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Community Service Program (KKN) is an implementation of the Tridharma of Higher Education aimed at dedicating knowledge and technology to society. This article analyzes the implementation of the KKN program by students of Universitas Trunodjoyo Madura Group 30 in Buddagan Village, Pademawu District, Pamekasan Regency, focusing on community empowerment through aspects of environment, education, entrepreneurship, and village digitalization. The activities were carried out using a participatory approach with observation techniques, interviews, and discussions with the community and village stakeholders. The flagship programs include the socialization of used cooking oil for making aromatherapy candles, installation of environmental education plaques, anti-bullying socialization at SDN Buddagan 2, and the creation of the official social media for Buddagan Village. The results show an increase in community awareness, especially among PKK mothers, regarding the health and environmental dangers of used cooking oil and the potential for a creative economy based on domestic waste. The anti-bullying program successfully instilled empathy and mutual respect values in students, while the village digitalization strengthened public access to information and a positive village image. The KKN program in Buddagan Village has had a positive impact on social behavior changes in the community and serves as a model for sustainable community service.

This study aims to analyze the need for barges and tugboats in distributing Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in the West Papua region. The analysis is conducted based on three main aspects: the balance of supply and demand, ship operational costs, and shipping time, to determine the most efficient mode of sea transportation. The research method used is a quantitative approach by processing CPO distribution data owned by PT Kurhanz Trans in 2024. The results show that the combination of a 240-foot barge with a 5,000 HP tugboat is the most optimal alternative. This combination is able to balance cargo capacity, operational cost efficiency, and shipping time. The total operating cost of a 240-foot barge is recorded as lower than a 230-foot barge, with the same shipping time of 70 hours for a distance of 140 nautical miles. Thus, the 240-foot barge can be recommended as the best alternative to support the smooth distribution of CPO in the West Papua region efficiently and economically.    

Infant massage is an early stimulation method that plays a role in increasing infant weight gain, sleep quality, and comfort. However, limited parental resources and access to healthcare facilities prevent massage services from being optimally implemented. This community service activity aims to improve infant health through homecare-based infant massage services that are easily accessible to families. The activity was conducted on June 22, 2025, in Bulukumba Regency, targeting five infants aged 2–5 months. The activity methods included: (1) initial weight measurement, (2) education on correct massage techniques, (3) massage using olive oil for 15–20 minutes, and (4) monitoring infant sleep patterns and comfort. Repeat measurements were conducted after the intervention. Results showed post-intervention weight gain in all infants, improved sleep patterns (infants fell asleep more easily and slept longer), and increased appetite. Mothers also demonstrated improved self-massage skills. In conclusion, homecare-based infant massage has been proven effective in improving infant comfort, sleep patterns, and weight gain. This program is worthy of continuation and expansion to support community midwifery services

Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is an indigenous medicinal plant of Indonesia that has been widely used in traditional medicine and shows considerable potential in the health and pharmaceutical fields. This potential is related to its diverse secondary metabolites with bioactive properties. This review article aims to examine the phytochemical profile of temulawak, the analytical methods used to identify bioactive compounds, and their reported biological activities based on literature studies. The method applied was a literature review of scientific articles discussing the chemical composition and biological activities of temulawak. The results indicate that temulawak contains major compounds such as curcuminoids, xanthorrhizol, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and essential oils, which are commonly identified using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Several studies report that temulawak exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and potential anticancer activities. These findings indicate that temulawak has significant potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds. In conclusion, temulawak possesses a rich phytochemical profile and promising biological activities, supporting its potential application in the development of natural-based health and pharmaceutical products.

