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This study employs the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method following the PRISMA 2020 Statement guidelines to identify the main models and indicators used in measuring the performance of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The literature selection process includes the stages of identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and inclusion, resulting in ten articles from reputable Q1 international journals. The analysis reveals that the most frequently used performance measurement models are integrated performance models such as the Balanced Scorecard, Performance Prism, and models based on resource capability, customer, internal process, and financial perspectives. Commonly used indicators include sales growth, profitability, market share, customer satisfaction, process flexibility, technology adoption, and business sustainability. The study concludes that although financial measures remain dominant, non-financial dimensions—such as digital capability, stakeholder engagement, and internal process effectiveness—are increasingly important for MSMEs operating in the context of global market dynamics and digital transformation. The implications of this study provide theoretical contributions to the development of MSME performance measurement frameworks and offer practical guidance for MSME managers in selecting indicators that align with the characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Internal control plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability of financial reporting and the effectiveness of a company’s operations. One account that requires special attention is prepaid expenses, as its recognition and amortization may lead to misstatements if not properly executed. This study aims to analyze the implementation of internal control over prepaid expense accounts from the perspective of external auditors at Public Accounting Firm XYZ. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method through semi-structured interviews with auditors and examination of supporting documents related to the internal control system. The results indicate that internal control has been implemented through payment authorization procedures, verification of supporting documents, and testing of amortization allocations. However, weaknesses remain, including limited staff understanding of expense allocation policies and inadequate segregation of duties, which increase the risk of material misstatement. The findings highlight the importance of enhancing staff competence, establishing consistent amortization policies, and utilizing technology-based accounting systems to strengthen the effectiveness of internal controls and the reliability of financial reporting.

This study examines in depth the concepts of maysir, gharar, and riba as three practices that are prohibited in sharia economics because they are considered to cause injustice and imbalance in economic activities. Through an analysis of the postulates of the Qur'an and Hadith, this study confirms that the prohibition of maysir is based on the element of excessive speculation that harms one of the parties, gharar is rejected because it contains ambiguity in the object and contract, while riba is prohibited because it creates an unequal addition in financial transactions. In addition, the study highlights how other religions and various modern economic systems have paid attention to the principles that are in line with the prohibition of these three concepts, especially related to business ethics, social justice, and economic risk mitigation. A cross-faith perspective shows that universal values such as honesty, transparency, and balance are essential foundations for building a sustainable economic order. By combining normative perspectives and cross-tradition comparisons, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dangers of maysir, gharar, and usury, as well as the implications of the implementation of their prohibition in modern economic life. The results of the study are expected to be a reference in formulating economic practices that are fair, stable, and able to be widely applied in various communities.

This study aims to evaluate the influence of Green Finance, Profitability, and Capital Structure on Firm Value in the mining sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2019 to 2023. The research is motivated by the growing importance of sustainability and financial management strategies in enhancing corporate competitiveness in an increasingly globalized market. A quantitative approach was employed using multiple linear regression analysis, with 22 companies selected through purposive sampling. The findings indicate that, simultaneously, the three independent variables have a significant effect on firm value. Individually, Green Finance and Capital Structure have a positive and significant influence, while Profitability does not show a significant impact. Capital Structure is found to be the most dominant factor affecting firm value, followed by Green Finance. This suggests that companies with sound capital management and strong commitment to sustainability practices are more valued by the market. This research contributes to both theoretical and practical perspectives in financial management, particularly in understanding how financing strategies and sustainability efforts influence market valuation. The findings also recommend that mining companies strengthen their integration of ESG principles and enhance financial efficiency to support long-term value creation and competitiveness

This study aims to determine the extent to which certain profitability ratios, such as ROA and ROE, influence bank health, moderating these variables using Good Corporate Governance reports. A quantitative approach is used in this study, and secondary data from previous years are required for testing, sourced from PT. BPR BKK Purwodadi's report data. These findings demonstrate that companies with high profitability have incentives to maintain bank health, as this reflects effective operational and managerial performance. Furthermore, organizations with good corporate governance (GCG) generally have greater resources and a robust organizational structure, providing them with more opportunities to maximize performance. This study is expected to provide new perspectives on bank health maintenance practices, particularly for business entities in the banking sector. Particularly in the strategically significant banking industry, the results of this study are crucial for authorities such as the Financial Services Authority (OJK) to understand the relationship between corporate profitability, good corporate governance (GCG), and bank health. This understanding helps in developing more appropriate policies to maintain economic stability and financial fairness. The emphasis on business entities in the regional government-owned banking sector (Perseroda) during 2020 to 2024, a dynamic period with economic fluctuations, banking policy transformations, and major geopolitical challenges, distinguishes this study.

