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This study analyzes the legal framework and social implications of the modification licensing process in customary buildings. Modifications are often carried out in response to modernization, material changes, and contemporary functional needs, which have the potential to clash with efforts to preserve cultural values and local wisdom. Using a qualitative approach with case studies in several indigenous villages in Indonesia, data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and review of licensing documents and related policies. The results of the study show that there is a tension between formal licensing laws (such as Building Permits/IMB) and customary laws that apply in local communities. An effective licensing process requires intensive dialogue and collaboration between local government authorities, customary institutions, and building owners to ensure modifications still respect the values contained in cultural heritage. The study recommends a flexible and consultation-based licensing framework that harmoniously integrates positive legal aspects and customary norms, while promoting community awareness and participation in heritage conservation.

The pluralistic development of Indonesian national law creates a dynamic relationship between national civil law and customary law, including in the context of resolving inheritance disputes in Chinese families who adhere to patrilineal traditions. Supreme Court Decision No. 1204 K/Pdt/2024 shows that there is a tension between legal certainty under the Civil Code and substantive justice originating from living law. This research aims to analyze the judge's interpretation of family documents as a basis for inheritance rejection, inheritance sharing mechanisms that ignore Chinese customary norms, and their implications for legal pluralism in Indonesia. The method used is normative juridical with a case study approach and a descriptive-analytical legislative approach, using literature studies of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. The results showed that the ruling applied neither the Civil Code nor the principle of Chinese customary inheritance consistently. The family declaration on which the judge relied was not actually a refusal of inheritance, but an internal agreement granting authority to the testator. Moreover, the distribution of inheritance carried out is not in accordance with the principle of patrilineal custom which places the eldest son as the recipient of the largest share. This finding shows the weak application of legal pluralism (weak legal pluralism) and reveals the gap between das sollen and das sein, so it is necessary to strengthen the role of judges in exploring the traditional values that live in society.

The development of digital information technology has fundamentally transformed the ways university students access and interpret religious information. Social media platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube have become primary spaces where students encounter diverse forms of religious content, ranging from educational dakwah to provocative narratives that may trigger tension and conflict. This phenomenon creates both opportunities and challenges for shaping religious moderation, particularly among first-semester students who are in the formative stage of constructing their intellectual and religious identities. This study aims to explore in depth the dynamics of religious moderation among first-semester students at IAINU Tuban within the context of digital polarization. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews, observations, and documentation as data collection techniques. Data were analyzed through thematic processes of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that students exhibit high social media engagement and are frequently exposed to short dakwah content circulated through algorithmic mechanisms. However, they also confront digital polarization characterized by emotional disputes, informational bias, and negative perceptions of other religious groups. While students demonstrate an initial understanding of religious moderation—such as wisdom, tolerance, and resistance to provocation—they have not fully developed adequate religious digital literacy to critically evaluate extreme content. This research concludes that social media simultaneously serves as a medium for dakwah and a site of polarization, highlighting the need for systematic reinforcement of digital literacy and religious moderation within Islamic higher education. 

The Presbyterian-Synodal system of church government is based on the ideal theological foundation of Christocracy, the confession that Christ is the sole Head of the Church who rules directly through His Word and Spirit. Theoretically, this model rejects hierarchy, affirms the parity of all ecclesiastical officers (ministers, elders, deacons) as servants, and views the local church council as a complete church (ecclesia completa). However, in historical and contemporary practice, a fundamental tension exists whereby this system consistently deviates into hierarchical and clerical practices. This deviation manifests as a hierarchy of office (clericalism) and a hierarchy of assemblies (Synod-centrism), where authority shifts from Christ to official figures and Synodal structures that are viewed as the "highest court." This article aims to analyze the fundamental causes of this authority shift. Using a qualitative library research method, the author conducts a systematic-theological, historical-critical, and comparative analysis of the works of Reformers (especially Calvin), historical church order documents, and contemporary case studies (such as in Malawi and GMIM). This study concludes that this authority shift stems from two primary factors: First, a "theological deficiency" in many church order documents, which fail to affirm Christ's rule "through His Word and Spirit," stating instead only His rule "through the ministry of officials," thus effectively equating official authority with Christ's authority. Second, the historical legacy of Scottish "national covenant" ecclesiology, which was historically intentionally designed with a centralized authority structure for "godly officials" to "rule over" a mixed populace. The author recommends that churches in this tradition revise their church orders to explicitly re-assert the supremacy of Christ's rule through His Word and Spirit over any human official or synodical authority.