Article 28H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia guarantees the right of every person to live in a good and healthy environment, while Article 33 paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia affirms the principle of sustainable and environmentally friendly development as the basis for natural resource management. These constitutional norms are implemented through Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management, which requires every business activity to prevent any pollution and/or environmental damage. In addition, through Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation as amended by Law Number 6 of 2023, there have been significant changes in the business licensing system and environmental protection instruments, including the integration of environmental approval into risk-based business licensing as regulated in Articles 22 and 23. In the context of oil palm plantations in Sumatra, these changes in norms have legal implications for the fulfillment of business actors' legal obligations in environmental protection and management. This study aims to analyze the impact of oil palm plantation exploitation in Sumatra from an environmental law perspective, particularly in relation to legal violations based on the normative framework of applicable laws and regulations after the enactment of the Job Creation Law.

Acne (Acne vulgaris) is one of the most common skin problems, affecting 80–85% of adolescents aged 15–18 years, with some cases persisting into adulthood. One of the associated bacteria is Staphylococcus epidermidis, a normal skin flora that can become an opportunistic pathogen. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) are known to contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils with antibacterial activity. This study aimed to formulate ethanol extract of bay leaves into ointments with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, test their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis using the disc diffusion method, and evaluate their physical quality (organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and spreadability). Results showed that the ethanol extract of bay leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The ointments met topical quality standards with pH 5.8–6.9, adhesion time 36–41 seconds, and spreadability 6.9–8.1 cm. Antibacterial activity increased with higher concentrations: 7.8 mm (10%), 12 mm (20%), and 15 mm (30%), although still lower than the positive control (clindamycin, 34 mm). In conclusion, ethanol extract of bay leaves has potential as an active ingredient in topical anti-acne ointments, but further studies with higher concentrations, in vivo testing, and optimized formulations are needed to achieve efficacy comparable to synthetic antibiotics.  

This community service program aims to strengthen the managerial capacity of red lemongrass farmers in AMKE Oro-Oro Ombo, Batu, East Java, through training on cash bookkeeping, income analysis, and farming feasibility evaluation. The main problems faced by farmers are limited knowledge of financial management, lack of systematic bookkeeping, and inability to evaluate the profitability of their businesses, which often results in inaccurate decision-making and low competitiveness. The method applied included participatory training, mentoring, and simulation of financial records and feasibility analysis. The results of the program demonstrate that participants gained a better understanding of the importance of structured financial recording. Farmers who previously relied only on sales revenue calculations without considering fixed and variable costs are now able to prepare cash books, identify expenses, and evaluate profit margins accurately. Cash bookkeeping has proven to improve financial transparency and accountability, while income analysis has equipped farmers with the skills to assess their business sustainability. The feasibility evaluation, using indicators such as R/C and B/C ratios, showed that red lemongrass farming is profitable but still requires efficiency improvements to increase long-term sustainability. Overall, this training has enhanced farmers’ managerial skills, encouraged independent decision-making, and strengthened their capacity to face price fluctuations and market competition. The program is expected to support the continuity and competitiveness of red lemongrass agribusiness in AMKE Oro-Oro Ombo

The management of material and labor costs at Gregors Barbershop is still manual and not formally structured, resulting in wastage of consumable materials, suboptimal labor utilization, and difficulties in determining service prices that align with the expected profit margins. Material costs, such as hair gel, tissues, disposable razors, and alcohol/disinfectants, are not recorded systematically, leading to frequent mismatches between stock and actual needs, while labor costs are calculated improvisationally without considering productivity and service targets. This activity aims to improve the ability of owners and employees to plan, control, and evaluate operational costs systematically, ensuring efficiency, resource optimization, and business profitability. The method uses an applied, hands-on approach, including the identification of partner needs, preparation of relevant training modules, direct operational mentoring, and evaluation with follow-up. The object of the activity is Gregors Barbershop in Batu Aji District, Batam City, which offers services such as modern men’s haircuts, classic shaves, shaving, hair treatments, and the sale of grooming products like pomade and hair oil. The results show increased efficiency in the use of consumable materials, more productive labor management, more systematic cost planning, and the ability to set service prices in line with costs and profit margins. It is recommended to implement a digital recording system and productivity-based incentives to ensure more accurate cost control, more efficient operations, and sustainable business profitability.

