approval, execution, and reporting of official travel, which were previously carried out through physical documents, can now be conducted through an integrated electronic system. The digitalization of administrative processes has had a significant impact on improving the efficiency of administrative service time. Employees no longer need to go through lengthy bureaucratic procedures to obtain travel approval, as the entire process can be conducted online through an application system. This aligns with the concept of digital transformation in government, which emphasizes the utilization of information technology to enhance the efficiency of public organizations. The implementation of an information technology-based official travel administration system also increases transparency and accountability in managing official travel budgets. The digital system allows all administrative processes related to official travel to be systematically recorded and electronically documented. With a digital system in place, the potential for misuse of official travel funds such as fictitious trips, duplicate activities, or manipulation of expense reports can be minimized.

Attention mechanisms have been widely incorporated into recurrent neural network architectures for financial time series forecasting, with most prior work reporting improvements in price-level error metrics. This study revisits that claim through a controlled empirical comparison of four deep learning architectures on nearly two decades of Telkom Indonesia (TLKM) closing price data from the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The models evaluated are a three-layer Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) baseline, a comparable Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network, a Bahdanau end-attention GRU (Attn-GRU-V2), and a multi-head self-attention GRU hybrid (Attn-GRU-V3). Each architecture is trained over 30 independent runs with distinct random seeds, and performance is reported as 95% confidence intervals derived from the t-distribution. Statistical comparisons employ the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, a nonparametric paired test appropriate given the confirmed non-normality of residuals. The main finding is a consistent trade-off: the plain GRU achieves the lowest RMSE (94.02 ± 1.22 IDR) across all 30 runs, while Attn-GRU-V2 achieves the highest directional accuracy (45.91 ± 0.09%), surpassing GRU in every independent run. Bahdanau attention weights are nearly uniform across the 30-day lookback window (coefficient of variation: 3.21%), indicating that the mechanism cannot identify selectively informative timesteps in this univariate price series. This finding is consistent with the weak-form Efficient Market Hypothesis for the Indonesian market. An ablation study reveals that a 20-day lookback window maximizes directional accuracy (47.72 ± 0.21%) for the Attn-GRU-V2 model. These results suggest that Bahdanau end-attention consistently and significantly improves directional accuracy relative to a plain GRU baseline, providing an architecturally attributable advantage for direction-based applications, even when absolute price-level error is not reduced. The directional accuracy values remaining below 50% across all models are consistent with a weak-form efficiency characterization of the Indonesian market.

This community service activity aims to analyze the effectiveness of Time and Motion Study in the production process at PT. Adis Dimension Footwear and provide recommendations for improving work methods. This study employed a qualitative descriptive approach using observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that implementing Time and Motion Study can enhance work time efficiency, optimize operator movements, and increase productivity by up to 15%. Reducing unnecessary movements, optimizing workflow, and training operators significantly improve production performance. The success of this method depends heavily on socialization, training, and management support. These findings confirm that Time and Motion Study serves not only as a tool for measuring time and movements but also as a strategic instrument for improving efficiency, reducing waste, and increasing overall productivity.

The development of information technology has encouraged improvements in public service quality, including at the village government level. In Sunggal Kanan Village, Sunggal District, Deli Serdang Regency, the process of submitting public complaints and aspirations is still carried out manually, resulting in issues related to documentation, transparency, and follow-up actions. This study aims to design and develop a web-based Village Public Complaint and Aspiration Information System using the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method. The RAD method was chosen because it emphasizes fast system development through iterative stages involving active user participation, namely Requirements Planning, User Design, Construction, and Cutover. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and literature studies. The developed system provides features such as user registration and login, complaint and aspiration submission forms, report status tracking, and an admin dashboard for managing and following up on reports. The results show that the system improves efficiency, transparency, and accountability in managing public aspirations. Through this system, citizens can submit reports online without visiting the village office and monitor their report status in real time. The implementation of the RAD method proved effective in delivering a system that meets user needs within a relatively short development time.

Community service at Toko Entus Collection aimed to improve operational efficiency and sales through the implementation of a digital system. Students actively participated in managing social media, online promotions, and digital stock monitoring. Observations showed that digital media can disseminate product information widely, enhance consumer interaction, and support sales growth. Challenges included limited digital knowledge of the store manager, limited time for promotions, and inconsistent consumer responses. Direct guidance, socialization of digital media use, and adjustment of promotional strategies helped overcome these challenges. Students’ hands-on experience allowed the application of digital marketing theory to real business situations, while store managers benefited from improved operational performance. Therefore, this community service provides dual benefits: practical learning for students and increased competitiveness for SMEs.