Traditional arts in Indonesia face a growing threat not from physical displacement, but from algorithmic distortion. This study examines how social media algorithms shape and distort public perception of Indonesian traditional arts — specifically jaranan and barongan — through the lens of Van Dijck's (2013) popularity principle: the principle that content distribution is determined by interaction volume rather than cultural value. Employing qualitative thematic content analysis, this study analyzes comments on five viral social media videos sourced from YouTube and TikTok, each depicting riots or tension at traditional art performances. Findings demonstrate that the popularity principle operates consistently and cumulatively across all five samples: algorithmically provocative titles, emotional polarization in comment sections, and micro-behavioral signals such as watch duration and replay collectively function as interaction signals that drive the platform to distribute riot content far more widely than culturally substantive footage. The consequences extend beyond perception: event organizers suffer long-term reputational and economic damage, while collective stereotypes — associating jaranan with violence and disorder — become sufficiently entrenched to surface spontaneously in unrelated contexts. A comparative analysis of a Kangen Band concert video reveals that these stereotypes have already achieved the status of cultural reference points. This study argues that strategic resistance is possible: the same algorithmic logic that amplifies negative content can be deployed to circulate culturally rich content, provided that artists, communities, and government commit to producing content designed to generate high-quality interaction. The challenge is to transform social media from a distorting mirror into an instrument of cultural preservation.

Background: The rapid development of blockchain technology and smart contracts has fundamentally transformed contractual relationships by shifting the role of human interpretation and enforcement toward automated, code-based, and decentralized systems. This transformation generates complex legal implications, particularly regarding the evolution of contractual liability, which is increasingly distributed and no longer centered on a single legal subject. Objective: This study aims to analyze the evolution of contractual liability in smart agreements and examine how such transformation affects the fundamental principles of traditional contract law within modern legal systems. Methods: This research employs a normative and conceptual legal approach, supported by an analysis of blockchain regulations across multiple jurisdictions, case studies of smart contract implementation, and a comparative legal analysis between civil law and common law systems, complemented by a multidisciplinary literature review. Results: The findings indicate that contractual liability in smart agreements has evolved from a centralized fault-based liability model to an algorithmic, distributed, and code-dependent liability structure within blockchain ecosystems. This evolution creates new legal challenges concerning the attribution of liability, legal certainty, and the limitation of judicial intervention in automated contractual arrangements. Furthermore, the study identifies a tension between technological efficiency and substantive legal justice, highlighting the need for adaptive legal frameworks capable of accommodating decentralized technologies while ensuring the protection of legal rights and accountability of involved parties.

Sarcasm is a literary device and one of the most expressive forms of figurative language, often used to convey humor, criticism, or emotional tension in both daily conversation and literature. This study explores the use of sarcasm in William Shakespeare‟s Much Ado About Nothing by applying Elizabeth Camp‟s (2011) typology, which classifies sarcasm into four types: propositional, lexical, illocutionary, and like-prefixed sarcasm. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the researchers collected all sarcastic utterances from the play, classified them according to Camp‟s framework, and analyzed their pragmatic functions in the dramatic context. The findings reveal a total of 50 sarcastic utterances, with propositional sarcasm being the most frequent (42%), followed by illocutionary sarcasm (28%), lexical sarcasm (24%), and like-prefixed sarcasm (6%). These results indicate that sarcasm serves as both a comedic and dramatic device, shaping character interactions, driving conflicts, and reinforcing Elizabethan cultural norms. Beatrice and Benedick‟s witty verbal duels exemplify how sarcasm fosters humor and intimacy, while Claudio‟s sarcasm highlights themes of honor and social tension. Overall, the study demonstrates that sarcasm in Shakespeare‟s play is not merely humorous banter but a sophisticated rhetorical strategy that enhances characterization, thematic depth, and audience engagement.

This study analyzes the short story Cinta Semata Wayang by Nuryana Asmaudi SA using a literary psychology approach grounded in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The research applies a literature study with a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through close reading to identify structural elements and the psychological dynamics of the characters. The findings reveal marital conflict symbolized through wayang figures, particularly Rama and Sinta. Structurally, the story presents a progressive plot, symbolic and metaphorical language, and central themes of love and responsibility. The psychological analysis highlights the interaction of the id, ego, and superego within the main characters: Rama experiences tension between personal desires and moral norms, while Sinta demonstrates superego dominance through loyalty and emotional endurance. The short story emphasizes that true love is not solely based on emotion but also requires responsibility, commitment, and moral awareness as the foundation of a harmonious and sustainable relationship. This research contributes to literary psychology studies and deepens understanding of moral values in literature.

