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Forests play an important role in supporting the lives of Indonesian and even international communities. However, the problem of forestry crimes today is a fairly complicated problem to overcome. This is due to, among other things, the lack of regional boundaries, low intensity and effectiveness of patrol/supervision, very limited and unprofessional forest security personnel and facilities, weak coordination among law enforcement officers, weak law enforcement against violators and the lack of perception from community members themselves of the importance of forest resources for all mankind. Supreme Court Decision Number 121 K/PID.SUS-LH/2024 is the focus of this study, because it highlights the challenges and complexities in law enforcement against perpetrators of forestry crimes. In this regard, there are problems related to legal uncertainty, differences in legal interpretation, and the complexity of cases that influence judges' decisions at the cassation level. The problem in this study is how is the basis for the judge's considerations in sentencing perpetrators of forestry crimes and whether the decisions given are in accordance with the principles of substantive justice. This research method is carried out using a normative juridical approach and an empirical juridical approach. The data used are primary data and secondary data. The data collection procedure in writing this research is by means of literature and field studies. Data analysis uses qualitative analysis.

Current information technology has a major impact on the ability of individuals to access digital spaces and carry out activities easily and efficiently. In this important business world, various problems often arise and increasingly lead to business disputes. The purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth analysis of the urgency of formulating laws to resolve commercial disputes in the digital era, including the introduction of Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) in Indonesia. Digitalization changes law enforcement, thus requiring a comprehensive study of commercial dispute resolution in the digital era. This study was conducted using a normative research methodology using qualitative data and documents, literature, laws and regulations as a form of research interpretation. Selected secondary data were taken from literature, dictionaries, laws and regulations as reference sources. Disputes that lead to business disputes can be resolved through judicial and non-judicial strategies. In the field of litigation, the Supreme Court (MA) and its judicial bodies have played a role in developing legal products, especially e-Court, which allows registered users to access various administrative mechanisms, including online. These objectives have been met. Case registration and online case access. Implementation of legal processes, reimbursement of costs, electronic summons of parties, and implementation of legal processes electronically. If the dispute is not legal in nature, it can be resolved through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).

This study discusses the implementation of default case resolution through a simple lawsuit mechanism, referring to the case study of decision Number: 4/Pdt.G.S/2024/PN Gdt. Default or negligence in fulfilling obligations can cause disputes between the parties involved in the agreement. In Indonesia, one of the available alternative dispute resolutions is the simple lawsuit mechanism, which aims to provide convenience, efficiency, and accessibility for the public in claiming their rights legally. This study examines the process and procedures for resolving default disputes through simple lawsuits at the Gedong Tataan District Court, and analyzes how this mechanism can optimize justice and reduce the burden of cases in court.

This research conducts a comprehensive juridical analysis of interfaith marriage within the framework of Indonesian positive law, examining the legal complexities and regulatory challenges in the current legal system. The study critically analyzes the existing legal instruments, including Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974, compilation of Islamic Law, and relevant Supreme Court decisions that govern interfaith marriages in Indonesia. Through doctrinal legal research methodology, this study investigates the legal vacuum surrounding interfaith marriages and its implications on citizens' constitutional rights. The research examines how different legal interpretations by civil registry offices, religious courts, and other legal institutions affect the implementation of interfaith marriage regulations. Findings indicate substantial inconsistencies in legal interpretation and application, leading to legal uncertainty for couples seeking interfaith marriages. The study reveals that while Indonesian positive law does not explicitly prohibit interfaith marriages, the absence of clear regulatory frameworks often results in practical obstacles and varying administrative practices across different regions. The research also explores how judicial decisions have shaped the legal landscape of interfaith marriages, analyzing landmark cases that have influenced current legal practices. This study concludes that there is an urgent need for legal reform to provide clear guidelines for interfaith marriages that align with constitutional principles while respecting religious values and human rights in Indonesia's pluralistic society.

The Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung or MA) plays a central role in upholding the principle of justice as the final stronghold in Indonesia's judicial system. This article examines the role of the MA in ensuring substantive justice, efficiency, and transparency in judicial processes, as well as its contribution to the development of law and public policy. Using a qualitative review analysis approach, the discussion explores the MA’s functions in case resolution, safeguarding integrity, improving accessibility through technologies like e-court, and addressing globalization challenges. This article also highlights the MA's protection for vulnerable groups, such as indigenous communities and victims of discrimination, and its responses to cross-border issues like cybercrimes and human rights violations. The conclusion reveals that while the MA has made significant progress in enforcing the law, challenges such as case overload, perceptions of corruption, and gaps in access to justice remain critical concerns. Continuous reforms, enhancing judges' professionalism, and technological innovation are key measures to ensure the MA remains relevant and effective in delivering substantive justice for society.