This research aims to analyze the alignment of Bank Jago’s digital banking innovations with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) during the 2022–2024 period. The method used is a qualitative descriptive analysis with a document study approach, which includes the Annual Report, Integrated Report, and Sustainability Report of Bank Jago over the past three years. The results of the study indicate that Bank Jago’s digital innovations are aligned with the five main dimensions of the SDGs: economic, social, governance, environmental, and partnership. From the economic perspective, digitalization has enhanced efficiency and financial performance through the growth of third-party funds and the expansion of access to digital services. In the social dimension, financial literacy programs, MSME financing, and digital zakat initiatives have strengthened financial inclusion among communities. The governance and environmental aspects demonstrate a commitment to transparency, energy efficiency, and green banking practices. Meanwhile, collaborations with fintech ecosystems and social institutions have reinforced sustainable partnerships. Overall, Bank Jago has implemented a digital transformation strategy aligned with the principles of Strategic Fit and Value Co-Creation, making digital innovation not only an instrument of economic growth but also a means to achieve sustainable development in Indonesia’s banking sector.

This study aims to reflect on the Islamic business ethics values contained in QS Al-Jumu’ah verses 9–10 and their relevance in fraud prevention from the perspective of Sharia accounting. Fraudulent actions in business, such as falsifying financial reports and arranging transactions, are very dangerous issues because they undermine the economic system as a whole. This study uses a literature research method with a thematic interpretation (tafsir maudhu’i) approach to understand the meaning of Surah Al-Jumu’ah verses 9 to 10, as well as analyze scholarly works related to Sharia accounting and Islamic business ethics. The results of the study indicate that these verses provide ethical guidance that balances the obligation to worship with economic activities, so that every business transaction must be based on principles of honesty, transparency, trustworthiness, and responsibility. The integration of the values contained in the Qur’an is very important in preventing fraudulent actions because it shapes. The awareness that Allah always watches over all human actions. This study contributes theoretically by strengthening the literature on Sharia accounting based on Islamic values, and practically provides guidance for business practitioners and accountants in building a fair, honest, and integrity-driven trade system. Keywords: Sharia Accounting, QS Al-Jumu'ah Verses 9-10, Fraud, Islamic Business Ethics.

This research examines cases of extortion and threats between young couples through social media in Bengkalis. The analysis is conducted from the perspectives of forensic linguistics, semantics, and pragmatics. The research employs a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. The data consists of language use in the Expert Witness Interview Report, specifically messages exchanged via WhatsApp. The findings indicate that the perpetrator engaged in both extortion and threats against the victim. The extortion involved financial demands, causing the victim to experience insecurity and trauma. Additionally, these actions violate Article 368, Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code regarding extortion and threats against another person, as well as Article 45b of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, which addresses extortion and threats carried out online. Based on these findings, strict legal action is necessary, along with increased awareness of the importance of responsible social media use.

Sanitation facilities are a fundamental element that contributes to creating a healthy, comfortable, and productive learning environment in higher education institutions. This study aims to describe the availability of sanitation facilities in the Office Administration Management Study Program, analyze the factors that influence their condition, and explore the perspectives of the academic community regarding their quality and usefulness. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, with data collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The informants of this study consisted of students, lecturers, administrative staff, and facility managers. The findings reveal that sanitation facilities such as toilets, sinks, and trash bins remain inadequate in terms of quantity, physical condition, and distribution within the campus area. Several key challenges were identified, including limited financial resources, suboptimal management practices, low awareness and discipline among users, and the absence of clear and strict institutional policies related to sanitation standards. The academic community generally perceives that the available sanitation facilities do not meet the expected standards of comfort and hygiene, which may negatively affect the quality of learning experiences and academic activities. This study highlights the importance of strategic planning, adequate budget allocation, and supportive institutional policies in improving the quality of sanitation facilities. The implications of the study are expected to provide valuable input for higher education managers in formulating policies and planning facilities that are more responsive to the needs of the academic community, thereby supporting effective, professional, and sustainable educational governance.