The digitalization of the creative economy has opened up significant opportunities for the community to create innovative products that have high sales value and are environmentally friendly. One interesting innovation is the use of used cooking oil as a raw material for making aromatherapy candles. Used cooking oil, which is usually discarded and pollutes the environment, can be reprocessed into products with economic value, thus supporting the principles of a circular economy. This study aims to examine the potential of processing used cooking oil into aromatherapy candles, analyze digital-based marketing strategies to increase product competitiveness in the market, and examine the meaning of transforming waste into innovative products from the perspective of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of reality. The research methods used were literature studies and field observations of used cooking oil processing practices by the community. The results show that used cooking oil-based aromatherapy candles have good business prospects, especially when combined with digital promotion through social media and marketplaces. Digitalization helps expand marketing reach, create brand identity, and attract consumers who care about environmental sustainability. From the perspective of Immanuel Kant's philosophy of reality, the transformation of used cooking oil into aromatherapy candles can be understood as a phenomenon, namely a reality that is visible in the practice of the digital creative economy. Meanwhile, the values ​​of sustainability, ethical awareness, and social meaning contained therein reflect noumena, namely the deepest reality that is not directly visible but provides direction and meaning for human actions.

Many churches face significant challenges in effectively carrying out their Gospel mission amidst limited resources, and one such challenge is the Kalimantan Evangelical Church (GKE), particularly in the Calon Resort (Cares) of GKE Bulik Timur. The author used a qualitative approach to examine the natural conditions of the object. The researcher served as the key instrument, and purposive sampling was used. The results of this study are: Limited funds due to the spiritual health of congregation members hinders ministry, particularly in PKB mission activities and congregational development; Low financial support from congregation members for improving church services is caused by: weak theological understanding and limited income; The church's efforts and strategies to improve finances theologically and responsibly include: instilling a sense of giving through sermons, spiritual development, and investing in oil palm plantations. Oil palm plantations in several congregations in Cares GKE Bulik Timur have become a solution to financial constraints, ensuring adequate funding for services.

Many churches face great challenges in carrying out the mission of the gospel effectively in the midst of their limited resources, one of which is the Evangelical Kalimantan Church (GKE), especially in the Calon Resort (Cares) of GKE Bulik Timur. This study uses a qualitative approach by examining the condition of objects naturally, where the researcher plays the role of a key instrument and the sampling technique is carried out by purposive sampling. The results of the study show that limited funds caused by the lack of spiritual health of congregation members are the main obstacle to service, especially in PKB mission activities and congregation formation. The low financial support of the congregation is influenced by the weak theological understanding of giving and the limited economic income of the congregation. To overcome this, the church implements various theological and responsible efforts and strategies, including through strengthening preaching, spiritual formation, and the development of productive investment in the form of oil palm plantations. This plantation business has proven to be able to be a sustainable solution in supporting church finances so that services can run more optimally.

This Community Service activity aims to foster the spiritual life of NTT Migrant Communities on Oil Palm Plantations. The activities include weekly faith formation and year-end recollections. Through these weekly faith formation activities, NTT migrants receive regular spiritual care and further strengthen their faith amidst the harsh challenges of the working world. Furthermore, through the year-end recollections, NTT Catholics gain valuable experience through the materials provided by competent speakers and the series of activities presented. These activities foster a spirit of togetherness and solidarity, and a deeper understanding of the richness and meaning of the Church's sacraments.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an important plantation commodity that makes a significant contribution to Indonesia's economy. One of the macro nutrients that plays a role in supporting plant growth is potassium (K), which is involved in various physiological processes. The effectiveness of nutrient utilization is not only determined by the amount of fertilizer applied but also influenced by the application method, especially during the early seedling phase. This study aims to examine the growth response of oil palm seedlings to variations in KCl fertilizer doses and different fertilizer application methods during the pre-nursery phase. The experiment was arranged using a Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two treatment factors, namely KCl fertilizer dose and fertilizer application method, each with three replications. The KCl doses consisted of five levels, while the application methods included watering, broadcasting, and localized application (pocket). The observation data were analyzed using analysis of variance and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% level if there were significant differences. The results of the study showed that there was no interaction between the dose of KCl fertilizer and its application method on all observed oil palm seedling growth parameters.