This study aims to analyze the workload of sewing operators within a single production line and to equalize the workload using the line balancing method at PT. Pan Brothers. The garment industry requires high production efficiency; therefore, balanced workload distribution among operators is necessary to ensure optimal production processes. This research used an observational approach with data collection through direct observation of the sewing process, literature study, and documentation of production data. The research population consisted of 36 operators on the observed production line, analyzed through time study activities. The analyzed data included cycle time, takt time, and work processes at each workstation. The results showed that several processes had cycle times exceeding the takt time, specifically in processes number 2, 5, 6, 12, 17, 23, and 26, which caused bottlenecks and workload imbalance among operators. The calculation results indicated that the actual process time reached 520 seconds per product, while the ideal time based on takt time was 287 seconds per product, resulting in a time difference of 233 seconds or about 44% longer than the standard time. The implementation of the line balancing method was carried out by redistributing work elements from processes with high workloads to processes with remaining work capacity. The improvement results showed that the workload among operators became more balanced, the production process became more efficient, and the potential for bottlenecks could be minimized, enabling the company to achieve its production targets.

Digital transformation in healthcare services is a strategic approach to improve access, efficiency, and service quality, particularly within Indonesia’s National Health Insurance (JKN) system. BPJS Kesehatan has introduced an online queue feature through the Mobile JKN application to minimize manual queuing and reduce waiting times in outpatient services. However, despite the widespread ownership of the application, its actual utilization for online queuing remains relatively low, including in a regional public hospital (RSUD) in West Bandung. This condition reflects a gap between the availability of digital health technology and patients’ actual usage behavior, highlighting the need to examine factors influencing adoption.This study aims to analyze the effects of perceived ease of use, social influence, and facilitating conditions on the actual use of the Mobile JKN online queue, with behavioral intention as an intervening variable among outpatients. A quantitative cross-sectional design was applied, involving 255 JKN outpatient participants selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with AMOS version 24, based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, validity and reliability testing, normality assessment, goodness-of-fit evaluation, Three Box Method, and hypothesis testing.

In the era of digital transformation, the utilization of information technology in business activities has become an important factor in improving operational efficiency and effectiveness. Dzikri Baby Shop, a business engaged in the sale of baby equipment, still faces challenges in managing sales transactions and inventory manually, which may lead to recording errors, process delays, and less optimal customer service. This study aims to design and develop a sales information system for Dzikri Baby Shop to support digital transformation in its business processes. The system development method used in this research is Rapid Application Development (RAD), as it enables software to be developed in a relatively short time through an iterative approach and active user involvement. The system developed includes product data management, sales transaction processing, inventory control, and report generation. The testing results using the Black Box Testing method show that all system features function in accordance with user requirements. Therefore, the implementation of this sales information system is expected to improve operational efficiency, accelerate transaction processes, minimize errors in data management, and enhance the quality of customer service.

This study aims to design and develop a functionally efficient and operationally effective Internet of Things (IoT)-based air quality monitoring system for radiology departments. The system utilises a DHT22 sensor integrated with an ESP32 microcontroller to monitor the temperature and humidity of diagnostic rooms in real time, and to display the data via the UdaraKu mobile application. The research method employed a quantitative experimental approach focused on measuring system performance, specifically the accuracy of the temperature and humidity sensors. The research model used was the Research and Development (R&D) method, aimed at transforming conventional air quality monitoring in radiology into a real-time digital system based on IoT. The research results indicate that the IoT-based monitoring system is capable of maintaining room temperature and humidity stability within the ideal range, namely 22–24°C and 50–60% RH, in accordance with international standards. This improvement in environmental stability has a direct impact on reducing noise in digital radiography images, as evidenced by an increase in the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). Instrument validation demonstrated a high level of reliability with a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.848, reinforcing the reliability of the data and the system. Overall, the IoT-based air quality monitoring system has proven effective in controlling noise in digital radiography images, improving the quality of diagnostic services, and supporting patient safety principles and operational efficiency within radiology departments.