This study discusses the qardh contract from a classical perspective and discusses the transformation of the practice of Sharia digital lending that is developing in the fintech era. Qardh is one type of approach to pious to Allah and is a type of mu'amalah that is characterized by assistance (ta'awun) to another party to meet their needs. In classical fiqh, Qardh is a loan contract with the condition that the borrowed and repaid are exactly the same and are returned at a time mutually agreed upon at the time of the contract without any excess when returning it. However, the development of financial technology has presented a capital for digital lending services in accordance with the concept of Sharia. This study aims to analyze the differences between the qardh contract in classical and contemporary fiqh, including its implementation in a contract in accordance with Sharia principles. The results of the study indicate that Sharia digital lending can use the qardh contract as a legal basis, but must still implement it with the principle of qardh hasan, namely avoiding elements of usury and gharar, and adapting to modern regulations. The form of the qardh contract in digital sharia lending products illustrates contemporary fiqh efforts in responding to the lives of modern society.

This study aims to analyze and compare the implementation of the rahn contract at Pegadaian Syariah and Bank Syariah from the perspectives of sharia compliance and customer satisfaction. Using a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with 15 informants, consisting of institution management, sharia supervisors, and customers, the study found that Pegadaian Syariah excels in service aspects, cost transparency, and process convenience, resulting in higher customer satisfaction. On the other hand, Bank Syariah stands out in terms of internal supervision and collateral security, although its administrative process is more complex. Both institutions have adhered to sharia principles in accordance with DSN-MUI fatwas, but there are differences in the technical implementation and service strategies. This study highlights the importance of synergy between service efficiency and sharia compliance in managing rahn products, and contributes to the development of more inclusive and sustainable sharia pawn practices in Indonesia. The findings are expected to provide guidance for sharia financial institutions in improving service quality while maintaining sharia principles.

This study aims to integrate Prophetic guidance (Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad into the development of a Maqāṣid-Based Budgeting Framework, focusing on the balance between efficiency and social responsibility in Islamic financial management. Using a qualitative thematic approach to relevant hadiths on trust (amānah), professionalism (itqān), prohibition of extravagance (isrāf), and distributive justice, the study reveals that efficiency in Islam extends beyond cost reduction toward the optimization of maslahah ‘āmmah (public welfare). Meanwhile, social responsibility serves as an ethical foundation ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability in fiscal decision-making. The integration of Prophetic values with theories of Islamic Fiscal Management and Public Finance Efficiency enhances the conceptual strength of Islamic budgeting as a model of balanced financial governance. Thus, budgeting in the maqāṣid and Prophetic perspective is not merely a technical instrument but also a spiritual and social tool for achieving just, efficient, and ethically grounded financial management.

This study aims to examine the role of implementing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles in supporting the transition toward a green economy in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic banking. The research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method, reviewing academic literature published between 2020 and 2025. Data were analyzed through thematic content analysis to identify the alignment between ESG dimensions and maqashid shariah, as well as the challenges and opportunities of ESG implementation within Islamic banking institutions. The findings reveal that ESG application in Islamic banking remains partial, with greater emphasis on the environmental dimension through instruments such as green sukuk and green financing. The social and governance aspects have not yet been fully integrated into sustainability strategies. Nevertheless, integrating ESG with maqashid shariah strengthens the role of Islamic banks as agents of change in sustainable development. The study highlights the importance of establishing specific regulations, transparent reporting systems, and sharia-compliant green financial innovations to enhance the contribution of Islamic banking to Indonesia’s green economy.

In inheritance law, the Qur’an typically stipulates a 2:1 distribution, where men receive two parts and women one. This division is often justified by the idea that men are responsible for earning a living, with women not typically involved in financial support. However, feminist exegete Amina Wadud argues that this distribution is not based on justice. She emphasizes that the primary consideration in inheritance should be the benefits the heirs will receive, rather than gender. This study aims to analyze inheritance distribution in Qs. al-Nisā’ verses 11-12 from Amina Wadud's feminist perspective, specifically her critique of the 2:1 ratio. The study is a qualitative library research study titled "Inheritance in the Review of Justice and Benefit Perspective Amina Wadud." The primary source is Wadud's book Women in the Qur'an and the Qur'an According to Women, with secondary sources drawn from related articles and journals. The findings indicate that while the Qur'an generally assigns men a larger share, inheritance is not always distributed in a 2:1 ratio. The division varies depending on factors such as family relationships, with sometimes equal shares (1:1) or a different distribution (1:2), prioritizing justice and the benefits of the heirs.

