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In this study, advocates are guaranteed legal protection to implement the right to defence in criminal cases.   to learn how criminal advocates are protected if they enforce the law.   The privilege of immunity shields advocates from civil or criminal litigation for good faith work inside and outside the court.   This study uses normative juridical research, which examines current laws and regulations.   Analysis of relevant legislation is needed for this research.   According to the study, Article 16 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates does not adequately describe advocates' immunity rights.   Lack of clear explanations of protection types, rights constraints, and good faith between advocates and other parties may lead to power abuses.   More extensive norms that are in keeping with other articles of the law are needed to apply advocates' immunity rights proportionately, guaranteeing freedom in performing their profession while maintaining society's and justice's legal interests.

The growth of aviation activities at I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport, Bali, has led to the rapid development of surrounding areas, potentially obstructing protected airspace. Obstacles on the approach surface of Runway 27 have become a critical concern, particularly for precision approach Category II (CAT II) operations, which require obstacle-free approach areas. This study aims to analyze obstacles within the approach area of Runway 27 and develop effective control strategies. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data was collected through field observations, interviews, and documentation studies. The analysis follows the Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) standards according to ICAO and national regulations. The findings reveal obstacles such as mangrove vegetation, antennas, and ship activities in the Benoa Harbor area, which are located within the approach surface and could potentially impact the OLS limits. While these obstacles generally comply with existing regulations, their proximity to the threshold may reduce the safety margin of flight operations and limit CAT II implementation on Runway 27. This study proposes technical, operational, regulatory, and preventive strategies to improve obstacle control, enhancing aviation safety and ensuring the readiness for CAT II operations at the airport.

Digital transformation has brought fundamental changes to the structure and dynamics of modern industrial economics. Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data not only modify production and distribution processes but also revolutionize marketing strategies and patterns of industrial competition. This study is motivated by the need to understand how digital marketing transformation influences the development of competitive advantage through changes in digital market structure from an industrial economics perspective. In this context, digital marketing functions as a strategic instrument that integrates technology, data, and consumer behavior into market mechanisms. The analysis shows that digitalization creates a network-based market structure characterized by the concentration of economic power in major digital platforms and dominance in data control. This structure affects the intensity of competition, the direction of innovation, and patterns of industry differentiation. Digital marketing transformation enhances efficiency, expands market access, and lowers entry barriers for new players, yet it also creates competitive imbalances due to the dominance of large platforms.Through a digital Structure–Conduct–Performance (SCP) approach, the study finds that market structure acts as an intermediary variable that channels the impact of digitalization on competitive advantage. Digitalization significantly promotes industrial efficiency, innovation, and profitability. Proposed strategic solutions include strengthening digital literacy, developing adaptive regulations, and fostering cross-sector collaboration to create an inclusive, competitive, and sustainable digital industrial ecosystem

This research uses a qualitative approach by analyzing the fiscal financial statements of PT ABC. The objectives of the research also include identifying the factors that cause discrepancies between the commercial financial statements prepared by taxpayers and the fiscal financial statements that comply with tax regulations. These discrepancies occur due to differences in accounting principles and techniques, including the way revenue and expenses are recognized and managed. To distinguish commercial income statements from fiscal income statements, a calculation basis is used that refers to SAK and applicable tax regulations.

This study evaluates the management audit of the procurement of goods and services for the 4G Base Transceiver Station (BTS) project managed by BAKTI Kominfo, with a primary focus on compliance with applicable regulations, the effectiveness of internal controls, and deviations at various stages of procurement. A qualitative approach was used, with analysis of documents, official news, and investigative audit findings from BPKP. The results indicate that the project procurement did not comply with Presidential Regulation No. 16 of 2018 and BAKTI Director Regulation No. 7 of 2020, with findings including tender manipulation, weak contract verification, and low levels of transparency. The planning process was also unsupported by adequate feasibility studies, while weak internal oversight exacerbated tender rigging and fund disbursements without proper verification. This study emphasizes the need for improvements in internal oversight, strengthening control mechanisms, and the implementation of e-procurement systems to enhance transparency and accountability in public procurement.