Regional Head Elections (Pilkada) are a manifestation of people's sovereignty and the implementation of democracy in Indonesia, as stipulated in the 1945 Constitution. This study examines the role of the Constitutional Court (MK) in resolving disputes over regional election results. The method used is normative juridical legal research, analyzing relevant regulations and literature. The MK holds permanent authority to adjudicate Pilkada disputes, replacing the Supreme Court. The impact of MK's decisions includes the implementation of Re-voting (PSU), which strengthens the legitimacy of Pilkada results and influences local political stability. However, challenges such as the complexity of evidence and reliance on the MK highlight weaknesses in the oversight system.  

Agrarian disputes in Indonesia often face challenges in ensuring legal certainly, including the execution of Supreme Court Decision No. 109/PK/Pdt/2022 concerning the Dago Elos land dispute. This study aims to analyze the legal certainly of the execution involving the Muller family’s claim based on the colonial Eigendom Verponding system and the physical control of the land by local communities. Using a normative judicial approach and descriptive qualitative analysis, primary legal documents and legal literature were purposively selected as the main data sources. The study found significant barriers to execution due to local community resistance and conflicts between colonial and national agrarian systems. The main conclusion highlights challenges in implementing the principle of legal certainty, even though the old rights have been recognized. The novelty of this research lies in its analysis of the relationship between colonial and national regulations in agrarian disputes. This study recommends comprehensive agrarian law reform to prevent similar conflicts and strengthen public trust in the national legal system.

The presence of the State Administrative Courts Judiciary as an administrative law enforcement institution for justice seekers, often encounter obstacles to the implementation/execution of judgments. The decision in question is in the context of the fictitious lawsuit is negative where the nature of the decision is already in Kracht. Against the verdict that already in kracht, State Administrative Courts officials as the losing party often do not want to comply with the content decision from the judges of the State Administrative Court. This can be caused by several factors such as The implementation of the execution arrangement is not clear, then the presence of administrative efforts that are felt is still not effective in creating a deterrent effect, as well as a lack of awareness from State Administrative Courts officials who losing and not wanting to comply with the order of the State Administrative Courts decision is the main obstacle. Problem is the lack of awareness of the obedient attitude can be due to the nature of the State Administrative Courts decision, which is basically upholding self-respect from the losing party. The act of not complying with the content State Administrative Courts decision can be included in the elements of the Contempt of Court act that is regulated in Law Number 14 of 1985 jo Law Number 5 of 2004 concerning Supreme Court. This can certainly have implications for the possibility of criminalization of officials State Administrative Courts for the consequences of the non-compliance.

The Republic of Indonesia is a constitutional state, as specified in Article 1, Paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. As a nation that upholds the rule of law as the highest authority in its governmental system, the existence of the Judiciary plays a central role as an absolute requirement for upholding the supremacy of law to ensure justice. According to the provisions of Article 24, Paragraph (2), the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court are institutions with the highest authority in enforcing law and justice in accordance with the mandate of the Constitution. The 2024 Indonesian Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election, also known as the 2024 Presidential Election, is the fifth such election in Indonesia to choose the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia. The results of this election triggered various reactions from different groups. Criticism of the results, particularly from opposing candidates, was not uncommon. This debate occurred not only among political elites but also within the broader community. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors influencing the Constitutional Court's decision regarding the results of the 2024 Presidential Election and its impact on Indonesia's political and legal systems. This research employs a normative juridical legal approach, using library research as the primary data source. The study reveals that in resolving disputes over the 2024 Presidential Election results, the Constitutional Court considered valid and relevant evidence, despite dissenting opinions from some judges. The decision's impact-both in terms of the winner's legitimacy and public perception-can either enhance or deteriorate public views on the quality of Indonesia's democracy. This research is expected to provide deeper insights into the role of the Constitutional Court in safeguarding electoral integrity, addressing political controversies, and its implications for Indonesia's future political system.