This study explores the contribution of regional taxes and levies to Regional Original Revenue (PAD) in Surabaya City and their role in fostering fiscal independence within the framework of regional autonomy. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected from the Surabaya City Regional Revenue Agency and relevant local government offices, complemented by secondary sources such as regulatory documents and literature on regional finance. The data analysis process followed McNabb’s (2002) framework, which consists of categorization, interpretation, generalization, testing alternative perspectives, and refining theoretical insights. The findings reveal that PAD acts as a crucial financial backbone for the implementation of regional autonomy, with taxes and levies serving as the primary contributors. On average, these sources accounted for 89.08% of the total PAD during the 2021–2024 period. The growth trend observed is driven by several factors, including the presence of a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework, diversification of tax types and structures, adequate institutional and human resource capacity, as well as increasing public awareness of tax obligations. Although there was a temporary decline in proportional contribution in 2023, overall tax and levy collections exceeded their targets, underscoring their vital role in supporting government administration and regional development programs. This study emphasizes the need for strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing administrative capacity, encouraging greater community participation, and optimizing the use of digital technologies to improve efficiency in revenue collection. These strategies are essential to reduce reliance on central government transfers and to promote greater fiscal independence for Surabaya City.

This study aims to analyze the effect of liquidity and credit risk on the profitability of banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2018–2022. Profitability is measured by Return on Assets (ROA), liquidity is proxied by the Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), while credit risk is measured using the Non-Performing Loan (NPL) ratio. The research employs a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis to test the partial and simultaneous influence of the independent variables on profitability. Data were obtained from the annual financial reports of banks published on the IDX, covering a five-year observation period. The results of the analysis show that credit risk, as measured by NPL, has a significant negative effect on bank profitability. This finding reflects that the higher the NPL ratio, the lower the bank’s ability to generate returns on assets, emphasizing the importance of effective credit quality management. In contrast, the liquidity level measured by LDR demonstrates a positive but statistically insignificant effect on ROA. This suggests that although liquidity plays a role in supporting banking operations, its direct impact on profitability is relatively weak when considered independently. However, when examined simultaneously, both credit risk and liquidity significantly affect bank profitability. These findings imply that effective credit risk management is a crucial determinant of financial performance in the banking sector. High levels of non-performing loans can erode bank profits, while optimal liquidity management supports operational efficiency, even if its impact is not strongly significant in isolation. From a managerial perspective, banks need to strengthen monitoring of loan quality, implement more prudent credit policies, and adopt sustainable liquidity strategies to enhance profitability. For regulators, the results highlight the importance of supervising asset quality and ensuring adequate liquidity management in the banking system. This study contributes to the literature on banking performance by providing empirical evidence on the interaction between credit risk, liquidity, and profitability in the Indonesian banking sector.

Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has become a dominant trend in modern buying and selling transactions, offering easy access and efficiency. Marketplaces like Shopee act as intermediaries between merchants and buyers, providing fast, secure, and integrated transaction facilities. However, behind this convenience, significant legal issues arise, particularly regarding unilateral transaction cancellations by buyers through the refund feature. In practice, these refund requests are generally approved by the marketplace without thorough verification of the validity of the cancellation reason or the existence of the goods already shipped by the merchant. This study aims to analyze the legality of unilateral cancellations by buyers from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, with reference to the provisions of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and the concept of electronic contracts as stipulated in the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). The study uses a normative juridical approach by examining laws and regulations, legal literature, and analyzing two case studies involving merchants BZS and HK. The results indicate that unilateral cancellations by buyers without returning the goods constitute a form of breach of contract. This action not only violates the electronic contractual agreement established during the transaction but also causes financial and reputational harm to merchants. This phenomenon indicates weak legal protection for business actors in the e-commerce ecosystem, particularly regarding the bargaining power between sellers, buyers, and marketplace platforms. Therefore, strengthening fair and transparent digital dispute resolution mechanisms is necessary, including preventive legal protection to prevent losses and repressive protection to provide redress for injured parties. This step is crucial for realizing a healthy, balanced, and equitable digital trade ecosystem for all parties involved.