The practice of adulterating RON 92 (Pertamax) fuel has the potential to violate consumer rights and is contrary to applicable laws and regulations. The practice of mixing lower-quality fuel and then marketing it as RON 92 results in material and immaterial losses for users, including reduced vehicle performance and a loss of trust in business operators. This research aims to analyze the legal protections available to consumers regarding the practice of adulterating fuel based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and related provisions in Law Number 22 of 2001 concerning Oil and Gas. The research method used is normative legal research with a library research approach, through analysis of relevant laws and regulations, scientific literature, and secondary legal sources. The results indicate that the practice of adulterating fuel violates consumers' rights to comfort, security, safety, and accurate information as stipulated in Article 4 of the Consumer Protection Law, and violates the obligations of business actors as stipulated in Articles 7 and 8 of the Consumer Protection Law. Business actors can be held accountable for civil damages, dispute resolution through the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK), or subject to administrative and criminal sanctions in accordance with the Oil and Gas Law. Therefore, legal protection for consumers in cases of fuel adulteration requires an interconnectedness between effective government oversight, firm law enforcement, business actor accountability, and increased consumer legal awareness to ensure legal certainty and fairness in trade activities.

This study examines legal protection for victims of criminal offenses from a victimological perspective, emphasizing the position, rights, and needs of victims within the criminal justice system. Victimology, as a scientific discipline, highlights that victims are not merely objects of crime but subjects who are entitled to protection, restoration, and justice. This research employs a normative juridical method supported by a conceptual and statutory approach to analyze existing legal frameworks governing victim protection. The findings indicate that although legal instruments have provided various forms of protection such as restitution, compensation, and psychological assistance their implementation remains suboptimal due to institutional limitations, lack of awareness, and procedural constraints. From a victimological standpoint, effective protection requires a balanced approach between offender accountability and victim recovery, including recognition of victims' rights, access to justice, and comprehensive rehabilitation. Therefore, strengthening regulations, improving institutional coordination, and adopting a more victim oriented justice system are essential to ensure optimal legal protection for victims of criminal acts.

This study examines the effectiveness of legal protection for victims of cyberbullying in Indonesia from a victimological perspective. The rapid development of information technology and social media has led to an increase in cyberbullying cases, which significantly impact victims psychologically, socially, and emotionally. However, existing legal protections are often considered inadequate in addressing the needs of victims. This research aims to analyze the existing legal framework, evaluate its effectiveness, and assess the position of victims within the criminal justice system. The method used is normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and victimological approaches, relying on secondary data from relevant legal literature and scientific journals. The findings indicate that although regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) provide a legal basis, their implementation remains ineffective due to weak law enforcement, lack of victim-oriented approaches, and limited awareness of victims’ rights. Therefore, strengthening victim protection through a victimological approach, legal reform, and the application of restorative justice is necessary to ensure justice and recovery for victims.           

This study aims to examine and analyze the implementation of digital-based public services through the Digikel website in Biawao Village and Limba U1 Village,Gorontalo City. The main focus of this study includes three aspects:(1) support, (2)capacity, and (3) value. This study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptiveresearch design. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The study's findings indicate that the implementation of the Digikel website hasbeen effective across the three aspects. (1) Support: The implementation of Digikelis supported by leadership commitment, active employee involvement, and policysupport from the city government through clear regulations. However, there are stillchallenges in the community's socialization process, which has not been optimal.(2) Capacity: Human resources in Biawao Village and Limba U1 Village are considered to have adequate competence through technical guidance. Nevertheless,there are still infrastructure-related obstacles, including unstable internetconnectivity and limited computer equipment. The absence of a dedicated budgetat the village level has also been a constraint in system development. (3) Value: The implementation of Digikel has had a positive impact, particularly in improving efficiency in terms of time, cost, and labor, as well as in accelerating, simplifying, and enhancing the transparency of public services. However use of this system has not yet been fully optimized due to low levers of diritalitgacy among somemembers of the community.