The purpose of writing this thesis is to find out about the Judge's considerations in issuing a Niet Ontvankelijk Verklaard (NO) verdict on domestic violence cases in military courts and to find out how the verdict should be issued on domestic violence cases in military courts. The type of research used is normative legal research because in this study the author focuses on the inconsistency between the expected conditions that have been regulated in the law and the reality that actually occurs, where this study uses a legislative approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach. The conclusion of this study is that the Judge's consideration in issuing a Niet Ontvankelijk Verklaard (NO) verdict on domestic violence cases in military courts is because the victim has withdrawn her complaint before the main case examination, even though the withdrawal of the complaint violates Article 75 of the Criminal Code, the Judge still grants the request because the Judge uses the Supreme Court Decision Number 2238 K / Pid.Sus / 2013 dated March 5, 2014 and the Supreme Court Decision Number 1600-K / Pid / 2009 and the Judge prioritizes the value of justice in resolving the case and uses the principles of fast, simple, and low-cost justice. Because the Niet Ontvankelijk Verklaard (NO) verdict is not known in criminal cases, in the author's opinion, ideally the Judge should issue a suspended sentence because the type of suspended sentence is also a type of punishment and is not at all an acquittal or deletion, while the existence of a probationary period that has been determined by the Judge aims to educate the perpetrator to be more careful and able to improve themselves

In order to preserve and uphold the honor, dignity, and the behavior of the judge is required to supervise the attitude of the constitutional judge to fit the code of ethics, so that each judge's ruling will be implemented in order to enforce the law and justice based on Pancasila and the Constitution 1945 asapermanent legal political for supervision of the constitutional judges . Meanwhile legal politics incidental that becomes a choice among others: a) Behavior of Constitutional Judges are supervised by the Board of Ethics established by the Constitutional Court, and for the reported judges or suspected violations of ethic codes of Constitutional Judges formed by Honorary Council of Constitutional Judges who were proposed by Ethics Council, with the task of implementing and serving as judicial ethic; and b) there is no judicial supervision against Constitutional Court's decision as well as supervision of a court decision which was in the Supreme Court through the mechanism of legal remedies ( ordinary and extraordinary).

Settlement of banking disputes through BPSK in the protection of banking customers is a legal defect because it is the authority of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution for the Financial Services Sector, BPSK is more appropriate for consumer disputes within the scope of industry and trade. The formulation of the problem in this thesis is how is the legal regulation of consumer protection for banking institutions, how is the settlement of banking disputes through alternative institutions in customer protection, and how are the judges' legal considerations in the Supreme Court Decision of the Republic of Indonesia Number 253 K/Pdt.Sus-BPSK/2017. The research method used is descriptive analysis that leads to normative juridical legal research, namely research conducted by referring to legal norms, namely researching library materials or secondary materials. Secondary data by processing data from primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study indicate that legal regulation of consumer protection for banking institutions is regulated in Law Number 21 of 2011 and Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) Number 1/POJK.07/2013 in conjunction with Number 1/POJK.07/2014. Settlement of banking disputes through alternative institutions in customer protection is settlement by Arbitration between bank customers and the banking sector is the authority of the Alternative Dispute Settlement Institution for the Financial Services Sector. The judge's legal considerations after carefully examining the memorandum of cassation dated December 7, 2016 and the counter memorandum of cassation dated December 28, 2016 are related to Judex Facti's considerations, in this case The Kisaran District Court is not wrong in applying the law because the a quo case is a breach of contract that originates from a credit agreement.

Article 1 point 10 of Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning alternative dispute resolution, is a form of dispute resolution outside the court, including mediation. Alternative dispute resolution, the parties are assisted by a third party in resolving the dispute with a mediator. The alternative dispute resolution law provides a variety of non-litigation dispute resolution options. It should be emphasized that the option of dispute resolution with alternative dispute resolution is limited to disputes in the civil field. The purpose of this study is to determine the application of mediation through online dispute resolution in Indonesian laws and regulations as well as to find out the obstacles and challenges in the implementation of online dispute resolution mediation in an effort to resolve disputes in a non-litigation manner. The research method used is using the empirical juridical approach method, the research specification used in this study is descriptive analytical. The type of data in this study uses qualitative data while the data source uses primary data, namely interviews, observations, and secondary data, namely by studying the provisions of laws and regulations, other regulations, researching principles, conceptions, views, doctrines, and legal rules through books, journals, papers, and research results, the results of data analysis to answer problem issues. Conclusion The application of mediation through Online Dispute Resoution in laws and regulations in Indonesia is regulated in Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Court. Article 5 paragraph (3) of PERMA Number 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures in Court. The obstacles to the implementation of Online Dispute Resolution depend on the good faith of the parties and the equipment used. Mediation is difficult to reach an agreement if the parties do not provide information clearly and transparently, and are constrained by the equipment used. 