This research aims to analyze the financial feasibility and marketing strategy of Etawa goat farming in Kaligesing District, which is recognized as one of the main centers for Etawa goat breeding in Indonesia. The case study was conducted at Setia Farm, a representative and active breeder in the region. The financial analysis employed several indicators, including Break-Even Point (BEP), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Gross Benefit-Cost Ratio (Gross B/C). The findings show that the Gross B/C value reached 4.7, indicating a high return compared to investment cost. The NPV value was positive, and the IRR exceeded the prevailing loan interest rate, highlighting that the business generates significant profitability over time. Additionally, the BEP was achieved in a relatively short period, which signifies the business has strong potential for short-term capital recovery and low financial risk. From a marketing perspective, Setia Farm implements a combination of product excellence, adaptive pricing strategies, diverse distribution channels, and active promotional efforts. Their flagship products—mainly superior Etawa goats and processed dairy products—are positioned to meet market demand effectively. The farm also uses both direct marketing and digital platforms, such as social media and e-commerce, to expand its reach. Promotion is carried out through agricultural events, online campaigns, and collaboration with livestock communities. These strategies contribute to increasing brand awareness, building customer loyalty, and improving competitiveness. The integration of financial feasibility and strategic marketing supports the sustainability and growth of Etawa goat farming in Kaligesing. The results of this study can serve as a reference for livestock entrepreneurs, investors, and policymakers in developing similar agribusiness models that are profitable, resilient, and market-oriented.

This study analyzes the health financing system in Indonesia from a human rights perspective, particularly after the enactment of Law No. 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Minister of Health Regulation No. 18 of 2022 concerning the Implementation of One Data in the Health Sector. These two regulations reflect the state's commitment to strengthening the national health system based on the principles of justice, transparency, and the fulfillment of citizens' constitutional rights to quality, equitable, and sustainable health services. Through a qualitative approach using document analysis of relevant regulations, policies, and academic literature, this study identifies a paradigmatic transformation in health financing, from merely a fiscal mechanism to a strategic instrument for guaranteeing human rights in the health sector. The results show that despite normative and institutional progress, the implementation of the health financing system still faces several challenges. These challenges include aspects of the community's economic accessibility to health services, limitations in transparency and accountability in fund management, and inequality in the distribution of financial resources between regions. In addition, funding sustainability and dependence on certain funding sources are also issues that need to be addressed. In response to these challenges, this study recommends three main strategies: (1) strengthening the integration and interoperability of financing data through the One Health Data system, (2) diversifying funding sources by involving the private sector, philanthropy, and other innovative schemes, and (3) reorienting health budget allocations to favor vulnerable groups and underdeveloped regions. These efforts are expected to encourage the realization of a fair, transparent, and sustainable health financing system within the framework of fulfilling human rights in Indonesia.

This study examines how Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance influences financial distress, incorporating cost of debt as a moderating variable. Financial distress is proxied by the Interest Coverage Ratio (ICR), reflecting a firm’s capacity to satisfy interest payments. The empirical sample consists of 655 firm-year observations of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2014 to 2023. Panel regression with fixed effects and heteroskedasticity-consistent estimation (Panel EGLS with cross-section weights) is employed to analyze the data. Results indicate that ESG performance exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on ICR (β = 0.1189; p < 0.01), implying that firms with robust ESG practices are better able to service their debt and thus face lower financial distress. Additionally, the interaction term between ESG and cost of debt yields a negative and significant coefficient (β = −0.9714; p < 0.05), suggesting that elevated financing costs attenuate the beneficial impact of ESG on financial resilience. These findings are consistent with stakeholder theory, which advocates that proactive engagement with stakeholders enhances corporate stability, and trade-off theory, which underscores the necessity of balancing debt advantages against financial risk. This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating the conditional effect of cost of debt on the ESG–financial distress nexus. From a managerial perspective, the study underscores the importance of integrating ESG initiatives with cost-efficient funding strategies to mitigate financial distress risk and foster sustainable, long-term value creation.