This study aims to analyze the legal protection of women's inheritance rights from the perspective of Indonesian civil law. The problems studied focused on the position of women as heirs and the extent to which the legal system provides guarantees of justice and equality. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach. Data was obtained through a literature study of legal regulations, doctrines, and court decisions relevant to inheritance issues. The results of the study show that normatively, civil law provides equal recognition of women's inheritance rights, especially in the Civil Code. However, in practice, there are still obstacles influenced by patriarchal culture and customary law that tend to place women in subordinate positions. This condition causes women to often experience difficulties in claiming or obtaining the proper share of inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations, harmonize national laws with the value of gender equality, and increase public legal awareness to ensure effective and fair protection for women in obtaining their inheritance rights.

This study examines the legal accountability of the Board of Directors of PT. Humpuss Intermoda Transportasi in relation to ultra vires conduct, with particular reference to Court Ruling No. 439/Pdt.G/2011/PN.JKT.SEL. Employing a normative-doctrinal legal methodology supported by statutory and comparative analyses, this research investigates the standard of director liability within Indonesian company law and contrasts it with the English ultra vires framework. Indonesia's Limited Liability Company Act (Law No. 40 of 2007) establishes that directors bear full accountability for corporate actions performed within the boundaries set by the Articles of Association and prevailing regulations; any action exceeding such boundaries constitutes an ultra vires act that is void ab initio and non-binding upon the company. Research findings reveal that the directors of PT. Humpuss Intermoda Transportasi overstepped their authority when they issued the Linsen Corporate Guarantee and the Nelson Corporate Guarantee without the mandatory written consent of the Board of Commissioners, thereby contravening Article 13(1) of the Company's Articles of Association and Articles 92(1) and 97(2) of Law No. 40 of 2007. The South Jakarta District Court consequently imposed joint and several personal liability on the said directors. A comparative review discloses that Indonesia maintains a more rigid application of the ultra vires doctrine relative to England, whose Companies Act 2006 introduced a good-faith-based flexibility that effectively confines ultra vires liability to situations where directors act dishonestly and cause demonstrable corporate harm. Notwithstanding this divergence, the directors' actions in the present case would equally qualify as ultra vires under English law given the verified prejudice inflicted on the company.

This practice is essentially based on clauses in employment contracts intended to prevent employees from resigning before the contract term expires. However, from a legal perspective, this practice raises challenges regarding the validity of employment contracts and the legal protections afforded to employees. The objective of this study is to evaluate the validity of the diploma retention practice through the lens of labor law and civil law, as well as to explore the types of legal protections that may be available to employees. The research methodology employed is a normative legal approach, utilizing a legal and conceptual framework, and supported by a literature review of primary and secondary legal sources. This analysis emphasizes the principles of contract law, labor protection principles, and relevant human rights standards. The research findings indicate that the practice of withholding diplomas lacks a clear legal basis under Indonesian law and potentially violates the criteria for the validity of contracts, particularly regarding the abuse of circumstances (misbruik van omstandigheden). Furthermore, this practice can be categorized as an illegal act because it infringes upon workers’ property rights and their freedom to seek employment. Legal protection for workers can be facilitated through preventive strategies, such as strengthening labor regulations and oversight, as well as through enforcement actions, including civil litigation and the resolution of industrial disputes.