This study analyzes the short story Cinta Semata Wayang by Nuryana Asmaudi SA using a literary psychology approach grounded in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The research applies a literature study with a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through close reading to identify structural elements and the psychological dynamics of the characters. The findings reveal marital conflict symbolized through wayang figures, particularly Rama and Sinta. Structurally, the story presents a progressive plot, symbolic and metaphorical language, and central themes of love and responsibility. The psychological analysis highlights the interaction of the id, ego, and superego within the main characters: Rama experiences tension between personal desires and moral norms, while Sinta demonstrates superego dominance through loyalty and emotional endurance. The short story emphasizes that true love is not solely based on emotion but also requires responsibility, commitment, and moral awareness as the foundation of a harmonious and sustainable relationship. This research contributes to literary psychology studies and deepens understanding of moral values in literature.

Anxiety is an excessive state of tension characterized by feelings due to a response to stress or conflicting conditions. This study aims to investigate the relationship between anxiety disorders and sleep quality among nursing students during the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in the Diploma III Nursing Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abulyatama University. This study consisted of 168 individuals. The sample was 65 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research was conducted from July 25th to 29th, 2025. This study employed a descriptive analytical method with a cross-sectional approach. The research instruments were the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (ZSAS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The data was analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The research results indicated a significant relationship between anxiety disorders and the sleep quality of students during the OSCE at the Diploma III Nursing Program, Abulyatama University, with a p-value of 0.025 (p < 0.05). Based on this finding, this study proves a relationship between anxiety disorders and sleep quality among the Diploma III students during the OSCE preparation. This study suggests that students and the university provide counselling sessions before the test to reduce the effects of anxiety disorders in students. Therefore, this study serves as a resource to raise awareness on how to manage emotions during exam preparation.

Sarcasm is a literary device and one of the most expressive forms of figurative language, often used to convey humor, criticism, or emotional tension in both daily conversation and literature. This study explores the use of sarcasm in William Shakespeare‟s Much Ado About Nothing by applying Elizabeth Camp‟s (2011) typology, which classifies sarcasm into four types: propositional, lexical, illocutionary, and like-prefixed sarcasm. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the researchers collected all sarcastic utterances from the play, classified them according to Camp‟s framework, and analyzed their pragmatic functions in the dramatic context. The findings reveal a total of 50 sarcastic utterances, with propositional sarcasm being the most frequent (42%), followed by illocutionary sarcasm (28%), lexical sarcasm (24%), and like-prefixed sarcasm (6%). These results indicate that sarcasm serves as both a comedic and dramatic device, shaping character interactions, driving conflicts, and reinforcing Elizabethan cultural norms. Beatrice and Benedick‟s witty verbal duels exemplify how sarcasm fosters humor and intimacy, while Claudio‟s sarcasm highlights themes of honor and social tension. Overall, the study demonstrates that sarcasm in Shakespeare‟s play is not merely humorous banter but a sophisticated rhetorical strategy that enhances characterization, thematic depth, and audience engagement.

This study critically reassesses Islamic economic law within the rapidly expanding digital economy, emphasizing the necessity of a globally coherent Sharia-compliant regulatory architecture. Using a qualitative library research method, the paper draws from classical jurisprudence, contemporary fintech literature, and international Sharia standards to examine the tensions emerging from technological innovations such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, digital assets, and Islamic fintech platforms. Findings reveal significant regulatory fragmentation across Muslim jurisdictions, inconsistencies in Sharia interpretation, and gaps in digital literacy, which collectively hinder harmonized governance. Moreover, emerging digital financial instruments raise pressing ethical concerns related to transparency, algorithmic bias, cybersecurity, and compliance with prohibitions against riba, gharar, and maysir. The study argues that Maqasid al-Shariah—particularly the principles of ḥifẓ al-māl, maslahah, and harm prevention—provides a holistic framework for balancing innovation with ethical integrity. It also identifies the urgent need for cross-border regulatory harmonization, AI ethics protocols, enhanced Sharia governance structures, and tailored regulatory sandboxes for Islamic fintech. Ultimately, the research offers a conceptual foundation for constructing a future-ready, inclusive, and ethically resilient global Islamic digital finance system.