Business ventures are activities carried out by individuals or organizations involving the production, sale, purchase, or exchange of goods and services, with the aim of generating profit. A basic necessities store (commonly known as a “sembako” store in Indonesia) sells daily staple needs, especially the nine essential commodities (sembako), which include items such as rice, sugar, cooking oil, eggs, salt, and other key food ingredients. UD. Putri 2, located in Dusun 1A, Sumber Harapan Village (21261), Tinggi Raja Subdistrict, Asahan Regency, was established in 2018 and has since become an essential part of the local community. This has required UD. Putri 2 to constantly monitor their stock inventory. However, the company still faces inefficiencies in managing sales data processing, which often leads to inventory shortages. When the supply of goods is insufficient to meet customer demand, customers may turn to other stores. If this occurs repeatedly, the store risks losing profit due to the unavailability of goods. Supply Chain Management (SCM) refers to the integrated processes and production activities starting from the acquisition of raw materials from suppliers, the value-adding processes that turn raw materials into finished products, the inventory storage process, and the distribution of finished goods to retailers and consumers. The implementation of SCM can optimize inventory management of staple goods, minimize inventory costs, and improve supply chain efficiency at UD. Putri 2.

Indonesia is the world’s second largest contributor of plastic waste entering the oceans, where it degrades into microplastics smaller than 1 micron. The use of bioplastics is therefore essential to mitigate environmental pollution. One promising alternative is starch–cellulose blend bioplastic derived from empty fruit bunches (EFB) of oil palm. Indonesia produces about 56.35 million tons of EFB annually, containing approximately 40% cellulose, which makes it a potential raw material for bioplastic production, although commercialization has not yet been realized. Environmentally, converting EFB into bioplastics within the palm oil value chain represents a sustainable waste recycling strategy that transforms solid residues into higher-value products. In this design, soda cooking technology is employed to extract cellulose from EFB, utilizing about 16% of waste from a crude palm oil (CPO) mill with a capacity of 30 tons of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per hour. The starch–cellulose blend bioplastic pellets are formulated using gelatinized cassava starch as the polymer matrix, glycerol as a plasticizer, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer, and cellulose as a filler. The designed production capacity of the EFB-based starch–cellulose bioplastic plant is 16,500 tons per year. This bioplastic industry is expected to contribute positively to achieving eight Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Goals 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 17, thereby supporting Indonesia’s commitment to sustainable industrial development and a cleaner environment.

This paper examines the dynamic relationship between the change in economic growth and the indicators of sustainable human development in Iraq between 2004 and 2023. The paper provides an example of what can happen when there is overdependence on oil and a lack of investment in the key areas of the economy, such as education and healthcare, which lead to negative outcomes in the human development indicators in Iraq. The paper uses highly sophisticated analytical and econometric tools to examine the relationship between GDP growth, per capita income, government spending, oil exports, and inflation and their effects on human development in Iraq. The findings show that there is a positive but weak relationship between economic growth and indicators of human development in Iraq. This underscores the need that appropriate policy recommendations be made aimed at diversifying the Iraqi economy and also investing more in human capital to facilitate sustainable economic growth and improvement in the quality of life of the Iraqi people.