Narcotics abuse is no longer considered a victimless crime, but rather an offense that claims numerous victims and inflicts a prolonged catastrophe upon humanity. Furthermore, an emerging challenge is narcotics cases committed by recidivists, namely individuals who re-offend after having been previously convicted and sentenced. Recidivist status raises juridical issues, as it constitutes grounds for the aggravation of criminal penalties. The objective is to ensure that the imposition of criminal sentences effectively provides a deterrent effect and precludes the offender from repeating the same criminal offense. The existence of narcotics abuser recidivists also creates a distinct dilemma for Law Enforcement Officials. Judges are mandated to impose fair and proportionate sentences in accordance with statutory regulations. The recidivist status of a narcotics abuser frequently serves as a justification for Law Enforcement Officials to bypass the integrated assessment required for rehabilitation. This research utilizes a normative legal research method, employing statutory and conceptual approaches. The legal materials used consist of primary legal materials, taking the form of statutory regulations and court decisions, as well as secondary legal materials, comprising legal books and journals, which are analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method. The research findings indicate that recidivists may obtain rehabilitation even in the absence of an assessment. This research concludes that the objectives of sentencing, in addition to providing a deterrent effect, aim to cure or at least restore the offender's condition through rehabilitation; however, guidelines or jurisprudence are required to ensure legal certainty and consistency of application in the future.

This study aims to analyze the obstacles to the implementation of civil judgment execution and efforts to resolve them in judicial practice in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The data used is secondary data obtained through literature study, which is then analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of civil judgment execution still faces various obstacles, which include legal, technical, and non-legal obstacles. Legal obstacles include legal efforts used to delay execution, technical obstacles related to the unclear object of the dispute and limited facilities, while non-legal obstacles include resistance from the losing party and the public. These conditions indicate ineffectiveness in the implementation of civil procedural law, resulting in the failure to achieve legal certainty, justice, and benefit. Efforts to resolve obstacles are carried out through improving regulations, increasing the professionalism of judicial officials, utilizing technology, and a non-litigation approach. Thus, legal reform and strengthening of judicial institutions are needed so that the implementation of civil judgment execution can run more effectively and provide optimal legal protection.

This study aims to analyze the comparison of equity-based financing decisions and sukuk from the perspective of Sharia principles in companies in Indonesia. The development of the Islamic capital market in Indonesia shows a significant increase in the use of financing instruments that comply with Islamic principles, thereby encouraging companies to consider funding alternatives that are not only financially efficient but also Sharia-compliant. In the framework of Sharia financial management, capital structure decisions must consider the prohibition of usury, the principle of risk sharing, fairness in risk distribution, and contract certainty. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method thru the analysis of various scientific journals, regulations, and academic sources related to capital structure theory, the concept of Sharia equity, and the characteristics of corporate sukuk in Indonesia. The study results indicate that equity-based financing provides flexibility in capital structure and reflects a risk-sharing mechanism, but it has the potential to cause ownership dilution. Meanwhile, sukuk offers asset-based financing with a clear contractual structure and does not dilute company ownership, although it requires an underlying asset and a more complex issuance process. Comparatively, both instruments have Sharia legitimacy as long as they meet the screening requirements and contract structures applicable in Indonesia. This research emphasizes that corporate financing decisions in Indonesia need to consider the balance between financial efficiency and compliance with Sharia principles.

Early marriage is a social and legal issue that still frequently occurs in Indonesia and has significant impacts on health, education, and socio-economic aspects. Although the minimum age for marriage has been regulated under Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perkawinan, the practice of early marriage remains prevalent due to low legal awareness, as well as economic, cultural, and social environmental factors. This community service activity aims to increase adolescents’ understanding and legal awareness regarding the impacts and prevention of early marriage. The method used is legal counseling with an educative and participatory approach targeting adolescents aged 15–18 years. The results indicate a significant improvement in participants’ understanding of legal regulations, the negative impacts of early marriage, and the importance of delaying marriage age. Furthermore, there is a positive change in participants’ attitudes, with a greater focus on education and future planning. Therefore, legal counseling proves to be an effective preventive effort in reducing the rate of early marriage among adolescents.