This research explores corporate criminal liability in the context of crimes committed within Indonesia's oil and gas sector. In the framework of modern criminal law, corporations are increasingly recognized as legal subjects that can bear criminal responsibility, particularly in cases related to economic crimes, environmental violations, and corruption. Given the oil and gas sector’s strategic significance and high economic value, it is especially vulnerable to legal violations committed by corporate entities. The research adopts a normative juridical method, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches to analyze the current state of legal accountability mechanisms. The findings indicate that corporate criminal liability in the oil and gas sector is not explicitly regulated under Indonesia’s Oil and Gas Law, resulting in significant legal gaps that hinder effective enforcement. Although several laws—such as the Anti-Corruption Law, the Environmental Protection and Management Law, and Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) No. 13 of 2016—provide a basis for prosecuting corporations, their specific application within the oil and gas sector remains limited. This limited application is attributed to several challenges, including technical difficulties in proving corporate guilt, limited investigative capacity and resources among law enforcement authorities, and the disproportionate influence and economic dominance of oil and gas corporations in regulatory and judicial processes. To address these challenges, the research emphasizes the urgent need for reformulating the legal framework governing corporate liability in the oil and gas industry. This includes incorporating explicit corporate criminal liability provisions into sector-specific laws, strengthening institutional enforcement capacity, and applying legal doctrines such as corporate culture theory and strict liability. These efforts aim to ensure that corporations in the oil and gas sector can be held accountable for criminal actions, promote legal certainty, and uphold environmental and economic justice in Indonesia.

The loss of personal data is a serious problem that is becoming more frequent, especially in relation to the publication of data on official websites such as the Supreme Court. This review addresses the issue of loss of personal data due to publication to the Decree Directory Archive in light of Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP). The purpose of this study is to analyze how Law No. 27 of 2022 can address the problem of loss of personal data arising from publication on the Supreme Court website. By understanding the existing regulations, it is hoped that a solution can be found to strengthen personal data protection in Indonesia. The approach used is prescriptive and legal, with analysis of current regulations and past data breach cases. Secondary data from legal literature and incident reports are analyzed to provide a comprehensive picture of the problem. All parties involved should take serious precautions against data leaks caused by postings on official websites such as the Supreme Court. To prevent similar incidents in the future, it is necessary to strengthen regulations through Law No. 27 of 2022 and raise awareness of the importance of personal data protection.

We analyze the decision in case Number 213 PK/Pdt/2015 PT. Parna Jaya did not make a full deposit, but only part of the shares as capital. In accordance with the provisions of Article 34 paragraph 1 of the PT Law, the founders of the company make deposits for each part of the share capital taken up in the form of money or other forms. The deposits are made by PT. Parna Jaya is land that has been agreed upon based on Basic Agreement No. WN/1317/1970. By not carrying out their obligations in paying in full the issued capital and also in implementing the distribution of dividends for shareholders who do not carry out their obligations, there will be legal consequences for the position of shareholders, so the formulation of the problem is how the right to distribute dividends from PT. Parna Jaya which did not make a full capital deposit. The results of this research are that the ownership status of shareholders who do not deposit capital in full does not have legality and validity as legal shareholders. Founders who do not fulfill their obligations will cause the founders to lose their rights to dividends and other shareholder rights.

This study aims to analyze the similarities and differences in the position and authority of the Judicial Commission in Indonesia, Argentina, Mexico and Brazil and analyze the challenges faced by the Indonesian Judicial Commission to optimize its duties and authorities. This study is a normative legal study with a comparative approach. The types of materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The legal material collection technique used is document study or literature study. The data analysis technique uses the siligism method with a deductive thinking pattern. The results of the study are that the Judicial Commissions of Indonesia, Argentina, Mexico and Brazil have similarities related to the basic regulations regarding the Judicial Commission institution which are both regulated in the constitution and the composition of membership consisting of partisans. The differences between institutions similar to the Judicial Commission are related to authority, number of members and term of office. The challenges faced by the Judicial Commission are the limited authority held by the institution, and the overlapping authority between the Judicial Commission and the Supreme Court related to supervision.