Social conflict within labor collectives represents a recurrent phenomenon shaped by contradictions in interests, goals, and authority relations. Drawing on classical and contemporary sociological perspectives, this study examines how conflicts emerge, evolve, and can be effectively resolved in modern enterprises. This research employs a qualitative, literature-based approach through comprehensive analysis of theoretical writings by Parsons, Coser, Dahrendorf, Simmel, and Boulding, complemented by documented organizational studies such as the Hawthorne experiments. The method emphasizes conceptual interpretation, comparative theoretical analysis, and synthesis of conflict dynamics. Findings show that conflicts originate from both structural and psychological factors, including material dissatisfaction, violations of labor norms, personality differences, and unequal authority relations. Interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup conflicts follow identifiable stages—from latent tensions to escalation and resolution. Trade unions play a critical role in mediating disputes and promoting social partnership. Theoretical convergence indicates that conflict is multifactorial and inherent within organizational systems. When constructively managed, conflict can enhance group cohesion, clarify values, and contribute to organizational development. This highlights the necessity of socio-psychological awareness in modern management.

Children living in orphanages face various psychological pressures, such as the loss of attachment figures, unstable social dynamics, and difficulty expressing emotions adaptively. These conditions require appropriate coping strategies to build emotional resilience. This community service activity utilizes a Service Learning (SL) approach, which integrates academic learning with community service. It aims to provide psychoeducation on emotions and coping strategies, and implements expressive writing as a means of emotional processing. The activity methods included interactive lectures, a pretest and posttest to measure understanding, an expressive writing therapy session, and a reflective interview at the end of the activity. Results showed an increase in understanding of emotions and coping strategies, as evidenced by improved posttest scores. Furthermore, expressive writing helped children express previously suppressed emotions, reduced psychological tension, and fostered a sense of relief, calm, and insight into personal problems. Overall, expressive writing has proven effective as a coping strategy in building emotional resilience in orphanage children, and the Service Learning approach has the potential for sustainable application in psychosocial support programs.

This study examines the crisis communication strategies of the JKT48 Operational Team (JOT) following the 2025 “No Encore” incident, which emerged after the viral circulation of an inappropriate photo involving the group’s General Manager and escalated into a major reputational crisis. The controversy triggered strong fan backlash and culminated in the symbolic withdrawal of support during the Full House 2025 concert. Using a qualitative case study approach, this research analyzes organizational responses through interviews with fans, observations of social media interactions, and documentation of official statements. Data were interpreted using thematic analysis and compared with the principles of the Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT). The findings show that JOT’s initial clarification was perceived as slow and insufficient, contributing to heightened dissatisfaction and crisis escalation. However, the second clarification and the introduction of FanSpace, a structured two-way dialogue forum, marked a shift toward more transparent and participatory communication. Fan responses indicate that FanSpace helped reduce tensions and demonstrated managerial willingness to listen, though full trust recovery requires consistent follow-up actions. This study highlights the importance of speed, openness, and dialogic engagement in crisis communication within fan-based entertainment industries. The implications emphasize that organizations must adopt adaptive, audience-centered communication strategies to rebuild legitimacy and restore public trust after preventable crises.

The role of the Holy Spirit is one of the central aspects of Christian theology, particularly within Evangelical theology, which seeks to uphold a balance between biblical truth and spiritual experience. This study aims to examine the understanding of the Holy Spirit in Evangelical theology, with a specific focus on the relationship between biblical pneumatology and the expressions of contemporary charismatic movements. The approach used is a theological–descriptive study through an analysis of biblical literature, classical Evangelical theological works, and contemporary research on charismatic movements in Indonesia and around the world. The findings indicate that Evangelical theology understands the Holy Spirit primarily as a divine person who works in regeneration, sanctification, and ministry empowerment based on the authority of Scripture. Meanwhile, the charismatic movement emphasizes more phenomenological aspects of the Holy Spirit’s work, such as Spirit baptism, spiritual gifts (charismata), and manifestations of supernatural power. Theological tension arises when charismatic experiences do not always align with the strict Evangelical hermeneutical principles applied to Scripture. Nevertheless, both approaches offer important contributions: biblical pneumatology preserves a healthy doctrinal foundation, while charismatic spirituality reminds the church of the importance of the Holy Spirit’s dynamic power in contemporary ecclesial life. This study concludes that integrating biblical foundations with openness to the work of the Holy Spirit can enrich the understanding and praxis of the contemporary Evangelical church. The church needs to develop a balanced pneumatology that is rooted in Scripture yet responsive to the movement of the Holy Spirit within the changing contexts of time and culture.