Article 210 of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) limits gifts to a maximum of one-third of the donor’s assets as a form of protection for the rights of heirs and to uphold social justice. However, in practice, land gift deeds drawn up by PPATs/PPATSs are still found to exceed this limit, thereby giving rise to controversy and legal disputes in the form of lawsuits seeking the annulment of such deeds in court. This phenomenon indicates a disconnect between legal principles and practical implementation, leading to legal uncertainty. This study aims to analyze the legal status of land gift deeds that exceed the maximum limit, legal protection for bona fide donees, and the responsibility of PPATs in their drafting. The research method employed is a normative legal approach using legislative, conceptual, and case-based analyses, along with primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources analyzed qualitatively. The results indicate that a land grant deed exceeding the maximum limit retains limited legal validity, specifically only for the portions compliant with the provisions of the KHI. Legal protection for the grantee can be guaranteed if there is consent from all heirs. Furthermore, the PPAT bears civil, criminal, administrative, and ethical responsibilities regarding the deed drafted. Therefore, strengthening regulations, enhancing public legal literacy, and ensuring the PPAT’s due diligence are necessary to guarantee legal certainty and reduce disputes.

This study aims to analyzei thei peirformancei and contributing factors to thei failurei of thei digital-baseid Civil Seirvant Manageimeint Information Sisteim (SIKILAT) adoption at thei Jambi Provincei Human Reisourceis Deiveilopmeimnt Ageincy (BPSDM) using a Teichnology, Organization, and EInvironmeint (TOEI) peirspeictivei. Thei study eimployeid a qualitativei, deiscriptivei approach. Thei reisults indicatei that SIKILAT impleimeintation is suboptimal and unsustainablei. From a teichnological peirspeictivei, obstacleis includei lack of minteinancei, limiteid systeim quality, and complicateid usability. From an organizational peirspeiktivei, thei lack of mandatory policieis and low useir compeiteincy and participation arei keiy obstacleis. Meianwhilei, from an einvironmeintal peirspeictivei thei lack of reigulations and eixteirnal preissureis havei leid to thei systeim’s deiclinei as a priority.

This study aims to examine the normative construction and practical implementation of criminal sanctions against narcotics abusers from the perspectives of Islamic criminal law and Indonesian positive law, as well as to formulate an integrative policy model that is more just, humane, and context-sensitive in Bungo Regency. Narcotics abuse constitutes a multidimensional problem involving legal, social, moral, and public health dimensions. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is required to integrate the normative values of Islamic criminal law with the national legal system. This research employs a normative-empirical approach using comparative legal analysis, examining statutory regulations, doctrines of Islamic criminal law, and law enforcement practices at the local level. The findings indicate that Islamic criminal law frames narcotics abuse within the protection of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, particularly the preservation of intellect (ḥifẓ al-‘aql) and life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), thereby emphasizing not only punitive but also educational and rehabilitative orientations through the instrument of ta‘zīr. Meanwhile, Indonesian positive law, particularly Law No. 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, provides legal space for rehabilitation; however, its implementation still encounters structural and cultural challenges. This study concludes that integrating Islamic criminal law principles with the national legal framework may produce a more responsive sentencing model that upholds substantive justice, human rights protection, and effective narcotics control. Policy reformulation grounded in religious values, restorative approaches, and social rehabilitation is recommended as a strategic direction for national criminal law reform.

Bali cattle have significant potential advantages and are sought after by breeders and farmers due to their adaptability to the environment and high productivity. The management of Bali cattle in Mawasangka District, through a local government program, is expected to foster awareness of efficient and optimal livestock farming. This study aims to analyze the input and output of the Bali cattle assistance program from the village government in Mawasangka District, Central Buton Regency. The method used in this study uses observation, interview, documentation and analyzed using descriptive analysis. The number of respondents used was 40 people. The research respondents were taken from two villages, namely Matara and Wasilomata villages. The results of this study indicate that the impact of village regulations on the management of Bali cattle assistance in Mawasangka District, Central Buton Regency : (1) The input process of the Bali cattle assistance program has been in accordance with the previously determined plan, namely 40 Bali cattle breeders and males. (2) Output (results) there was an increase in the number of livestock owned, an increase in the maintenance system and the number of pens owned increased.