This research analyzes the impact of Indonesian Supreme Court Decision No. 141/Pdt.Sus- PKPU/2020 on the execution of personal guarantees (borgtocht) in bankruptcy proceedings. This decision is significant as it has the potential to alter the practice of borgtocht execution and affect legal certainty for both creditors and debtors. The research employs a normative method with a statutory approach and case studies. Legal sources include legislation, legal literature, and relevant court decisions. The findings indicate that the Supreme Court decision provides clarity regarding the position of borgtocht in bankruptcy, yet also raises some legal uncertainties. This research offers recommendations for legal improvements regarding borgtocht execution to ensure legal certainty and fairness for all parties involved..    

Sexual relations do not only occur between different genders, but can also occur between individuals of the same sex. This problem in Indonesia often causes differences of opinion between those who support and those who oppose. It is undeniable that in the military environment there are also deviations in sexual orientation carried out by the perpetrator who is a TNI soldier in the verdict of the Military Court II-08 Jakarta Number 212-K / PM II-08AD / XI / 2020. Finding, analyzing, and explaining the viewpoint of military law on the existence of LGBT in the military environment was the goal of the study. The ruling of the Military Court II-08 Jakarta Number 212-K / PM II-08AD / XI / 2020 clarifies the criminal culpability of TNI soldiers who engage in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) actions. Legal theory, criminal responsibility theory, and the theory of legal certainty are the frameworks utilized. Normative juridical research is the methodology employed. Based on the findings of this study, the military's official stance on the presence of LGBT individuals in the military has been firmly established by highlighting the ban on LGBT individuals as stated in the TNI Commander's Telegram Letter Number ST/398/2009. As stated in Telegram Letter Number ST/1648/2019 from the TNI Commander, LGBT is one of the behaviors that soldiers are not to engage in since it goes against official orders or is not in line with soldier life norms. Furthermore, it is highlighted in the Supreme Court Circular (SEMA) Number 10 of 2020, in letter D number 1, that disobeying the TNI Commander's Telegram Letter Number ST/398/2009 dated July 22, 2009 and the TNI Commander's Telegram Letter Number ST/1648/2019 dated October 22, 2019, which forbid TNI soldiers from engaging in immoral acts with members of the same sex (Homosexual/Lesbian), can be seen as a violation of official orders under the provisions of Article 103 Paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. In accordance with the processes or mechanisms for resolving LGBT crimes guided by Law Number 31 of 1997 concerning Military Justice, TNI soldiers found guilty of LGBT acts in the Jakarta Military Court II-08 Number 212-K/PM II-08AD/XI/2020 will face prosecution, sentencing, and criminal penalties in accordance with the specific legal regulations based on Military Criminal Law.

The land system is called eigendom land. However, the land system that uses western law is still considered to be out of sync with human rights and is also detrimental to society, so during Indonesia's independence, new regulations were issued that regulate the national land system. However, in reality, transmitting western law to national law is not easy, so several land disputes have arisen, one of which is the ex eigendom verponding land dispute which was tried at the Ambon City District Court with Supreme Court decision number: 211/Pdt.G/2019/PN Amb . Based on the description in this thesis, the issues that will be discussed are 1) How to regulate land law ex eigendom verponding. 2) How is the implementation related to land ex eigendom verponding. 3) What are the constraint factors and solutions related to ex eigendom verponding land. This research aims to analyze the position of the case, the suitability of the considerations of the Supreme Court judges as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the judges in deciding the verdict in this ex eigendom verponding land dispute case. This research applies normative legal research methods. The results of the discussion produced in this research found that the judge's reasons for rejecting the case application submitted by Lutfi Attamimi as a representative of PT. Maluku Building is in accordance with the facts and applicable law, but there are also several weaknesses in the judge's consideration of the land data evidence attached by the plaintiff, so that at the end of the decision it was concluded that the ex-eigendom Verponding land number 987 was not successfully reclaimed by the plaintiff due to the lack of the validity of the evidence and facts presented before the trial.