Modern education has produced various learning theories such as behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism, constructivism, and postmodernism, each contributing significantly to the understanding of learning processes, motivation, and knowledge formation. However, these theories are rooted in secular philosophical foundations that place humanity at the center of truth while neglecting the spiritual dimension revealed in Scripture. This condition creates tension for Christian education, which upholds the Bible as the epistemological basis and ultimate purpose of learning. This study aims to critically examine the secular assumptions embedded within modern learning theories, identify pedagogical elements that can be integrated into Christian education, and formulate strategies for Christian educators to utilize secular theories without compromising their theological foundation. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method through a literature review of books, journals, and relevant academic sources. The findings indicate that although modern learning theories offer valuable pedagogical insights, they contain naturalistic, rationalistic, humanistic, and relativistic assumptions that must be filtered through biblical theology. Christian educators are not required to reject secular theories entirely; rather, they bear an apologetic responsibility to discern useful methods, reject conflicting philosophical assumptions, and direct the entire learning process toward glorifying God. Thus, modern learning theories can function as effective tools within Christian education when positioned correctly as pedagogical instruments under the authority of Scripture.

Anxiety is an emotional response to uncertainty or threats that cause feelings of anxiety, worry, excessive tension, which are continuous and can interfere with the patient's process of action and healing, therefore it is necessary to have good and correct therapeutic communication, to build a relationship of mutual trust, empathy, support and help the patient in problem solving. This study aims to identify the Relationship between Nurse Therapeutic Communication and Anxiety Level in Preoperative Patients at Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan in 2024. The research design uses correlational with a cross sectional approach, purposive sampling technique with a sample of 64 respondents. The instruments used were the nurse therapeutic communication questionnaire and the anxiety questionnaire. The results of the study showed that the majority of therapeutic communication among nurses in the inpatient room of Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan was in the good category as many as 34 respondents (53.1%), and the level of anxiety of preoperative patients was majority in the medium category as many as 30 respondents (46.9%). The spearman rank statistical test on SPSS obtained a P-Value = 0.000 which means that there is a relationship between the therapeutic communication of nurses and the level of patient anxiety at Santa Elisabeth Hospital Medan. It is expected that the nurses in Pauline's room will further improve therapeutic communication to pre-operative patients.

This study aims to analyze Article 445 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) Number 1 of 2023, which regulates the criminal act of eloping with a young woman. The provision is considered to be in tension with the social and cultural realities of Indonesian society, particularly the people of Lombok who practice the merariq tradition. Merariq is an ancestral customary practice within marriage rituals involving the consensual elopement of the prospective bride as an integral part of the marriage process. This research uses Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory, which examines three main components of law: (1) the substance of law—normative provisions contained in legislation; (2) the structure of law institutions and law enforcement agencies; and (3) the legal culture values, attitudes, and behavior of society toward law. This study is a normative legal research that treats law as norms, principles, doctrines, and rules. The primary legal material is Article 445 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Code. The findings indicate that, from the perspective of legal substance, the article remains ambiguous. Its formulation potentially conflicts with Indonesia’s legal culture, which in practice prioritizes familial and traditional mechanisms for resolving private conflicts. Based on these findings, this study recommends a reformulation of the legal substance to make it more responsive to the socio-cultural context. The reformulation should be grounded in the principles of ultimum remedium and restorative justice, providing space for customary law and local culture as legitimate mechanisms to resolve private disputes. This approach is expected to reduce the disproportionate use of imprisonment and position criminal sanctions as a last resort in law enforcement.

This study discusses the relationship between administrative discretion and public service quality within the framework of street-level bureaucracy theory. In public administration practice, implementing officials are often faced with tensions between compliance with formal rules and the dynamic needs of the community. These conditions make discretion an important instrument for adjusting policies to the realities on the ground. This study uses a literature review of various studies from 2010 to 2025 to identify patterns, dynamics, and implications of the use of discretion by implementing bureaucrats. The results of the study show that discretion allows the bureaucracy to be more adaptive, empathetic, and responsive to citizens' needs. However, without strong oversight and administrative ethics, discretion can lead to bias, injustice, and opportunities for abuse of authority. Factors such as public service motivation, professional competence, organizational culture, and political pressure have a significant influence on how discretion is applied. Thus, improving the quality of public services requires a balance between administrative control and professional trust through accountability systems, ethical oversight, and adaptive but law-based policies.