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a common dermatological condition affecting adolescents and young adults, with multifactorial causes including hormonal influences, increased follicular keratinization, excessive sebum production, and colonization by Cutibacterium acnes. External factors, particularly skincare behavior, are also considered to play an important role. The use of skincare products that are unsuitable for skin type or contain comedogenic ingredients such as mineral oil, lanolin, and certain silicones may clog pores and exacerbate acne. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between skincare product selection and usage behavior, types of skincare products used, and frequency of use with the occurrence of acne vulgaris among female medical students of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, cohorts 2022–2024. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. Primary data were collected through an online questionnaire, while secondary data were obtained from the student directory. A total of 90 respondents were selected using stratified random sampling. Data analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The results showed a significant association between skincare product selection and usage behavior and the occurrence of acne vulgaris (p = 0.043), as well as between the type of skincare products used and acne incidence (p < 0.001). However, no significant relationship was found between the frequency of skincare product use and acne vulgaris (p = 0.116). These findings indicate that appropriate product selection and type are more influential in acne development than usage frequency.

The welfare of the community in the economic sector is one of the benchmarks for the welfare of the community, there are many people who experience poverty which is motivated by economic factors, the national amil zakat agency offers the jatim Makmur program. a program that really needs manpower considering that there are several workshop equipment that must be distributed to mustahik to do business. The method of assistance in the activities carried out by the national amil zakat agency of East Java province is an annual program activity, namely the Makmur program, which is carried out from July 14-16. One of the programs of the national amil zakat agency of East Java province, namely the Makmur program, is a program that moves in the economic field, which has two objectives, namely the development and empowerment of the economy in the community, the Makmur program distributes work equipment assistance z auto, some of the work equipment assistance distributed is among others such as Grobak workshops, workshop tools, other than that the amil zakat agency not only provides assistance in the form of z auto repair shop equipment but along with the basic materials needed by the workshopsuchas stock oil, andso on, the distribution of work equipment assistance Z auto Makmur jatim program has a positive value for the community, namely providing benefits regarding the empowerment and development of mustahik so that z auto repair shop business actors are able to become muzakki and donate a little of their wealth to people in need, assistance in the distribution of the jatim Makmur program is in accordance with the category of 8 asnaf at least with the category of poor or underprivileged people.

Processing plastic waste into fuel oil with pyrolysis technology. Research on plastic oil as an alternative fuel has been widely conducted. One of them is research on processing plastic bag waste into fuel oil with pyrolysis technology. In this study, a set of pyrolysis equipment was made by Lecturers and Students of UMNU Kebumen. The plastic waste used in this study was 1 kg of plastic bag. Meanwhile, the pyrolysis process used a temperature of 250oC-300oC. The fuel oil produced in the pyrolysis process of this study was approximately 400 ml. The average density of fuel oil from plastic bag waste was 0.733 gr/ml. The results of this density calculation are in the possibility of the density of gasoline, namely 0.710 gr/ml to 0.770 gr/ml. This pyrolysis process shows great potential for converting plastic waste into an environmentally friendly alternative energy source. Furthermore, the efficiency of this pyrolysis technology can be improved by adjusting the temperature and processing time, as well as by selecting a wider variety of plastic types. This technology has the potential to be applied more widely in plastic waste management within the community as a solution to reduce environmental pollution while generating renewable energy.

The problem with a 4-stroke gasoline engine-driven electric generator is a decrease in tool performance due to wear on important components for the stator, cooling fan, air filter, oil filter, and gasket. The purpose of component replacement planning is to obtain replacement costs, maintenance schedules in 2027, and the ratio of maintenance costs to profits. The component replacement planning method includes collecting maintenance data from previous years, applying the inspection-replace-repair-overhaul (IRRO) method, assessing component conditions, predicting component lifespan, predicting labor costs, predicting supporting equipment to be used in maintenance, predicting spare part replacement times, predicting maintenance costs in 2027, and calculating the ratio of maintenance costs to profits. The results of the replacement planning obtained maintenance costs in 2027 amounting to IDR 570,007,- with an estimated electric generator rental rate of IDR 30,000,-/hour which has the potential to be rented for 128 hours/year, a profit of IDR 3,840,000,- was obtained, and the ratio of maintenance costs to profits was 14.84% which implies that a 2.5 kW electric generator that uses gasoline-pertalite fuel of around 1.5 liters/hour at maximum power is still suitable for use in the next few years and has the potential to generate profits.